海门中学2005届英语学科考前讲话 (中学英语教学论文)
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一、总体应试策略
1、试卷来不及答怎么办？
对策：首先，要知道高考是选拔性考试，30%左右的考生不能按时答完试题是正常现象，关键是要保持这样一个心态：我难人难我不畏难，我易人易我不大意。其次，要根据个人平时答题情况灵活安排好每个大项的答题时间。最后，要设法保证改错、写作的答题时间。考试说明中建议的各部分考试时间为：听力20分钟、单项填空与完形填空25分钟、阅读理解35分钟、短文改错与书面表达40分钟（有可能还要从这两大项中匀出5-6分钟时间用来填涂答题卡）。实际上，除听力外，各人各部分用时并不完全一致，普遍是单选、完形、阅读用时较多，改错、写作用时较少，而后两种题型都是最好拿分，最有把握拿分的，因此在时间较为紧张时，要确保这两项的答题时间（最少要有25分钟时间）。
2、是否非要按序答题？
对策：不一定要这样做。试卷发下后，先集中精力看听力题，以排除部分答案，预测听力内容，明确听的重点。然后快速浏览试卷的笔试部分，初步了解考试内容和难度，再根据先易后难的原则，并结合平时做题习惯，决定答题的次序。但有一点要注意，不要在某一道题或者分值较小的题目上（特别是单项填空题）花过多的时间，既准又快是先易后难原则的具体体现。选择题先做容易的，对难题暂时放过，但可根据难的程度做上记号，以便回过头来再做时心中有数。如在较难的题前打“√”，在很难的题前打“√√”。在答完所有较容易的试题后，先解答打“√”的题，再解答打“√√”的题。对答案模糊的题可在旁边标上“？”。在做完全部试题后，如时间允许，还要对做过的题加以检查，重点检查那些答案把握不准的题。检查时，不要按照第一次答题的角度去考虑，应该从另外一个角度去思考，没有充分、足够的理由不要推翻第一次的选择。
3、实在做不出来的选择题是否意味着只能随便选？
对策：可根据“四分均等排斥法”进行排斥，尽量选择在某一大项中用得较少的那个选项，因为，在高考选择题中，每一大项内所有答案在A、B、C、D四个选项中的分布一般是均匀的，或者是基本均匀的（可能某个被选作答案的选项多于或少于平均数一个）。
4、何时填涂答题卡？
对策：听力题在所有20个小题听完后立即一次性填涂。其他选择题可在考试结束前15分钟开始集中填涂。如果平时答题速度较慢，估计没有时间回过头来再检查一遍的，可以每做完一大项集中填涂一次，并且尽量做到将每5个小题作为一组进行填涂。千万不要做一小题就填涂一小题。
5、怎样规范填涂答题卡？
对策：填涂时先涂四周，再涂中间，方框内要基本涂满，紧邻的两题答案如果相同不要连涂。涂完后再对照答案查一下，以防多涂、漏涂或错涂。A、B两种卡题号排列方式不同，填涂时不能弄错。为避免涂错，答题过程中可将第21-75题的答案直接写在各题题号前面，而不是仅在选项上打一个勾。
6、怎样应对熟词生义的现象？
对策：这类词的意思大多数都是原词义的引申意义或次要意义，完全可以根据词的本义或中心意义推测出来。如南通二模卷完形题中的honor一词，经过训练的学生应该能够由词的原始意义“尊重（诺言）”推出词的派生意义“履行（诺言）”。这种例子举不胜举。
示例：radio 收音机（本义）---无线电（具体到抽象）---无线电话、无线电报、无线电台、无线电广播事业（在“无线电”基础上引申）---向……发无线电报、用无线电传送（名词转为动词）
head（身体的顶部）头（中心意义）---（一切事物的顶部、顶端、前部）上端、首脑、源头、带头人、要点（次要意义）
power能力（中心意义，泛指）---权力、体力、精力、智力、动力、电力、机械能（次要意义，专指，词义缩小）---有权力的人、有影响的机构、强国、大国（抽象转为具体）---用动力发动、推动（名词转化为动词）
character特征、特点---汉字（其字形源于事物的“特征”）
cock（公鸡）---水龙头（外形象公鸡的头）
二、题型应试策略
I.听力
一、 高考英语听力测试的具体要求
（一）理解主旨、要义
任何一段对话或独白总会围绕一个主旨或者一个中心思想展开。有时，主旨和要义会比较明确；有时则会贯穿整个对话或独白，需考生自己未归纳、概括。例：NMET2004第10题
●What did the woman do in the end?
A: She charged the man a little less. B: She asked the man to pay her later.
C: She made a mistake in adding up the cost.
该段对话主要围绕“买东西缺钱”的话题展开的。听懂全文的基础上很容易得到答案A。
（二）获取事实性的具体信息
为了说明和解释主旨，对话或独白中需要一些具体信息，如时间、地点、人物、事件等。这些信息是理解和把握对话主旨必不可少的内容。此类题在高考听力试题中所占比例最大。
例 1：When will the woman leave for Mexico?（NMEＴ2004第 16题）
A. on Thursday B. On Friday C. On Saturday
此题考生只要听到“we’ll take off on Saturday.”就可选得答案为C。
例2：How much should the man pay?（NMET2004第9题）
A. 5 dollars. B. 75 dollars. C. 75.05 dollars
此题在考查考生听数字的微技能的同时，还特别考查了对意思的准确掌握程度。“该付与实付的区别”。答案为C。
例3：Why will the woman stay home in the evening?
A. To wait for a call. B. To watch a ball game on TV. C. To have dinner with a friend.
此题纯粹考察学生获取信息的能力，听到就会选对。
（三）对谈话的背景、说话者之间的关系等能做出简单的推断
谈话的背景及谈话者之间的关系对话语的含义有着举足轻重的作用。对谈话背景、谈话者之间关系的理解程度，在一定程度上可以体现一个人对口语的理解能力，因而也是听力测试所要考查的重点项目之一。
例 1：Where does the conversation take place? (NMET2004第6题)
A. In a hotel. B. At a booking office. C. At a friend’s house.
此题要求考生根据谈话内容来判断谈话发生的场所。从 “we’ll try to get you the same room”很容易得到答案为A.
例 2：What will the man probably do in a few days? (MET2004第7题)
A. Fly to another country B. Come to the same hotel. C. Drive here to visit friends.
此题考查考生在整体理解的基础上作相应判断。根据 “We are driving to the south of Spain in the next couple of days. And we may come back this way.” 可得答案B
（四）理解说话者的意图、观点或态度
一般来讲，说话者总会有说话的意图，或提出、回答问题，或阐述自己的想法，或表明自己的态度或意见。这在很大程度上有助于对整个对话的理解。有时，说话者的意图或观点是明说出来的，有时则隐含在对话的字里行间，需要听者自己去揣摩。推断。
例：How does the woman feel at the beginning of the conversation? (NMET 2004第14题)
A. Angry. B. Surprised C. Sad
该段对话讲述了一位女士邮购了一只包，结果收到的却不是她要的那只，后来打电话抱怨。了解这一点就很容易选到答案A。
二、英语听力难点与障碍
（一）心理障碍
听力理解的过程是一个较复杂的心理活动过程。心理学家告诉我们，学生在听音时的情感因素和听力理解的有效程度有着直接的关系。当人处于紧张、焦虑状态时，就容易产生恐惧心理，从而对原本可以听懂的内容在理解上大打折扣。另外，听音环境也会使学生在心理上产生相应的变化。同样的听力内容，平时在语音室里听录音和在高考考场上听录音，学生的心理准备和心理活动方式是不一样的，因而听音的效果也就不一样。心理障碍如不克服，是很难提高听力应试能力的。
（二）语言障碍
听力理解过程是运用各种语言知识和听力技能对所听内容进行接受、加工的过程，语言知识掌握的程度直接影响听力理解的反应速度。语言障碍主要有：
1．语音障碍
主要表现为：混淆一些音素和单词的读音；不知道语调随不同的语境而变化；不了解重读、弱读、失去爆破、连读、同化等语音现象；不清楚美国英语和英国英语在滚音上的差异；不能适应正常语速的听力材料等。
2．词汇障碍
英语词汇量小、用法掌握不熟练、掌握的词义范围狭小等都会造成听力障碍。很多学生一听到生词就紧张，于是自觉不自觉地中断了听的思路，把精力集中在回忆。搜索这个词的意义上了，结果影响了对整个句子乃至整段对话或独白的理解。
3．语法障碍
有学生说，虽然材料中的每一个词都听懂了，但对整个句子、对话或独白还是似懂非懂。如：会把“I can't agree more.”错误理解为“我不能再同意了。”实际上，此句意为：“我非常赞同。”可见，语法掌握得好坏也会影响听力理解的正确率。
（三）文化背景知识的障碍
语言是文化的一种表现形式，学习英语必须了解英语国家的社会文化，具备一定的文化背景知识有助于对所学语言的理解。以《2003年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试说明（文科）》的试音材料为例，男士开始说：Hello． International Friends Club, Can I help you？英美人接听电话时，常先报出本人姓名或公司名称，这在中国就不够普遍。又如 2001年第 18小题要求考生判断说话人的身份，由于绝大部分考生对国外学校课程情况了解甚少，对学生的情况也了解很少，认为既然说话人涉及了停车问题，说话人肯定不是学生，结果82．3％的考生误选，选对的学生只占9%。可见，文化差异很容易造成听力障碍。
