牛津高一(上)基础知识复习（重/难/盲点）(译林牛津版高一英语必修一教案教学设计)
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Part one:重要词、词组、知识点
1. 表情感的动词分词形式变来的形容词的用法
~ed: “感到…的”， 一般指人(bored/tired/puzzled/frightened/scared/astonished/moved)
~ing: “令人…的”,一般指物或事(boring/tiring/puzzling/frightening/ astonishing/touching)
（1）It is ________(frighten) to see the terrible accident happen.
（2） I have never spent a more __________(worry) day.
（3）The _____(puzzle) look on her face suggested that she hadn’t understood the ______ question.
2. at ease: 安逸,自在 with ease=easily uneasy: 心神不安的, 不自在的
3．be used to do sth：被用来做… be/get used to sth / doing sth:习惯于做…
used to do sth: （过去）常常做… There used to be…(以前有…)
3． Pay attention to doing sth (to为介词) Look forward to doing sth
4. do用来加强语气“的确/确实”, 有时态变化，其后接动词原形。
I do like eating dessert after meals. Tom did enter the bank last night.
5. “一…就…”的表达
(1) on/upon sth/doing sth Upon finishing his studies , he started to work in a company.
On his arrival at London, he came to see me.
(2) the moment/second/minute+从句 I’ll tell them the good news the moment I see them.
(3) immediately+从句 I heard the phone ring immediately I opened the door.
6．状语从句中的“主语+be” 的省略
情况一：主从句主一语一致时 When/while doing sth:在做…的同时
Even if invited, I won’t go to her party.(=even if I am invited)
If disturbed by noises, the animals will act strangely.（=if the animals are disturbed…）
情况二：if/when (it is)possible/necessary; if (it is) so/not
You should look the new words up in the dictionary when necessary.
7．下列词用作系动词的用法
注意：系动词一般接形容词不接副词， 不接宾语，无被动，无进行时
He remains weak in English
stay slim/young/ fresh/cold/clean/healthy
go missing/unpunished/hungry/mad/wild/bad/wrong/red/pale
His idea proved (to be) impractical.
8． get+ done: 可看作一种被动语态get done/finished/turned upside down/dressed/changed/married
9． marry sb: 嫁给/娶某人（短暂动作） get married:成婚（短暂动作）
be married to sb:与某人结婚（延续状态）
10． “提供” 的表达 比较： Supply sth to sb / provide sth for sb; Supply/provide sb with sth
Offer sb sth=offer sth to sb:主动提出（帮助/建议等）
11．as if/though+从句: “好象” (根据情况选用陈述语气或虚拟语气)
Even if/though+从句： “既使”
12． “可是/然而”的表达: but:并列连词，只能放在分句之前，无“，”
however:副词，位置灵活，其后有“，”
though: 一般置于句末时，才用作此意. The film is moving. It is a little long, though.
while:侧重表“对比” She was busy preparing supper, while her husband was watching TV.
13．manage to do sth:设法做了某事(强调结果) = succeed in doing sth
try to do sth:尽力做某事 try doing sth:试着/图做某事
15． 注意下列名词一般只用作不可数名词
Fun: Fishing is great fun. It sounds fun.
Advice: He gave me lots of useful advice on how to learn English well.
A great deal of information
He has made such great progress that we all envy him.
2 pieces of evidence, 3 pieces of equipment
16. clothes: 一般看作复数(an article of clothes ) Cloth:布匹
Clothing: “着装”的总称an article of clothing Clothing and food are our daily necessities.
17．“参加/加入”的表达
Attend a meeting/a lecture/school/classes(开会/上学/听讲座)
Take part in the Olympics/after-school activities(参加一些大型的正式的活动)
Join in our talk/discussion(参加一些日常的活动)
Join sb in sth/doing sth:加入某人一起活动
Join sb/ a club/the army/a group(参加组织/团体)
18．“因为/由于”的表达
Because/since/as/now that/for+分句
Because 最正式， 可回答“why…?”
as: “由于”，表示一种“客观”原因 语气较because 弱
Since/now (that): “即然”，表示一种“双方皆知的/理所当然的”原因
Now that you have finished your work, let’s go out to play football.
For: 表示“补充/推断”的原因，一般放在主句之后
They can’t have gone, for the light is still on
Because of/owing to/due to/thanks to+词/组
20．With sb/sth doing sth(在做) / to do(要做) / done(已被)
There be sb/sth doing/to do /done(同上)
21. hear/see/find( 感官动词) sb/sth doing sth(正在做) / do sth(做了) / done(被)
被动式：be heard/seen doing sth / to do sth（被动需加“to”） / done
The missing boy was last seen playing by the river.
Tom was heard to open the door and enter the room.
The boy was seen bitten by a dog.
22. (1) have sb do sth = let sb do sth 比较： get sb to do sth
Who would you rather have post the letter for you?
(2) have sb/sth doing sth:听任/任由某人/物…; 听任某人/物长时间地…
We won’t have that happening again.
The workers have the machines running day and night.
(3) Have sth done: 让某事/物被… get sth done
The machine that they had had repaired went wrong again.
The people living by the airport often have their hearing harmed.
23. leave/keep sb/sth doing sth（主动） / done（被动）
I’m terribly sorry to leave you standing outside so long.
They went out to playing leaving the work unfinished.
Leave sb/sth+介短: “把…忘在…” I’m sorry that I have forgotten your book in the park.
