| 正反观点对比写作(人教版高二英语上册教案教学设计) |
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对同一件事情，人们常有不同的看法，即正反两种观点。在写作时，常使用一般现在时。写作格式一般是：提出问题→两种不同观点→对两种不同观点的论据（理由）逐项作对比。有时题目会要求说出自己的观点，可在结尾段加上自己的观点并简要说明理由，最好不要重复前面的已谈到的理由。写作方式一般采用集中比较。 对比式议论文要求考生从正反两个方面来论证某一观点，对这类题型，一般有三个主要部分，即： topic sentences：引入，即主题部分，要针对题目要求,对现象进行概述,提出自己的论点,这部分一定要简明扼要,往往三两句即可。 supporting sentences：展开，要围绕自己提出的论点进行深入的阐述,可以通过举例、比较等来支持自己的论点。（正反论证,持之有故。在认真审题、提炼出论点之后,接下来应当摆出正反两方面的论点和论据,也就是说,用原文所给的足量事实来支撑各自的观点,如果题目没有给定更多的内容,这时需要自己深入思考,挖掘比较两者的不同点,然后分别进行论证,务必做到言之有据,持之有故,自圆其说。） concluding sentences：结论，重申自己的观点,它是讨论的最终结果,也是对全文进行总结,但不要重复开头引入 部分,最好换一种方式或句型来写。(在一篇120字的文章中，结论文通常只能有一至两句。结论只是用来总结文章之前的意思，除非只是一个次要观点，否则不要在这段内提出任何新见解，但如题目要求的话，您可在结论上提出您的建议、推荐、介绍和解决方法.) 通常分为四个步骤来写： 第一段 文章开头，提炼论点,搭建框架 第二段 阐述提纲中列举的第一种看法，给出理由或者举例说明:主题句＋理由/举例1+理由/举例2+理由/举例3 第三段 阐述提纲中列举的第一种看法，给出理由或者举例说明:主题句＋理由/举例1+理由/举例2+理由/举例3 第四段 表明自己的观点结束全文:在结尾的时候，一定要表明自己的观点。 注意事项： 1.巧用连词、衔接自然。写比较式议论文时,为了使文章结构紧凑,句子衔接自然,逻辑性和连贯性强,可以借助一些连接词来过度，使上下文读起来流畅。常用于展开论证的连词或词组有 first of all, besides, in addition, however,what's more等,用于结论部分的furthermore,moreover,连接词或词组有:in short,in a word,in conclusion,on the whole,to conclude,on one hand,on the other hand等。 2.查缺补漏,愈加完善。完成作文之后,要注意检查一下,在检查时,把握好以下几个方面的问题,看看有没有错误:(1)时态是否一致,特别是复合句,要弄清楚主从句的时间关系;(2)搭配问题,注意介词搭配和动宾搭配;(3)词性误用,根据词语在句子中担任的不同成分,选用不同的词性;(4)关系一致问题,既要注意主谓一致,又要注意代词一致,分词逻辑主语和句子主语一致等问题;(5)连接词问题,对于不同的句式,既要防止连接词的重复,又要防止它的缺省。 掌握了以上对比式英语议论文的基本框架和技巧之后,平时多加练习,多模仿、学习一些优秀的英语范文,多背诵一些经典句型,多积累一些中高级词汇,恰当运用一点衔接过渡手段,就一定能写出内容详实、层次分明且结构完整的文章。 1.Strategy: Contrast: It explains how persons/things are different. Comparison: It explains how persons/things are similar. 2. What connecting words or phrases can we use to develop contrast and comparison? Contrast: while, however, but, be different from, unlike, on the contrary, just the opposite Comparison: similarly, just like…, alike, likewise, equally, in the same way, both, also Ex. Combine 2 sentences into one. I wrote letters to my friends. I send emails to my friends. I used to write letters to my friends, but now I send them e-mails. Unlike before when I wrote letters, I send e-mails to my friends now. 3. Two ways to develop comparison and contrast (对比写作一般有两种方式) Topic by topic structure:集中比较或对比（集中说明一个对象的诸种特征） Point by point structure:逐点比较或对比（一条一条地说明两者的异同） Ex. 2 Explain the table in English. children eat out at weekend western food parents eat out at weekend Chinese food ○1 Topic by topic Children like to eat out at weekend. They are usually interested in western food. In the same way, parents also eat out at weekend. But they usually go to a Chinese restaurant. ○2 Point by point：Children and parents both like to eat out at weekend. But children are interested in western food while parents prefer Chinese food. Example1: 1.只给出主题，题目没有更多的内容，这时需要自己深入思考,挖掘比较两者的不同点,然后分别进行论证,务必做到言之有据,持之有故,自圆其说。 2.要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。○1有一些人认为……○2另一些人认为……○3.我的看法…… The topic of ①___________（主题）is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions of it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of ②___________（支持A的理由一）What is more, ③___________理由二). Moreover, ④___________ (理由三). While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly, ___________ (支持B的理由一). Secondly (besides),⑥___________（理由二）. Thirdly (finally),⑦___________ (理由三). From my point of view, I think ⑧___________（我的观点）. The reason is that ⑨___________ (原因). As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice. 3.给出一个观点，要求考生反对这一观点 Some people believe that ①___________（观点一）. For example, they think ②___________（举例说明）．And it will bring them ③___________ (为他们带来的好处). In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point. For one thing,④___________ (我不同意该看法的理由一). For another thing, ⑤___________ (反对的理由之二)． Form all what I have said, I agree to the thought that ⑥___________ (我对文章所讨论主题的看法)． Example2: 作为一个中学生, 你肯定经历过多次考试, 体验过成功, 也遭遇过失败. 