例1．Who is the speaker? 　　　（NMET2001第18题-A）
A. A student. B. A. teacher. C. An office clerk.
例2．When is the man checking in?　　　（NMET2002第5题-C/22.67%）
A. Friday. B. Thursday. C. Tuesday
（四）记忆障碍
学生常遇到这样的情况：听时什么都懂，但听了后面忘了前面，全部听完后，主旨、大义弄明白了，可具体细节却记不清或记不准了。因而遇到提问有关细节的题时，只好凭感觉或模糊记忆去猜测答案。由此看来，记忆障碍在很大程度上影响听力解题的正确率。同时考生应注意避免对重复信息的过度关注。有时听力材料中会重复出现一些词语，但并不一定是答题的关键。考生往往会误认为这是重点词句，反而会影响答题的正确性。
三、高考英语听力应试技巧和解题方法
高考英语听力测试与其它测试相比，有其特殊性，它要求考生从头到尾按顺序往下听，听完每段对话和独白后，要在规定的时间内做出选择，没有“回头看”的可能性。因此，掌握一些听力应试技巧，对于在考场上正常发挥水平，取得理想的成绩尤为重要。下面就结合近几年的高考英语听力试题介绍一些应试技巧和解题的基本方法。
（一）学会预测
预测是在做听力理解之前根据各种暗示，如所给答案选项，段落或对话标题等已有知识，对即将听到的段落或对话内容进行预测。
1. 从答案选项中预测
Q: What does Tom do?
A. He’s a truck driver. B. He’s a ship captain. C. He’s a pilot.
录音原文：
W: Tom flew to Anchorage last night, then took some passengers from there to Dallas .
M: Yeah, but he couldn't land because the airport in Dallas was snowed in.
从选项看，问题应是关于职业方面的，再从flew, passengers, airport这些信息词中可知道Tom的职业。
2. 从说话人口气预测：
在A,B两人的对话中，如果B是附和或赞成，往往说“Yes”，“I agree”，“Sure”，“I think so”等。但如A用否定句，B表同意时则用“No”，“Neither / Nor…”等。例如：
A: Harvey doesn't seem to fit into this class.
B: No, he is really a fish out of water.
(二) 做简要笔记
听录音时快速，准确，简要地记下有关信息（包括数字，人名，地名，关键词），前提是不要影响跟听速度，采用自己习惯的符号。
例：How much will the man pay for the tickets?
A.$18 B. $24 C. $30
原文：W: Tickets for the movie are $ 6 for adults, half price for children.
M: All right, I’d like three tickets for adults and two tickets for children, please.
笔记可简化为：$ 6 A（A代表adult），C代表children,3A+2C或6 A(3)+ half C(2)
(三) 听清数据，简要记下，加以运算。
在获取时间信息时，不要误把会话中提到的时间简单确定为问题的答案。高考听力考查时间时往往要进行简单的时间换算。
At what time does the train to Leeds leave?
A. 3:00 B. 3:15 C. 5:00
录音原文：
W: Excuse me, could you tell me when the next train to Manchester is?
M: Sure. Well, it's 3 now. The next train to Manchester leaves in 2 hours, but you can take the train to Leeds which leaves in 15 minutes, and then get off at Manchester on the way.
对话中提到了三个时间It's 3 now, in 2 hours， in 15 minutes.现在是3点，开往Manchester的火车要两小时后才开，即The train to Manchester leaves in 2 hours。若简单机械地把3点和2点相加，会得出火车5点才开的错误选项C。
数字类问题分辨别类和计算类两种：
1. 要注意区分-teen和-ty及four和five的发音；辨别多位数，如电话号码，门牌等
2. 计算时间，钱款，距离，年龄，人或物的数量等；听出数字间的关系，更要听清问题，因为对运算方法的要求通常寓于问题中；注意more, less, as much(many)as, another, double, a couple of; to, past, quarter; 记住时间是60进制
如出现几个数字，应注意鉴别问的是那一个。
例：At what time does the office open？
A. At 8:15 B. At 8: 30 C. At 7:45
从常识判断，办公时间往往以整点开始，而不会在几点几分。
听力原文：M:I wonder why the office is still not open.
W: But it's not yet eight. In fact, it's only a quarter to eight.
( 四) 抓住关键，对症下药
听力考试常出现以Where提问的问句，考生要通过对话的具体情节和背景判断对话发生的地点。一般来说，特定场景的用语和关键词是基本固定的，考生要对此多了解，熟悉明白。在遇到Where does the conversation take place?/ Where does sb. work?/ What’s his job?之类的问题时，就会派上用场。如：
restaurant: menu, bill, order, tip, hamburger, beer, soup
hotel: luggage, single room, double room, room number, check in(out)
hospital: take medicine, temperature, pill, headache, fever, examine
post office: mail, deliver, stamp, envelope, parcel
airport: flight, take off, land, luggage
railway station :round trip, single trip, sleeping car
store: on sale, size, wear, color, style, price, change， bargain, fit
school: professor, exam, course, term, dining hall, playground
library: librarian, renew, date, shelf, magazine, seat
对于前五道简短对话，要根据问题的类型，从第二个讲话者的答语中来捕捉关键词
如：What’s the man going to do?
A. Run to the airport. B. Wait for another bus. C. Hurry to get the next bus.
根据选项看，对话似乎与bus有关，主要信息捕捉范围是在“Hurry”或“Run”和“Wait”之间。听音范围明显缩小。
录音原文 M: Excuse me, can you tell me when the next bus leave for the airport?
W: It leaves in three minutes. If you run, you might catch it.
关键词“run”和“catch”正好对上答案C的“Hurry”和“get”。
( 五) 较长对话和短文的理解
抓听首句和首段有助于整体理解文章
结尾部分所给出的信息不一定是题目的正确答案，可能只是一个陷阱
推理思路要正确
语境中抓要点
独白部分（即第十段材料）可分为四种类型：(2004江苏卷没有)
*人物与故事型：叙述人物的经历和成就，要抓住故事发展线索，所问问题多属事实细节题
*普通知识型： 内容涉及面较广，问题以事实细节题居多
*社会科学型： 涉及到文化教育，社会治安，代沟问题，就业问题，妇女问题，人口问题，环境保护，国家发展等。问题常涉及独白的主题或题目，故需作推理判断。
*科普知识型： 主要涉及自然科学，如生物，物理，海洋，计算机，医学，气象，科学发明等。如遇技术词汇和术语，可利用语境线索猜词义。
( 六) 果断选题，学会放弃
相信第一感觉，当机立断，决不能反反复复，甚至影响后面的答题
切记不可因某个小题未听懂而患得患失，不可因一题失多题，造成一步跟不上，步步踏空的结果。
II、单项填空:（15分，15小题，力争7～8分钟内完成）
一、命题特点：
综观近几年的高考英语试题，单项填空题的命题有如下特点：
1．进一步强化语境因素，增加了语法知识与语言环境的综合运用，体现了高考试题“注重语境，强调运用”的指导思想。
2．涉及知识面广，涵盖了交际、时态、语态、冠词、形容词、副词、动词（词组）、非谓语动词、定语从句以及状语从句等。其中动词一直是单项填空题考查的重点。
3．总体难度略有下降，基本剔除了以前的偏题、怪题。
4．语境设置更为真实、自然、巧妙。词汇、语法知识越考越活。
二、解题技巧：
1．注意分析句子结构，确定选择方向。
一个句子所使用的标点符号、有无连词，往往起着决定性的作用；而插入语、省略语等，在一定程度上干扰考生的思维。请比较以下各题：
【例1】George Orwell, _______ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays.
