| 虚拟语气的用法归纳 (中学英语教学论文) |
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居万峰 地址：甘肃省会宁一中英语教研组730700 居万峰：中学一级英语教师。电话：（0943）3393760 [摘要]对非英语本族语的英语学习者来说，研究和掌握好语法是学好这门语言的捷径。而作为英语三大语气（陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气）的虚拟语气，它在英语语言的使用和表达上有着至关重要的作用。这个语法项目在许多语法书上有一定的阐述，但我认为有些东西难以定论。本文是我积多年的教学经验和研究，对虚拟语气做的详细的归纳和总结。 关键词：中学英语语法 虚拟语气 虚拟语气在英文中作为一种修辞手法，它在语言的表达上寓意深刻，手法巧妙，耐人寻味。虚拟语气经常用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测以及建议，主张等,也可以出现在用来表达喜、怒、哀、乐等情感浓厚的语句中。同时，在许多情况下，虚拟语气使说话人的语气显得委婉，能使说话人把自己的想法巧妙地表达出来。因此，在中学阶段让学生对虚拟语气有一定的掌握并达到运用的水平至关重要。现就虚拟语气的不同形式以及用法在此做个总结和说明，以便和同仁们商榷，以供同学们参考。 一、 含有虚拟条件状语的虚拟句 1、 条件表示与过去事实相反。条件句中用过去完成时态，主句中用四选一情态动词（should 、 could 、 would 、 might 、）加动词不定式的完成时态。 例如：If you had been here yesterday, you might have seen the basketball superstar. ( This sentence means I am very sorry that you didn’t see the superstar.) 2、 条件表示与现在事实相反。条件句中用一般过去式 (系动词be用were)，主句中用四选一的情态动词加动词原形。 例如 1) If I lived there , I would go and study in the big library every night.( How I wish I could study in the big library, but I can not because I live too far from it.) 2) If I were you, I would go and invite him. ( I suggest that you go there.) 3、 条件表示将来很难成为现实。条件句中通常有三种时态可供选择：A : 过去式 B: should 加动词原形 C: were to加动词原形，主句中用四选一情态动词加动词形。 B和C 往往表示的意思是“万一” “要是” .例如： 1) If I became president of this state, I would rule it in a different way. (如果我当上这个国家的总统，我会以完全不同的方式去统治这个国家) 2）If it should rain this afternoon, you would have to collect my clothes which are hanging outside.( 万一今天下午下雨的话，请你务必把我晾在院子里的衣服收拾一下。) 3）If he were not to come on time, you should have to be in charge of the meeting.( 如果他万一不能按时到，你就不得不负责主持这次会议) 注意：学生在做含有虚拟条件状语从句的虚拟句时必须注意以下情况 （1） 部分倒装代替虚拟子句。 例如： A. Had we taken a map with us, we couldn’t have got lost in the area. (If we had taken a map with us,…. ) B. Were I you, I wouldn’t do this like that. (If I were you, … .) （2） 混合时态 这里的混合时态是指条件句中假设的情况时态与结果主句的时态不一致。例如： If I had taken your advice , I wouldn’t be here suffering from such hard work now.（如果我当时听取你的建议，我现在就不会在这里吃这种大苦） 此句条件句假设与过去事实相反，而结果主句描述的是与现在事实相反的情况。类似的句子在英文中经常出现，希望同学们多留神。 (3) 含蓄虚拟条件句 所谓含蓄虚拟条件句就是没有条件句，而有结果主句，条件句可以用一个介词、并列连词、分词短语、或上下文语境等来表示。 例如：Without your help, we couldn’t have finished the work on time.( In fact, with your help we finished the work on time. ) 在这个虚拟句中说话人主要表达了对帮助者的感激之情。 Given more time, we could have done the work better.(given more time =if we had been given more time,….) Having known earlier, we would have stopped such a thing from happening. (having known earlier= if we had known earlier,….) I would have gone to the cinema together with you last night, but I was too busy. （说话者为自己由于太忙而没能跟对方一起去看电影感到非常惋惜） -------He would have failed in the experiment last time. -------Luckily, he followed your advice. 