请你根据提示内容,简要概述中学生普遍存在的对考试失败的两种态度, 并结合自身实际, 说明你的观点. 态度一: 当考试结果不尽人意时, 情绪低落, 丧失信心, 不再继续努力. 态度二: 当考试失败时, 分析找出失败的原因, 鼓励自己, 增强自信, 避免再犯同样的错。 你的观点: 失败乃成功之母, …… 要求: 1. 词数: 120词左右. 2. 可根据内容要求适当增加细节, 以使行文连贯. 审题 体裁:说明 时态:现在时 人称:第一人称 要点: (1) 我们中学生经历过多次考试, 体验过成功, 也遭遇过失败. (2) 态度一: 当考试结果不尽人意时, 情绪低落, 丧失信心, 不再继续努力. (3)态度二: 当考试失败时, 分析找出失败的原因, 鼓励自己, 增强自信, 避免再犯同样的错。 (4)我的观点: 失败乃成功之母, …… 构思---文章结构正反观点对比类的文章 提出问题 不同观点对比 说明自己观点 构思---文章结构 (1）我们中学生经历过多次考试, 体验过成功, 也遭遇过失败. 提出问题 对考试失败大致有两种态度. (2)态度一: 当考试结果不尽人意时, 情绪低落, 丧失信心, 不再继续努力. (4)我的观点: 失败乃成功之母, … 说明自己观点 构思---句型短语 (1) 我们中学生经历过多次考试, 体验过成功, 也遭遇过失败. have/take many tests or exams, do well in the exams, achieve success, suffer from failure, fail (in) the exams,(take) different attitudes towards… 对考试失败大致有两种态度. (2)态度一: 当考试结果不尽人意时, 情绪低落, 丧失信心, 不再继续努力. (3)态度二: 当考试失败时, 分析找出失败的原因, 鼓励自己, 增强自信, 避免再犯同样的错。 be in low spirits, have passive attitudes, lose heart/confidence, no longer study hard / try one’s best …, find out/ analyze the causes, have/take active attitudes, encourage, build up self-confidence, avoid…, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, unlike … different from …, (4)你的观点: 失败乃成功之母, …… in my view / opinion, I agree with…, as for me, …, in brief, in a word, in summary, Failure is the mother of success. Sample: We middle school students have had many tests or exams. We have both achieved success and suffered from failure. Different students take different attitudes to failure. Some fall in low spirits when they don’t do well in the exams. They usually lose heart and no longer study as hard as before. However, most students take an active attitude towards failure. They encourage themselves to be self-confident. They find out and analyze the causes so that they will no longer make similar mistakes. As for me, I agree with those with active attitudes. As we all know, failure is the mother of success. Even great men may have failed many times before they succeeded. So we must deal with failure correctly. 作文中常用句套： 总起: Recently the problem has been brought into focus. Different people hold different opinions. Opinions are divided. People have taken/adopted different attitudes towards … People have different opinions on this problem. People take different views on this question. 表达不同观点: …of them hold the opinion that …. …of them are in favor of the idea that… People who are for/against the idea think … Some people believe that…. Others argue that … 进一步提出观点： ... but that is only part of the history. Another equally important aspect is ... A is but one of the many effects. Another is ... Besides, other reasons are... 不同观点之间的衔接: However, …of them hold a different view. / …of them hold the opposite opinion. People who are against it don’t think so. However, each coin has two sides. Different from those…., …people think …. On the other hand, … people object that …. 并列关系：and, as well as, also… 递进关系：besides, in addition, moreover, what’s more… 比较、对比：like, unlike, on the contrary, on the other hand… 举普通例子： For example (instance),... ... such as A, B, C and so on (so forth) A good case in point is... A particular example for this is... 引用： One of the greatest early writers said ... "Knowledge is power", such is the remark of ... 讲故事: （先说故事主体，this story is not rare.） ..., such dilemma we often meet in daily life. ..., the story still has a realistic significance. 提出原因： There are many reasons for ... Most people would agree that... Some people may neglect that in fact ... Others suggest that... Part of the explanation is ... 结尾： From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that ... In summary, it is wiser ... In short... 