（2004北京第26题）
A. the real name B. what his real name
C. his real name D. whose real name
【分析】根据题干中的逗号，但无连词的特点，排除A、C项。再根据定语从句的结构，确定答案为D。
【例2】 some of this juice——perhaps you’ll like it. （2000年北京春季第23题）
A. Trying B. Try C. To try D. Have tried
【分析】根据题中所给信息，可以断定这里的破折号用于解释说明。去掉破折号后面的附加信息，可以看出是个祈使句。因此，答案为B。
【例3】The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies, all of ________ over 600 years old.
A. them B. which C. it D. that （自SB2 Lesson 22改编）
【分析】考生很有可能选B，但仔细分析这个句子，我们不难发现，主句与后面的内容用逗号隔开，而逗号后又不是个完整的句子，不能构成定语从句，只能通过同位语的方式完成句子。因此，答案为A。
【例4】If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better ______ it—you’ve got some big bills coming.
A. forget B. forgot C. forgetting D. to forget （2004广东第32题）
【分析】此题最大的干扰项是D，考生误以为“It's better to do sth.”的句型结构。实际是better前省略了you 'd，考查“had better do sth.”的固定结构。因此，答案为A。
【例5】Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others , , of course , made the others envy him . （2004天津第23题）
A. who B. that C. what D. which
【分析】从此题的选项及标点符号可确定为定语从句的选择，只是在定语从句中插入了of course。因此，答案为D。
2．认真分析语境，准确理解和把握信息。
在单项填空中，一些词或词组常常含有某个特定的信息，而这些信息往往对分析问题、解决问题起着暗示作用。
【例1】---- You haven't lost the ticket, have you?
---- _________. I know it's not easy to get another one at the moment.
（2004江苏第28题）
A. I hope not B. Yes, I have C. I hope so D. Yes, I’m afraid so
【分析】根据答语的第二句“目前弄到一张票很不容易”的信息提示，答案为A。
【例2】Everyone was on time for the meeting -- Chris, who's usually ten minutes late for everything.
A. but B. only C. even D. yet （2004湖南第27题）
【分析】Everyone是本句的信息词，说明 Chris 也准时参加会议。因此， 答案为C。
【例3】---- Sorry to have interrupted you. Please go on.
---- Where was I?
--- You ______ you didn't like your father's job. （2004北京春季第24题）
A. had said B. said C. were saying D. had been saying
【分析】此题考查时态的活用。根据语境得知，后者的回答应该针对停止的那一刻在说什么，故应用过去进行时。因此，答案为C。
3．正确理解句意，避免定势思维。
在学习过程中，尤其是复习阶段，教师往往就一些常见的、重要的词、词组及句型加以反复强调，以加深学生的印象，学生因此而可能形成思维的定势。
【例1】We're going to ______ with some friends for a picnic. Would you like to join us?
（2004北京春季第27题）
A. get in B. get over C. get along D. get together
【分析】考生很可能选择C项，get along with sb.“与…相处”。但根据句意，此处应为“欢聚”之意。因此，答案为D。
【例2】---I can't find Mr. Smith. Where did you meet him this morning?
---- It was in the hotel ______ he stayed.
A. where B. which C. the one D. that
【分析】此题最大的干扰项是D，考生很可能把它看作强调结构。但根据句意，它要表达的是“在他呆的宾馆里找到他的”。所以，实际上是在stayed后省略了that I found him，即全句可完整地表达为It was in the hotel where he stayed that I found him。因此，答案为A。
4．排除母语干扰，规范英语表达。
英汉两种语言在表达上存在很大的差异，考生很可能会用汉语的思维方式去认识和解决英语中的问题，掉入命题人设置的陷阱。
【例1】—Were all the three people in the car injured in the accident?
—No, only the two passengers who got hurt.
A. it was B. there was C. there were D. there had
【分析】考生很可能误选C。因为，考生想表达“不，只有两个人受伤”，很可能用“There be…”结构表达自己的思想。但是，本句实际采用了强调结构，强调“only the two passengers”。因此，正确答案为A。
【例2】---- Excuse me, ________?
---- That's $35.76 altogether , madam.
A. how much is the meal we've had B. but can I take your order
C. could I have the bill, please D. would you please take the money
【分析】根据中国人的表达习惯，考生很可能会选择A，“我们一共吃了多少钱？”。但在英美文化中，往往会说“请结帐，好吗？”。因此，答案为C。
【例3】_________, tears came to his eyes.
A. Reading the letter B. He was reading the letter
C. When he was reading the letter D. The letter was being read
【分析】句意要表达的是“读着这封信，眼泪都出来了”，每一个选项都有可能成为考生的选择对象。根据解题技巧1，排除选项B、D。又根据分词的结构特点，排除A项。因此，正确答案为C。
总之，高考单项填空题虽说只有15个小题，但是考查内容涉及面广，并突出了综合性和语境化的特点。解题时，应结合语境，灵活使用语法、词汇知识，透过现象看本质，从而达到分析问题和解决问题的最终目的。
辨析题：
1.①______ is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer.
A. That B. Which C. As D. It
②_____ is known to the world is _______ Mark Twain is a great American writer.
A. It, that B. What, / C. As, / D. What, that
③Mark Twain is a great American writer, _______ is known to the world.
A. it B. that C. which D. what
2. ①If the building project _______ by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company will be fined.
A. is completed B. being completed C. to be completed D. completed
②The disc, digitally ______ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night.
A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded
③The bridge, ______ now, will connect the two towns when completed.
A. to be constructed B. constructed
C. having been constructed D. being constructed
3. ①You _____ have done all those calculations! We have a computer to do that sort of thing.
A. needn't B. must not C. shouldn't D. cannot
②----Why didn't he take the driving test?
---- He _______ it because he has got a driving license.
A. needn't have taken B. couldn't have taken it
C. didn't need to take D. needn't take
4. ①She had gone through just a few carriages _____ she found herself at the front of the train.
A. before B. while C. after D. as
②I had just gone to bed after a tiring day _______ the phone rang loud enough to wake up the dead.
A. as B. when C. after D. as
5. ①_______ I admit that there are problems, I don't agree that they cannot be solved.
A. While B. Since C. As D. If
②I do every single bit of housework _____ my husband Bob just does the dishes now and then.
A. since B. while C. when D. as
③----I'm going to the post office.
---- _______ you're there, can you get me some stamps?
A. As B. While C. Because D. If
6. ①To keep healthy , Professor Smith ___ cycling as a regular form of exercise after he retired.
A. caught on B. carried out C. made for D. took up
②Helen always helps her mother even though going to school ______ most of her day.