二、现在假设语气 现在假设语气也是一种虚拟语气，它主要用于表达人们的建议、主张、命令等强烈主观愿望的句子中。现在假设语气的结构是 should +动词原形（should 常省略，动词原形有主动与被动语态的差别，但没有其它时态的变化）。请仔细观察下列句子： (1) He suggested that the meeting (should) be put off. (通常能跟这样宾语从句的动词有：command, desire, demand, order, propose, request, insist 等) (2) It was suggested that the meeting (should) be put off. (现在假设语气在主语从句中) (3) He raised a suggestion that the meeting (should) be put off. (现在假设语气在同谓语从句中) 以上（1）（2）（3）三个句子从句型结构上看起来是完全不一样的，但表达的意思基本一样，只是有不同的侧重。只要仔细研究一个词的不同变化形式，就可以以点带面去解决许多问题。现在假设语气常出现在下面的主语从句中： It is natural / strange / important / necessary that 引导的主语从句中。 例如:It is natural that he (should) try to save the dog’s life in the water though he could not swim. It is important that you speak English as often as you can. It is necessary that you go together with them and investigate the cause of the accident. 三、特殊结构的虚拟语气 1、(somebody) wish that 宾语从句中的时态根据实际情况向过去推一步，wish 在此只用于表达现在的愿望，也就是说它只用于现在时态，而过去时态另当别论。 例如：（1） How I wish I had been here yesterday so I could have seen the wonderful performance of them. (作者在此句中表达了因为自己昨天不在这里而错过了观看他们精彩的表演机会感到遗憾) （2） He wishes he lived here so that he could enjoy the beautiful scenery every day.(在此句中，作者用虚拟语气表达了他对这儿的美景的留恋) 2、As if / though 既可以引导方式、方法状语从句，也可以在look 和seem 后引导表语从句。在引导方式方法状语从句时，从句中的谓语动词常用虚拟语气，当主句谓语动词用现在时态时，as if / though 从句中的谓语动词向过去推一步。这个虚拟语气的安排和上面1 中 wish后面接 that从句中的虚拟语气在主从句中的用法一样，只适用于主句或主要描述内容是现在时态时的情况，过去时态另当别论。在系动词look或seem之后引导表语从句时，一般用陈述语气，但是当说话者明显表达的是与事实不符的情况时，还是要用虚拟语气。要想掌握这一点，就需要读者抓住细节描述，根据具体上下文的意思来确定。 例如 (1) He often talks as if he were the hero himself. (2) She describes the accident as if she had seen it happening. (3) It looks as if it is going to rain. (4) It looks as if a stick were broken when it is partly put in water. (6) When the spaceship is speeding off the earth, it seems as if the pilot were pressed on the floor.。 3、 It is time that 从句中的谓语动词一般用过去式。 例如： It is time that we went home. 此句表达的意思是：尽管到我们回家的时间了，但由于某种原因而不能。我们通常在陈述语气的表达中使用的句型结构是：It is time (for somebody) to do something. 当 It is time that 句型表达的是一种不受客观条件限制的建议时，That 从句中也可以用现在假设语气。例如：it is time that we (should) go home. 4、 Somebody would rather someone did something. 例如: I would rather you went there.(此句表达的意思是：我宁愿让你去那儿，但是我的想法很难变为现实，因为要么已经有人去了，要么已经确定人选) 5、虚拟语气用于祝愿或诅咒语中 在祝愿或诅咒语中没有人称变化的谓语动词或到装形式 例如：God damn you! （活该!该死! ） God bless me! (愿上帝保佑我！) May you be happy! （祝你快乐！) 总之，不论是在日常生活用语中还是在书面表达中，准确运用虚拟语气都可以达到画龙点睛的效果。本文从三个大的方面谈了虚拟语气在不同句型中的不同用法，同时加进去了一些我对虚拟语气的显浅理解，希望对英语学习者能有所帮助。当然，“冰冻三尺，非一日之寒”，学习者不但要根据不同的句型去记忆不同的时态，还要学会在阅读时掌握文中信息,仔细分析上下文的逻辑关系，从而达到学以致用。 [upload=ftp][/upload] 相关链接：教学论文
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