正反观点对比常用句型 (1) We have a discussion about… 我们对……进行了一次讨论。 We’ve had a discussion about whether an entrance fee should be charged for parks. (2) We have had a survey on… 我们对……开展了一次调查。 We’ve had a survey on whether students should be allowed to carry mobile phones to schools. (3) Opinions are divided on the question. 在这个问题上意见有分歧。 (4) Opinions are mainly divided into two groups. 有两种不同意见。 (5) Others have different opinions. 其他人有不同看法。 (5) Sixty percent of the students are for the idea, while forty percent of the students think otherwise. 有60%的学生支持这个观点，然而有40%的学生则不这样认为。 (6) Sixty percent of the students think it necessary to…, but forty percent of the students don’t think so. 60%的学生认为……是必须的，而40%的学生则不这样认为。 (7) On the one hand, … On the other hand, … 一方面……，另一方面…… 在对某一观点作进一步论证时，可用下列句型： (1) What’s more, … 还有就是…… What’s more, we can get a good knowledge of the culture and social customs of the country where we study, as well as improve our English. (2) Besides, … 除此之外…… Some students cannot discipline themselves. Besides, it’s far too expensive to study abroad, which is a load to the family. 当然在提出多个论据时，也可用First, …Second, … Third, …来列举论据。 Writing (2002年 全国卷） 1. 最近，你校同学正在参加某英文报组织的一场讨论。讨论的主题是：公园要不要收门票？请你根据下表提供的信息，给报社写一封信，客观地介绍讨论情况。 60%的同学认为 40%的同学认为 1、不应收门票 2、公园是公众休闲的地方 3、如收票，需建大门、围墙，会影响城市形象 1、应收门票，但票价不宜高 2、支付园林工人工资 3、购新花木 注意： 1. 信的开头已为你写好。2. 词数：100左右。3. 参考词汇：门票：entrance fee。 Dear Editor, I’m writing to tell you about the discussion we’ve had about whether an entrance fee should be charged for parks. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours truly, Li Hua One possible version: Dear Editor, I'm writing to tell you about the discussion we've had about whether an entrance fee should be charged for parks(提出问题). Opinions are divided on the question(过渡句). 60％of the students are against the idea of entrance fee. They believe a public park should be free of charge(观点一). People need a place where they can rest and enjoy themselves. Changing entrance fees will no doubt keep some people away(论据一). What is more, it will become necessary to build gates and walls, which will do harm to the appearance of a city(论据二). On the other hand, 40％ think that fees should be charged(观点二) because you need money to pay gardeners and other workers(论据一), and to buy plants and young trees(论据二). They suggest, however, fees should be charged low. Yours truly Li Hua 可以看出，这类文章的写作，首先要提出问题，即双方讨论的问题。接下来提出观点一，并用一系列论据进行阐明。说明完观点一之后，再提出观点二，继续用论据进行说明。如果需要说明自己的观点，可接下来说明自己的观点。 2. 假定你是某中学学生李华。最近，你班同学正在参加《中国日报》21世纪中学生英文报“大家谈”栏目的一个讨论。本次话题为：父母的收入有没有必要让孩子知道? 请你根据下表所列情况给报社写一封信，客观地介绍讨论情况。 70％的同学认为： 30％的学生认为： 1．父母的收入应该让孩子知道； 1．父母的收入没有必要让孩子知道； 2．知道后，知其来之不易，能够更加努力学习； 2．如果知道父母收入较好，会助长乱花钱风气； 3．知道后，可以理解家长艰辛，学会俭省，为大人分忧。 3．知道父母收人后，会以为不用努力，也能靠父母，影响学习动力。 注意：1．词数：100左右。2．信的开头已经为你写好，不计入总词数内。3．参考词汇：收入——income Dear editor, I'm writing to tell you about the discussion we recently had about whether we should know our parents' income. Suggested answer Dear editor, I’m writing to tell you about the discussion we recently had about whether we should know our parents’ income. We do have different opinions on this matter. Most of us (about 70%) think we should know our parents’ income since it will help us understand how hard our parents have to work, no matter how much they earn. Then we will study harder and will not waste money any more. We may also learn to share our parents’ trouble. About 30% of my classmates think it unnecessary to let the children know how much their parents earn. If they know their parents have enough money to support the family, they will not study hard since they needn’t worry about the future. It is said, especially when their parents have a higher income, the children will easily form a wasteful habit. |
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