A. takes up B. makes up C. saves up D. puts up
CDCCA, DACAB, ABBDA
III. 完形填空
一．考点提示
设空注重在语境中考查词义。这一特点，很好地反映了从重点测试语言形式转向重点测试语言意义的改革方向，反映了“强调应用，注重交际”的命题原则。完形填空题的4个备选答案，一般都属于同一词类，同一语义范畴，而且往往都和设空前后的单词形成某种搭配，这样便形成了很强的迷惑性和干扰性。但是，完形填空题对词汇的考查并未设置太大的障碍，选项所涉及的词汇，80%左右出自初中课本，而且仅涉及基本意义和用法。在联系上下文的情况下，考生很容易能将两个选项排除，剩下两项，只要对上下文再进行细致的推敲，对所剩两词的词义进行细微的辨析，也很快能确定正确答案。1996年以来几乎所有的选项，都要通过联系上下文而确定，而单纯的语法选择填空已经从试题中消失。
设空的分类。设空的答案有的由一个句子决定，有的由相邻不远的一组句子决定，还有的由语篇内容综合决定。因此，设空分为：句子层次；句组层次；语篇层次。设空的答案有的由已读过的上文决定，有的由未读过的下文决定，还有的要综合上下文而定。所以设空又可分为三类：（1）前制性设空；（2）后制性设空；（3）语篇性设空。不言而喻，前制性设空难度低，后制性设空难度较高，语篇性设空难度最高。一般说来，三个层次的设空比例各占三分之一。但是，从近年来的高考试题看，语篇层次设空的比例有所增加，超过了三分之一，反映出“突出语篇”的命题思路。
完形填空题有三个难点：一是4个备选项有很强的迷惑性和干扰性；二是句组层次和语篇
层次设空所占的比例高，超过三分之二，尤其是语篇性设空所占的比例超过三分之一；三是后制性设空，尤其是语篇层次后制性设空，难度大。有的答案提示一直到篇末才出现。考生要逾越这些难点，不仅需要具备熟练扎实的词句知识，而且需要具备很强的阅读理解能力以及逻辑推理、判断分析的能力。从深层来讲还要具备良好的语言经验和自觉的语言意识。只有具备了这些综合素质，考生才能顺利“完形”。从历年高考试题看，正是由于试题的这些特点使这一题型体现了很好的区分度。
为了让考生迅速进入主题，为理解文章奠定基础，命题者在设计完形填空题时，总是保留一个完整或基本完整的句子不设空。这个不设空的句子就是提示句，往往出现在文章的开头。通过提示句，考生可以确定文章的话题、主题、背景、人物、时间、地点、事件等，也可以确定文体，从而适当地把握文章的发展方向，达到顺利“完形”的目的。文章的其余部分也可能出现一些不设空的句子，或者即使设空、但主干信息仍然能够读懂的句子，也可以作为提示句。
二．策略指导
（一）解题步骤
第一步：通读全文，把握大意。
做完形填空时要注意文章开头提示句的点题作用和短文中完整句的启示作用。首先要快速浏览全文，弄清各段落之间，各层次之间的内在联系，把握文章的完整性。只有这样才符合这种题型的解题思路。
第二步： 逐句细读，确定选项。
大致把握了全文的大意和作者的意图之后，就可以根据上下文，选取与文意最贴切的选项。此时，应遵循先易后难的原则，对有把握的选项“一锤定音”。对没有把握的选项不妨先放一放，接着往下看，往往会出现“柳暗花明”的情况。
第三步：再次阅读，复查答案。
复查时从意义和语法两个角度考虑，着眼于全篇。特别注意的是，我们所选的是“最佳”选项而不是“正确”答案。
上述三步可概括为：一步粗读寻思路，二步细读选答案，三步复读纠错误，若能沉着照此办，胸有成竹少失误。
（二）解题技巧
1. 根据上下文语境来确定最佳选项 近年来的完形填空试题在选项的设置上越来越淡化语法结构，重在文意的干扰，即把具体的语言知识溶进具体的语言情景中去，考查考生通过上下文的前后提示或暗示，对整体文意进行把握的能力。这种考查方式所占的比例较大，且难度也大，若单纯从句子或个别段落来分析，或许所给的四个答案在语法和结构上都是正确的，若放在全局，则不一定正确。因此，快速浏览全文，领悟文章主旨，通过上下文的语境来选择答案是解决这类题的关键。
[例1] (2004浙江卷) Bob had just made a “motherhood contract(合同)”—declaring that for 70 days this summer he would 37 the care of their four children and all the housework. Although he didn’t even know how to make coffee when he sighed, he was very confident…. After 40 of the 70 days, he was ready to give up. “ I was beaten down, “ admits Bob. “Not only is motherhood a 40 task, it is an impossible job for any normal human being.”….
37. A. stick to B. set about C. think about D. take over
40. A. strange B. pleasant C. difficult D. serious
[解析]37题从语法角度考虑四个选项都可以接受，但是从上下文考虑，文章中我们可以读到男主人和女主人之间是自愿签订了一个代替母亲做家务和照看孩子70天的合同。所以，自签订合同之日起，他将接替妻子所有的家务。D（ take over）选项从词义和语法上都符合上下文。40题可以从上文 的beaten down和下文的 impossible job可以判断出选择C（difficult）。
2. 根据生活常识及文化背景知识进行逻辑推理 完形填空往往以自身的内容提供完整的语篇信息，其间交织渗透着各类相关的文化背景知识和生活常识，考查考生灵活运用该方面知识的能力。解决这类题目，考生不仅要有广博的知识、丰富的生活经历，还要能够驾驭全文，不仅理解文章的表层意义，而且要弄清文章的深层意义。当对语言的把握不很准确时，可充分利用社会文化知识和生活常识来帮助判断。
[例2] But we ran so much that, afterwards, we had trouble 45 .
A. speaking B. sleeping C. breathing D. moving
[解析]第45小题 根据常识，一般跑得太多的结果是气喘吁吁，所以选breathing，表示跑后“喘不过气来”；而speaking和 sleeping都不是跑步所带来的特有结果；如果跑后不能moving（动）了，那就对身体损伤太大了，所以这个词太过分。
3. 根据词语的习惯用法和固定搭配来选择答案 词的固定搭配，特别是动词的搭配在完形填空题中出现的比例也是比较大的，多数题目涉及到动词的用法和各种搭配关系，这是由动词在句子中的重要性决定的。动词在搭配关系上与名词、介词、副词的用法紧密相关。解决这类题目要求考生多读、多记，对所学习语或固定搭配牢固掌握，并能灵活运用。
[例3] , for example, the neatly-dressed woman I used to see -- or look at -- on my way to work each morning.
A. Make B. Take C. Give D. Have
[解析]本题掌握take … for example这一固定搭配可知答案为B。
4. 根据词汇的意义及用法辨析词义从而确定答案 要做好这种题目，必须尽量将词语辨析与情节推理和逻辑推理结合起来，从词汇意义入手，抓住情节线索解决问题。
[例4] When the papers were , she discovered that twelve boys had made exactly the same mistakes throughout the test.
A. examined B. completed C. marked D. answered
[解析] 本题考查动词辨义。空白处需要一个动词的过去分词与were 构成谓语。 各个选项都有可能是正确答案，迷惑项有较强的干扰性，因为该词可以构成考生比较熟悉的动宾搭配：examined the papers （审查试卷）、complete the papers（完成试卷）、marked the papers(批阅试卷)、answered the papers (回答试卷)。可下文是 “she discovered that twelve boys had made exactly the same mistakes throughout the test.（他发现 12个学生在考试中犯了完全一样的错误）”， 老师只有在“批阅给分”时才有可能发现这种情况，所以正确答案应为C。
由于许多词汇在上下文中以不同形式反复出现，请注意以下几点：
　　(1)同一词上下文复现：很多正确选项常是上文或下文中出现的词。
　　(2)同义词复现：and连接两同义的词或句子。happy and gay； unhappy and disappointed.
　　(3)反义词复现： but 连接两个含义相对的词：small but neat； expensive but tasty； gave them reason to reflect on their past and plan for their future.
　　(4)词汇链即不同词类的联想：如：believe和belief；think和thought；repairman 和fix one's car.
　　(5)词义深层内涵的区别：如：“普通的”在英语中有多词可用，但含义不同。common： 强调事情发生的频率，非罕见的，如common sense； ordinary： 强调事物的等级、一般和日常、平凡之含义，如：ordinary people ；usual：强调习惯；general：强调大多数，较少例外；normal：含义为标准的，常态的。
5.利用语法分析解题 完形填空题中也有考查语法知识的题目。对于他们，考生不仅要理解上下文的逻辑关系，更要有针对性地对语法结构、句式特点，对短文中所设空格中需填的词在句子里作什么成分，哪类词合适，应采取什么形式等等进行必要的分析思考，从而迅速解决问题。比如，选用动词就要考虑各种时态、语态、语气、谓语形式、非谓语形式、及物、不及物、持续性质、非持续性质、主谓搭配以及其如何与其它词类配合使用等一系列问题。熟练地掌握基础语法知识并运用其进行分析解答完形填空题是一种非常有效的解题方法。
[例5](2003全国卷) I played a racquetball game against my cousin Ed last week. It was one of the most surprising and tiring games I've ever had. When Ed first phoned and we play, I laughed quietly, figuring on an easy victory. ……
A. declared B. mentioned C. persuaded D. suggested
[解析] 分析句子结构可看出we play应为宾语从句，只有suggest后的宾语从句的谓语用should加动词原形，should省略。又如：
（2004天津卷）I was leaving 49 several girls camp up to me.
A. while B. when C. as D. since
[解析] “be doing …when…”为常用句子结构，意思为“正在这个时候….”。所以选B.（ when）。
6．利用语篇标志解题 语篇一般指比单个句子长的语言单位，如句群，段落、篇章等。语篇与语篇之间往往有表明其内在联系的词语，这些词语可称为语篇标志。如：表示结构层次的语篇标志语有：firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally等。表示逻辑关系的有：thus， therefore，so等；表示改变话题的有：by the way等 ；表示递进关系的有besides, what is more, further等; 表示时间关系的有 before, so far, yet, meantime, meanwhile, now, later等等。在做完形填空题时，如果能充分利用这些语篇标志语，就可以迅速理清文章的脉络，弄清上下文的关系。
[例6] （2004北京卷） What laughing 42 we had about the 43 respectable method for moving spaghetti from plate to mouth. 44 , I wanted to write about that, but I wanted to 45 it down simply for my own 46 , not for Mr. Fleagle, my composition teacher. 47 , I would write something else.
43. A. nearly B. naturally C. officially D. socially
44. A. Especially B. Probably C. Suddenly D. Fortunately
[解析]第44小题考查依据语篇标志语做出判断的能力。文章一开始作者谈到由于写作文引发的一段回忆，回忆后提到“I wanted to write about it”。especially表示程度上的递进, 与上下文不符。 fortunately不符合语境， probably与“I wanted to write about it”前后矛盾，所以C（suddenly）为最佳选项。
7．利用排除法解题 有时我们会遇上这样的情况：对某个题目的正确选项的含义、用法不甚明了、但发现其它选项却有显而易见的谬误，这时候我们可以试试排除法：将干扰项逐项检查验证，凡发现有错误的选项，立即剔除出选择范围。随着选择范围的缩小，选项的准确率就会不断提高。经过这样分析推敲弃误留正，便会水落石出，找出正确答案。排除法如果运用得好，可以收到事半功倍的效果。
[例7] Waiting above the crowded streets, on top of a building 110 stories high, was Philippe Petit. This daring Frenchman was about to 31 a tightrope (绷索) between the two towers of the world Trade Center.
A. throw B. walk C. climb D. fix
[解析]考生如果对walk作及物动词的用法不是很熟悉，很难直接选出答案。在这种情况下运用排除法就会非常方便实用。我们可以先将明显不合题意的三项A、C、D排除掉。因为下文中提到 Philippe Petit 在绷索上走了七个来回（Philippe Petit made seven trips, back and forth）。所以很明显这个大胆的法国人不是在两楼之间扔（throw）绳子，也不是顺着绳子朝上攀登(climb)，更不是在两座楼间固定(fix)绳子。剩下的B当然是正确答案了。
8．摆脱定势逆向思维 考生如果学习方法不当，对某些知识点进行了过度强调，就会产生思维定势。例如过度强调make sb. do sth. 这一结构，当看到 make sb. 时就会不假思索地用不带to的不定式do sth.作宾语补足语。其实make sb. 后面也有可能接不定式短语的。如：The father made a paper tiger to please his son. 不过to please his son 不是宾语补足语，而是目的状语。思维定势使一些考生形成猜题的心理。完形填空题中常利用反猜手段设计一些似是而非的题目，利用学生的思维定势，诱导学生“误入歧途”。
[例8] I was very thin when I started football, but as a member of this team I wouldn’t eat much, because I was afraid of being too 48 to run. I feared making mistakes, and the added pressure caused me to make more than my usual 49 .
48. A. full B. tired C. lazy D. big
49. A. size B. share C. space D. state
[解析]第49小题前面提到making mistakes（犯错）及make more（犯更多错），根据意义应该找一个能代替错误的名词，本句句意并不是在讨论错误大小，size显然不对，它与more也不搭配；space（空间）、state（状态）都与错误没关系；share（份儿） 可以表示在错误中所占比例，与前面的more联系起来，可以说明犯更多的错。可是不少考生由于受定势思维影响，不敢选share，似乎永远在分东西时，才用share，而从没想过“错误”也用它，这充分证明学生的语言体验不足、掌握词义比较死板；其次也说明他们缺少把上下文与空白之间进行逻辑联系的能力。
总之，完形填空解题时要注意运用适当的技巧，克服急躁心理，试着从上下文角度、文化背景角度、生活常识角度、惯用法和固定搭配及语法和词义角度等多角度来进行分析，也就是把多种方法结合起来。
IV. 阅读理解
一、阅读理解能力测试的要求
（一）掌握所读材料的主旨和大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节；
（二）既理解具体的事实，也理解抽象的概念；
（三）既理解字面意思，也理解深层含义，包括作者的态度、意图等；
（四）既理解某句、某段的意义，也理解全篇的逻辑关系，并据此进行推理和判断；
（五）既根据材料所提供的信息去理解，也能结合中学生应有的常识去理解。
二、解题方法与技巧
（一）细节理解题：一般针对某个特定的细节而提出，难度较小，属浅层理解。考生通读短文后可直接找出答题依据。细节理解题有三种题型：纯细节题、计算题、细节推断题。三类题中细节推断题一般难度较大，考生要细细推敲。从最近几年的高考题看来细节理解题占了考题的一半左右。
1、通读短文，领悟文章大意，理解文章结构层次及细节，特别注意：
①五个w (who, which, when, where, what), 一个h (how)以及其它特殊之处
例 1： What I next felt can only be considered as delight. Before I made the call, the nurse ran in: Mrs. Jones called. Her vision is fine. Turns out she picked up the wrong glasses when she left the office.
62. What has caused Mrs. Jones’ eye problem?
A. Wrong glasses. B. Medical checkup C. Her own imagination D. Chatting on the Internet （ NMET2004卷二） A
②数字、日期、时间等：
例2：Due in part to old, inefficient batteries, Helios finished fourth—out of four—in its kind, the sun—powered class. “We were there for the fun of it.” Anna says. “We’re proud of Helios,” says Ariel Gleicher, 14. “It’s a car that’s good for the environment.”
65.How many sun-powered cars took part in the race?
A.1 B.4 C. 23 D.44 (NMET2004全国卷二) B
③同位语，破折号，括号，省略号等：
例3：They may plan more parties or try to attract more people to join their informal talks. Some publishers have expressed interest in a book, something they say they’ll consider.
60. How do they like the idea of writing a book?
A. They have decided to wait a year or two. B. They will think about it carefully.
C. They agreed immediately D. They find it hard to do that. B
④表示附加说明的词，如：by the way, besides, what’s more, in addition to, including, as well as等:
例4：But this is not always the case. If asked to a student’s party at 6:30 pm, it is normal for guests not to appear before midnight, if at all, and no one cares. Being the first to arrive –-looking eager—is social death.
70. For some young people, arriving on time for a student’s party will probably be considered____
A. very difficult B. particularly thoughtful
C. friendly and polite D. socially unacceptable D
⑤倒装句及加强语气的词，如：above all, mainly, mostly, certainly, indeed，等。
2、利用排除法排除不符合原文细节的选项，剩下的正是要选择的最佳答案。考生要注意的是有时在两个难以抉择的题项之间一定要通过文章的整体意思来作出判断。
（二）词句理解题：此类题要求考生正确理解短文中一些关键词、短语或句子的含义。常用的手段是利用多种表达法、词的多义性、同近义词语替换、习语释义、句型或语态转换等。
1、 理解题意，从短文中找到相关的词、短语或句子，根据特定的语境来判断理解，推敲斟酌，最后确定其准确含义。
2、要熟悉常见的设问形式：
1) The underlined word in the…paragraph refers to / means ________.
2) What does “ ________” in paragraph… stand for / mean?
3) “_______” could best be replaced by which of the following?
4) The expression / phrase “_______” means ________.
5) The word “_______” is closest in meaning to ________.
3、要掌握常见的猜词技巧
1．定义；2）解释；3）同位语；4）对照比较；5）因果；6）同近义词；7）反义词；8）构词法（派生、合成、转化）；9）语境或上下文；10）常识和经验；11）要具备有关的西方社会人文知识，逐步习惯西方人特有思维特点，如女士优先(ladies first)、人人想年轻(everyone wants to be young)、幽默感(the sense of humor)、个性坚强(strong character)、不干涉他人隐私(concept of privacy)、诚实最好(honesty is the best policy)、守时(punctuality)等。
请猜测下列划线部分词的意思：
1.Though the reason for building the tower was a strange ,sad story, those who see its breath-taking beauty are reminded of the happiness that inspired its construction.
2.The President has started using look-alikes during some public appearance.
3.Without examinations, employers will look for employees from the highly respected schools and from families known to them—a form of favoritism will replace equality.
4.My teenage son Karl became withdrawn after his father died. As a single parent, I tried to do my best to talk to him, but the more I tried, the more he pulled away.
By saying “Karl became withdrawn”, the author means that the boy changed entirely and ___.
A. refused to stay alone at home B. lost interest in his studies
B. refused to talk to others D. began to dislike to his mother
（三）推理判断题：这一类题主要针对短文的结论、隐含意义（寓意）、作者的倾向、文章的论调、写作思路及目的等方面，要求考生纵观全文，在汇集短文提供的各项信息的基础上，严格按照短文陈述的观点或描述的事实，进行正确的、合乎逻辑的推论和引申，包括事情的前因后果、人物的目的动机和性格特征、作者的倾向态度、语言中的语态和语气等。有时还可能会假设一种情况要求考生对原文中没有提到的情况进行推理想象，对题目中提出的各种可能性进行推敲，从而选出符合原文信息或作者愿意的最佳答案。
1、 懂原文，抓住关键词、短语、句子或段落，透彻理解文章内容，注意文章结构层次和
逻辑关系，并结合阅读材料外的有关生活、社会常识，仔细斟酌，作出准确的推断和引申。
2、要熟悉常见的设问形式：
1) We can infer / conclude from the passage that _______.
2) It can be inferred / concluded (from the passage ) that ________.
3) The passage / story / author / paragraph implies, but does not directly state that _______.
4) The author’s / writer’s attitude（态度）towards …is _______.
5) What do you think would happen (to…) at the end of the story?
例5：NMET2004全国卷：
To celebrate a year of talking, the two held a get-together in a city park for all the people they had met over the past year. A few hundred people showed up, as well as some television cameramen and reporters
They may plan more parties or try to attract more people to join their informal talks. Some publishers have expressed interest in a book, something they say they’ll consider.
57．What they have been doing can be described as______
A, pointless B. normal C. crazy D. successful
例6：My first reaction was annoyance. It was Friday afternoon, and I was within an hour of finishing my work for the week. As I was leaving, a nurse brought me one more patient message. The statement read: "Mm. Jones called to say that she has had blurred vision (视觉模糊) ever since her medical test this morning. " I smiled. Suddenly our tests were causing eye problems.
This week my patients had questioned everything. My patient with high blood pressure had stopped coming to her treatment on the advice of an Internet chat room. A woman who had a mental problem was substituting (用......代替) St. John’ s word for her medication. Now Mrs. Jones was imagining problems. I rolled my eyes.
61. The writer smiled while reading the patient message because he knew_____.
A. Mrs. Jones would ask for more tests B. the patient was being unreasonable
C. the nurse was joking with him D. Mrs. Jones would call him
（四）归纳概括题：此类题主要针对文章的主题、中心思想、文章的结构层次（主题句或主题段）、作者的写作目的(purpose)等方面，要求考生在准确理解全文后归纳短文要点，概括中心思想，也包括分析和归纳段落大意、重要情节、人物特征和环境特点等。
1、领会文章大意，灵活运用概念、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，真正准确地理解文章的话题和中心思想。
一般而言，英语文章的话题往往用很少几个词加以概括，通常具体反映在文章的题目或一段短文的小标题上；不少文章一开头便展示出文章的主题，特别是新闻报道，第一段通常是故事的梗概(lead paragraph)，这一段往往表达了文章的中心思想。但也要注意，不少文章的中心思想也常贯穿于全文之中；英语文章讲究使用主题段和主题句。主题段通常在文章开头，简要概括文章的中心思想，而主题句(topic sentence)常在一段的开头，也可以段中或段末，其作用是交待该段的中心意思，再由全段展开或讨论这个意思。段与段之间常有词语连接，承上启下，使文章行文连贯。要准确地理解一篇文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握住文章的脉络，即句与句之间，段落与段落之间的逻辑关系。
2、要熟悉常见的设问形式：
1) What is the main subject / the best title of the passage?
2) Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
3) The title that best expresses the main idea of the passage is ________.
4) From the passage we know that _______.
5) The main idea of this passage is ________.
6) The passage is mainly about _______.
7) Choose the best title for the passage.
例7：It’s not the flashiest car in the world. Not even close. But the 1971 Volkswagen named Helios can do something most cars can’t: nm on solar energy - energy from the sun’s light and heat!
Joshua Bechtold, 14, and the other students at the Riverside School in Lyndonville, Vermont, worked many months to get Helios ready for the 1999 American Tour de Sol ( "Sol" is the Latin word for "sun"). They named their car after Helios, the sun god in Greek mythology(神话).
The 4-year-old Tour de Sol encourages the use of "green", or environmentally friendly, cars to help reduce pollution and save energy. It’ s not a race. Cars are judged on fuel efficiency(耗油量) rather than speed. In the week-long event, 44 cars took the 350-mile tour from Waterbury, Connecticut, to Lake George, New York. Of the 23 student cars, Helios was the only one built by middle school students.
A teacher drove Helios, but the children talked with people wherever they stopped along the mad. "That was my favorite part," says Anna Browne, 15. "We explained how the car runs.”
Due in part to old, inefficient batteries(电池), Helios finished fourth - out of four - in its kind, the sun-powered class. "We were there for the fun of it," Anna says. "We’re proud of Helios," says Ariel Gleicher, 14. "It’s a car that’s good for the environment."
66. What would be the best title for the text.?
A. The Making of Helios B. 1999 American Tour de Sol
C. Sun-powered Cars on the Road D. Use of Green Cars in Connecticut (C)
67. The students felt proud of Helios because______.
A. it could run as far as 350 miles B. it was favored by many children
C. it had high-quality batteries D. it was driven by clean energy (D)
例8： The accepted custom at present is confusing (混乱的), sometimes annoying, and it often means you may go home hungry, but it does lend every party that precious element (成分) of surprise.
72. What is the general idea of the text?
A. It’ s safe to arrive late just when food is served.
B. It’ s wise to eat something before going to a party.
C. It’ s important to follow social rules of party-going.
D. It’ s necessary to read invitations carefully. (C)
（五）图示理解题：图示理解中的一般坐标方位是“上北下南，左西右东”（特别标明方位
的除外）即 有时根据文章内容提供一幅或多幅图（地图、示意图或其它图形），要求考生正确判断和选择符合原文的图示。
1、先看问题和图示，再读原文，要以原文提供的事实、；逻辑关系为自己思维活动的基准点，使自己的思维模式与作者写作时的思维模式相吻合，仔细研读和准确理解与图示有关的信息（词、短语或句子），分析其中的细节，找了符合图示所要求的必要条件；2、熟悉常见的设问形式：
1) Which of the following maps gives the right position of…？
2) Which of the following diagrams / pictures / figures shows the correct relationship between A, B and C?
3) Which of the diagrams shows the right relation of the … mentioned in the passage?
4) Which of the drawings below gives an idea of what… is / looks like?
例9：The capital city is Khartoum. At Khartoum the Blue Nile and the White Nile come together to form the Nile River, which is the world’s longest river. Khartoum has about four hundred and seventy thousand people.
56. Which of the following maps gives the right position of Khartoum?
(K—Khartoum; B—Blue Nile; W—White Nile; N—Nile River)
例10：In the northeast of USA there are six small states. Together they are called New England. The most important state of New England is Massachusetts. Its capital city is Boston, with a population of just over half a million, which is the biggest New England city. Greater Boston is made up of 78 cities and towns. It has a population of nearly 3 million which is half the population of the state of Massachusetts.
69.Which of the following diagrams gives the correct relationship
between New England, Massachusetts and Boston?
(N—New England; M—Massachusetts; B—Boston)
三、答题步骤及注意事项
答题步骤
1、先看问题，再读文章：带着问题阅读短文，确定主攻方向，特
别要注意首尾段和首尾句，把握文章的主题和脉络，摘取有用的材料，
舍弃无关的信息，有的放矢、高效省时。
2、细读全文，认真推敲：针对测试题的要求，细心阅读与问题有关的词汇、句子或段落，要特别留心一些关键信息词，它们既是测试的重点，又是把握全文意思的突破口，因此，必须准确判断，仔细斟酌，以便选出最佳答案。
3、推敲词义、分析长句：阅读中如碰到生词、考生要通过上下文、词缀、复合词的一些构造、词形的转化来猜测词义，碰到长句时，考生要学会把长句层层剥开，找出主干，然后再看修饰成分，降低理解的难度，以便充分理解文章。
4、复读全文，验证答案：在选出全部答案后，应将答案带入问题中重读全文，看前后意思是否贯通，有无矛盾，若前后不一致或意思矛盾，则要考虑重选答案。
注意事项：
1．所选有据，避免主观。
阅读他人之作，理解他人之意，必须以作者的思维模式为准绳，以原文提供的事实、细节和逻辑关系为自己思维活动的基准点，切忌把自己的观点和看法与原文或作者的观点和看法混为一谈，自以为是。文章中的数字、日期、时间、表限量的词或短语等都是设题的重点，若只注意明显的内容，正好走进了实的陷阱。若不注意虚的内容，想当然答题也必错无疑。因此，必须学会“虚实结合”。
2．符合原文的答案=正确答案≠最佳答案。
阅读题要求选的最佳答案，有的答案从某个枝节来看是对的，但从全文来看则不是最佳的，因此，必须通盘考虑，取主要，舍枝节。
3．解题有法，但无定法，贵在得法。
要答好阅读理解题，必须多读、巧读和善思，要不断扩大词汇量，拓宽阅读面，提高阅读速度。同时也要探索和总结适合自己的学习方法或技巧。实践出真知，多练出效益。
Ⅴ. 短文改错（10分，10行，答题时间约10分钟）
短文改错重视检测考生对书面语篇的校验能力。作为写作能力的有机组成部分，校验能力是进行书面表达的必备能力，短文改错的落脚点是内容，先内容后语法、句法结构。
语言材料通常为记叙文，取材于学生习作或类似学生的习作,是学生较熟悉或经历过的事情。篇章结构的难易程度符合学生的实际水平。语言明白易懂，基本上不涉及生僻的语言现象和繁难的语句结构，不在阅读上设置障碍。短文为100词左右，其中1行正确，9行需要改正，错误类型包括缺词、多词和错词。下表是近年高考“短文改错”题型分布。由下表可见：“1126”、“1225”、“1117”为题型设计的形式。
设疑形式 2000年 2001年 2002年 2003年 2004年全国卷 2004年江苏卷
正 确 1 1 1 1 1 1
错 词 6 6 5 6 7 6
多 词 2 2 2 2 1 1
缺 词 1 1 2 1 1 2

高考考试说明规定：短文改错的错误包括词法、句法、行文逻辑等，旨在测试考生发现、判断、纠正语篇错误的能力，考查考生在语篇中综合运用英语的能力。命题特点通常从以下几方面考虑：
1．考查学生对英语的屈折附加成分的理解（以表现英语学科显著的特点）。
2．考查学生受母语影响容易犯的错误的纠正能力。
3．估计考生可能出现的语法、句法、逻辑等错误校验能力。
短文改错所考查的词类涉及广泛，分布合理。历年高考着重考查了名词、冠词、代词、介词、形容词、副词、连词、动词、动词时态、动词语态、主谓一致等语法知识。由于动词的错误类型较多，所以每年的短文改错中动词的错误占比较大。参看下表：
考查项目 动词 名词 连词 形容词、副词 代词 冠词 介词
2001年 2 2 2 1 1 1
2002年 2 1 1 1 1 1 2
2003年 3 1 3 1 1
2004年全国卷 1 1 3 1 3
2004年江苏卷 3 2 2 1 1
一．解题思路：
（一）要注重英语的屈折附加成分。所谓屈折附加成份，就是指动词、名词、代词和形容词的词形变化，及同一意思的词的词性变化，而汉语则无这种变化。因此学生容易受母语的影响，只注重以上词形的含义，而忽视它们的词形变化。
1．英语动词多变的外在形式包括动词现在时第三人称单数，动词过去时、过去分词、现在分词和不定式。
a. Anyone may borrow books, and it cost nothing to borrow them. costs. (’94)
b. As we climbed the mountain, we fed monkeys, visiting temples and told the stories.
visited (’02全国)
c. As I was about∧take a piece from a cooked duck, I saw Grandma in. to (’04江苏)
d. Shake her head, she said, ‘It isn’t a good time to do that, dear.’ Shaking(’04江苏)
2．名词复数的屈折变化。
a. Happy birthday, Peter, and many happy return of the day. returns (’00春)
b. You know, that was a dinner we had waited for several month.” months(’04江苏)
c. …but after class we become stranger at once strangers(’04全国)
3．代词的屈折变化。
a. The day before the speech contest∧English teacher… my. (’02全国)
b. The game speaks for themselves. itself. (’90)
c. Leaning to express me in simple English. myself (’03全国)
d. At once I apologized and controlled me at my best till the dinner started. myself(’04江苏)
4．形容词和副词的屈折变化。
a.…generally live much more longer than people more. (’93)
b. ... a ride down a river could be so much exciting. much (’95)
c. nothing else seemed very practically to me. practical (’00春)
d.I would describe myself as shy and quietly. quiet (’04全国)
（二）要运用英语思维，排除母语影响容易犯的错误。
1.忽视介词词组的搭配。
a. …but we do not seem to get much time to talk about together. about. (’01全国)
b. I was so tired that I fell asleep at the moment. at (’02全国)
c. they are planning to visit China in next year. in (’ 96)
d. Can you tell me about what I should do? about (’04全国)
2. 忽视汉语中没有与英语冠词相对应的词这一特性。
a. Each player must obey∧captain, who is the leader of the team. the. (’98)
b. Some people read the books or watch television while others… the. (’90)
c. to wish you∧wonderful time on your birthday a. (’00春)
d. It’s∧famous mountain with all kinds of plants a (’02全国)
3.忽视英语中的一致现象（包括主谓一致、指代一致、名词单复数一致、主从句一致、上下文时态一致、前后内容一致等）
a. Now my picture and the prize is hanging in the library. are. (’00)
b. The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home. their. (’96)
c. Their word were a great encouragement to me. words (’03全国)
d. Modern people know more about the health, have better food, and to live in cleaner surroundings. to. (’93)
e. I remembered her words and calm down. calmed. (’01全国)
e. I followed her advice and should put down 100 words. should (’03全国)
（三）正确效验考生可能出现的语法、句法、逻辑等错误。
1．重视句法中关系词、连词的误用。
a. what things are in other homes, I wonder. how. (’01全国)
b. but it didn't matter that I would win or not . whether. (’00)
c. I felt so nervous as I shook like a leaf. that. (’00)
d. It looks as if my parents treat me as a visitor and a guest.. or. (’01全国)
e. …the most exciting thing was when to celebrate the Spring Festival. when (’04江苏)
f.. My grandma was the best cook in the world but could make the most delicious dishes.
and (’04江苏)
g. I don't know that they don't like to talk with me. why (’04全国)
h. I am trying to improve the situation since it doesn't seem to work. but (’04全国)
i. However, there are still some countries there people have shorter lives. where. (’93)
j. It was about noon∧we arrived at the foot of… when (’02全国)
2．重视行文逻辑错误。
a. It's with greater pleasure that I write to congratulate you on success. great
b. He is a kind-hearted man and he will∧refuse to… not
c. First, let me tell you something more about myself. more (’97)
d. …my first time visit to an American family. time (’96)
e. Now I can't watch much television, much (’99)
f. wherever I see them I will often think of… often (’00)
g. Evening came down. We spent the night in a hotel at the top… down (’02全国)
3．重视常见近似词语的差异。
a. He lied down by the side of the path to rest. lay. (’91)
b. and tried to translate anything into English everything (’03全国)
c. My grandma was the best cooker in the world cook (’04江苏)
4．重视固定搭配。
a. suddenly, I caught a. sight of my English teacher. a. (’00)
b. …but a few years ago, I was used to watch it every night. was. (’99)
c. my teacher advised me to keep my diary. a (’03全国)
d. in any other words, I am an only child. any (’01全国)
e. it seems always difficult for roe to do things∧well as them. as (’04全国)
5．重视缺be动词的问题。
a. There seem to have a lot of difficulties. be
b. I'd like to∧your pen friend. … be (’97)
c. When the book you want has∧returned … been (’94)
二．解题步骤与方法点拨
（一）通读全文，掌握大意
改错题是考查考生在语篇中综合运用英语的能力。通读全文后才能把握全文的命脉，如文章体裁，时态主线，人物思想，主要情节等，才有可能找出时态错误，上下文逻辑错误等，切不可边读边做。
（二）整句理解，逐行推敲
通读全文之后，要细致地分析理解每一个完整的句子，不要为试题的故意设行所打断，一个句子可能要占两三行，要按照先总后分的顺序来推敲。错词可能出在某一行的第一词，也可能出在某一行的最后一词。要了解分行技巧，提高语境题得分。
读懂句子是复合句、并列句还是简单句？若是复合句，那就找出主从之间的从属连词，看看是否合乎逻辑，主从句的时态是否一致；若是并列句，那就看看有没有and, but, or, so等并列连词，并列连词的使用恰当吗？如果有错，需先改正；若是简单句，那么它属于五种基本句型中的哪一种呢？主、谓、宾、宾补基本结构是否有错。要遵循尽可能保持原意原则和尽可能少改动原则。
（三）复读全文，检查核对
1．要从全文着眼，核对改后的答案是否能使全文流畅，语言规范、准确。核对错项是否基本符合“1126”等题型比例，若的确有一时难以改出的地方，可以此作为参考。
2．核对改正的语法项目是否有重复。因为短文改错往往覆盖面很广，一般不会出现重复考查某个语法点的现象。原文中每行改动只能改一词，答案也只能是一词。
3．核对答题符号是否规范，位置是否准确，看看有无遗漏符号，忽略字母大写等问题。
4．如有两行都难以找到错误时，与其乱改一行，不如都打“√”以确保一行正确。
四．根据近年高考试卷短文改错内涵，我们推测在2005年的试题中可能有下列趋向：
1.文章仍为记叙文或简单的说明文。难度仍维持在0.45左右。仍强调对文章内容的理解。
2.考查的仍是中学生常见的易犯的错误。干扰项的难度将略微增大。
3.动词部分仍是考查的重点，其次是连词、名词、形容词、副词、代词、冠词等。
4.对习惯用语、句子结构和句型的考查会进一步加强。
VI. 书面表达
NMET书面表达是一种指导性的写作，它要求学生根据所给情景，写出一篇100个单词左右的书面材料。情景包括目的、对象、时间、地点、内容等。提供情景的形式有图画、图表、提纲、短文等。书面表达的主要要求有：切中题意；语言准确、得当；条理清楚。
请看近四年NMET书面表达统计表：
年份 提供情景方式 要求 体裁 题材 参考答案词数
2001 表格 提示作文 应用文 写回信 117
2002 表格 提示作文 应用文 写信 129
2003 二幅图画 看图作文 应用文 写信 114
2004 图表 提示作文 应用文 写信 132
通过上表我们不难看出，高考书面表达所考查的题材仍旧是考生所熟悉的校园生活或日常生活。在题型方面，又可划分看图作文和根据要求作文，两种形式的作文都给考生提供了语境条件，要求考生据此灵活运用语言知识，解决语言应用的具体问题。
　2005年NMET书面表达题仍会“变中求稳”。考生在写作中应认真审题，理清要点；依据要点，草拟提纲；扩展成句，连句成篇；仔细检查，认真修改。一篇档次较高的书面表达应该是：语境合情合理，过渡自然；语句有简有繁，随“意”而安；语法结构正确，无懈可击；语言地道流畅，书写规范。
(II). 解题步骤与技巧
审题：弄清体裁与题材，看清提示和注意点，确定格式人称、时态。
抓点：用重点句型和短语列出要点。
造句：将要点扩写成句。
成文：连句成文。正确使用过渡词，使行文流畅。并注意段与段的衔接。
改错：注意时态、标点是否正确。词数量是否符合要求等。
誊写：修改无误后，认真规范地誊写在规定的地方。
(III)各种题材、体裁书面表达的注意点：
书信：英文书信的五个主要组成部分（信头、称呼、信文内容、结尾客套语和签名）
例文：
30Nanchang Road, Shanghai
August15,2004
Dear Wang Li:
I haven’t heard from you for a long time. I think of you very much.
My homework has been so heavy that I often had to work till midnight. There have been many exercises in several subjects to do every day, so I have been occupied for the last few weeks to pay you a visit. I am very glad to tell you the good news that my school will soon publish a little magazine, of which I have been made one of the assistant editors. It will appear twice a month. It will contain both article and pictures. I am writing a short article for it on the importance of learning foreign language. I shall send you a copy as soon as the first issue is out.
By the way, I heard from my elder brother yesterday. He is quite well recently .He wanted me to give you his kind regards.
Best wishes.
Yours,
Lin Ming

2)日记：日记正文的上首应写上日期、星期及天气情况. 日记用第一人称。例如：
May22nd, Saturday, Fine
We started off for a spring outing at Huangshan. We got to the foot of the mountain at 8.
After having a short rest, we began to climb. A long time had passed, still we didn’t get to the top. We were all out of breath. How tired we were! “Don’t stop here. We must go on.” We encouraged each other. We looked up. It was only a short distance ahead. Where there is a will, there is a way. At last we got to the top of the mountain.
3)记叙文：记叙文中的事情大多发生在过去，一般用过去时。有的记叙文并不强调时间性（可包括过去、现在和将来）这时也可用一般现在时。例：
Meeting an Old Friend
Last Sunday morning, I met my old school friend Wang Dong in the street. After he finished middle school, he became a worker and works in a factory now. He told me that he taught himself in spare time for two years and had finished college courses. I heartily congratulated him on his achievement in his study. I wished him to win greater success in his life.
4)描写文：描写文可用来写人、写物或写景色， 也可用来写人物的心理状态。要注意根据实际情况选用时态。选好描写的角度， 是第一人称还是第三人称，必须考虑好。对一些名词、动词、形容词及介词词组必须使用正确，加强文章的感染力。
例文： My Bedroom
My bedroom is bright and clean. There is only one big window from which you can over look the garden. Near the window there is a writing desk, on which you can see a clokck, a reading lamp, a radio and a number of books. In front of the desk there is a chair.
In a corner of the room there stands a book shelf. There are many books, newspapers and magazines on it. On the left of the room there is a bed.
It is a good place for studying and resting.
5)议论文：议论文的时态一一般现在时为主。论点鲜明，文章安排逻辑性强，思想内容推理严密。议论文中常见的一些连接段落的词语： moreover, in addition, another point, furthermore, on the other hand, however, but….
例文： Pollution
One of the serious problems man is facing now is pollution. The poisonous waste may do harm to the things around us. The polluted air can bring death to some people, hurt their ears or even drive them mad. So we have to understand the harm done to man by pollution, and we must try our best to fight against pollution.
(IV)例题分析
根据下列内容，写一则书面通知，词数为80－100。
1）事宜：关于计算机的用途以及如何利用Internet网络进行学习的讲座
2）讲座人：浙江大学计算机系王书涵教授
3）时间：12月22日，星期六，下午2:00
4）地点：图书楼204室
5）参加对象：电脑爱好者
6）要求：参加者准备一些自己在学习过程中遇到的问题
7）组织者：校学生会
8）通知时间：12月19日
步骤：
1）选择准确词语，表达下列要点：
要点如下：
a.计算机的用途
如何利用Internet 网络进行学习:the use of computer, how to learn through the Internet
b.浙江大学计算机系王书涵教授: Professor Wang Shuhan from the Computer Department
of Zhejiang University
c.12月22日: December 22
d.星期六下午: 2:00pm, Saturday
e.图书楼204室: Room 204 of the Library Building
f.电脑爱好: computer-lovers
g.学习中遇到的问题: questions in learning
正确组织句子，完整表达上述要点。
a. The lecture is about the use of computer. The lecture is about how to learn through the Internet.
b. The lecturer is given by Professor Wang Shuhan, from the Computer Department of Zhejiang University
c. The lecture begins at 2:00 pm, Saturday, on December 22.
d.. The lecture will be held in Room 204 of the Library Building.
e. Any computer-lover is welcome.
f. Please prepare some questions in learning through the Internet.
2) 连句成文，连接上下文，注意书面通知的格式。
Notice
To help students learn more about computers, we have invited Professor Wang Shuhan from the Computer Department of Zhejiang University to give us a lecture on Saturday, December 22. Professor Wang will talk about the use of computer and how to learn through the Internet. The lecture begins at 2:00 pm in Room 204 of the Library Building. Any computer-lover is welcome to attend the lecture. Please bring your questions in computer learning.
Professor Wang will leave you time for questions. Don’t forget to be on time.
December19
审读短文，修改文字，调整布局
语言表达中需要增加一些“亮点”
语言生动、流畅是近年书面表达题评分标准中提出的新要求，语言幼稚、生硬的作文得分一般不会超过及格分。基础稍好的同学应该尽量变化语言的表达方式，尝试使用较为高级的语言，同时注意突出段落中心，用好过渡性语句，使短文流动自然。如将“认为”写成hold the view that…，以及用Yet every coin has two sides.来表示不同观点之间的过渡都可被看着是短文中的亮点。
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