25. earn money/a living, earn sb sth （His success earned him great respect from others）
27. prepare lessons/supper(备课/烧饭) prepare for the coming exam prepare sb for sth
be (well/poorly) prepared for sth: 为…作好了准备
make preparations for sth=prepare for sth， in preparation for…为...准备
28．develop an interest in; develop a good habit (培养/养成)
29．regret to do sth:遗憾要做某事; regret doing sth:后悔做了某事
30. inform sb of sth→be informed of sth; inform sb that +从句
32. require sb to do sth→be required to do sth; require that…(should) do sth
require sth of sb We did all that was required of us.
33．act in a play/film; act the part of Zhou Enlai ; act as:作为/充当
34. be in charge of…/take charge of…：负责…; be in the charge of…:由…负责
Charge (sb) money for sth/doing sth（收费）; free of charge=for free
35. bring…under control，lose control of…
比较：be in control of…:控制… ; be in the control of…:由…控制
36. the reason for sth/doing sth the cause of…: …的起因
The reason why+从句 is that…从句 For the following reasons / no reason;
37.下列情感动词用作及物动词（please/interest/excite/puzzle/astonish/surprise sb）
It is impossible to please everybody. What she said interested us greatly.
38．Close/deep/wide/high: 用作副词时，指具体的“近/深/宽/高”
get close to, dive deep into the sea, open his eye wide, fly high in the sky
closely(严密地/细致地)，deeply(深深地)， widely(广泛地), highly(高度地): 指抽象的…
watch closely，deeply moved by his words, widely used, think highly of
39. explain sth to sb; explain to sb sth
40. insist on doing sth; insist that…(should)do: 坚决要求…, insist that从句（一般用法）:坚持认为
41. 比较：suggest（暗示/表明）+that 从句（一般用法，陈述语气)
suggest(建议) that…(should) do sth suggest sb/one’s doing sth
advise that …(should) do sth advise sb to do sth；
42．give sb some advice（不可数）on…; ask (sb) for advice; take/follow one’s advice
make some suggestions（可数）
44. contain: 包含/容纳（侧重于指内容/成分）
Include: 包括（侧重于指整体与个体） 作状语：including sb/sth = sb/sth included
45. work(v):行得通，有作用/效果 Your idea won't work in practice.
46．protect…from/against sth/doing sth: 保护…免受…
prevent …from sth/doing sth: 预防/阻止…做 stop…(from)doing sth / keep sb from doing sth
47．forbid sb to do sth / forbid sb from doing sth:禁止某人做某事 forbid doing sth
48. 考虑： consider doing sth
认为： consider sb to do sth→be considered to do sth ；consider sb/sth (to be/as)…
49．take a risk; risk one’s life，risk doing sth
50. recognize sb/sth:辨认出(~ her voice on the phone)
recognize sb as…:公认/认可某人…→be recognized as…
51．接不可数名词：a great/good deal of; a good amount of
接可数复数： a large number of, a great many
皆可： a lot of=lots of; plenty of
52. search sb/sp:搜查/身，search for…:寻找 (search sb/sp for…)；in search of: (为了)寻找
53. research into…:探讨/调查 do some research on
54. There is a/no possibility that…从句 / of sth
55. case :案子/病例 The case against her will be heard tomorrow. 3 cases of SARS
case:情况 in that/this case:在那/这种情况下 比较： in case +从句; in case of sth
56. state:州；国家（侧重于指政府） state:状态/况 in a state of disorder
State (v) one’s opinion on…: 陈述对于…的观点
57. in support of…:支持 He has a large family to support(v. 赡养/养活)
58. envy sb sth：羡慕/妒嫉 I don't envy you your journey in this bad weather.
envy(n) : 羡慕/忌妒的根由/对象 He has become an envy of all his friends.
59. reach sp:抵达某地 reach for…:伸手去拿/够… within/out of /beyond one’s reach
60．Claim to do sth:宣称要做… claim against damage=make a claim for damage:要求赔负损失
61. in the form of..:以…的形式 form（vt）a group/ the good habit of… （组建，养成）
62. set sail for sp; leave for sp; set off for sp
63. be present at a meeting/a party：出席/参加 the people present:在场的人
64. result in:导致/引起（=cause/lead to） result from:由…造成/引起
As a result: 因此 as a result of:因为…
65. “确定的” It is certain that…. Sb is sure/certain that…（sure只能指人）
66．把…与…相比: compare… with/to… 与…相比而言(作状语): compared with…
把…比作…: compare…to…
67. have sth/nothing in common (with…):（与…）有/无共同之处
have sth/nothing to do with…: 与…有/无关
68. survive(vt) sth: 幸免于/经受住( The house survived the storm.)
69. pick:挑选 He picked a book to read. (=choose) pick out: 挑选出
Pick apples/tomatoes/cotton:采/摘 pick a pocket:扒窃
Pick up:捡起;(无意中)学到/得到/买到/染上; 增加/改善; 收听
~a valuable stamp at a sale; ~ health/speed; ~ English programs
70. Prove(实义动词) ： prove sb/sth/oneself (to be)…； prove sth/ that…从句
He proved himself worthy of confidence
Prove(系动词,无被动): prove (to be)+adj/n The method proved (to be) highly effective.
71. live one’s dream/faith：（在生活中）实行/践梦想/信念
live up to:真正做到/生活得无愧于 We will live up to what our parents expect of us.
72. host (vt)a program the Olympics:主持/主办 host(n):主人/主持人/东道主
73．Be supposed to do sth=should do sth; be supposed to have done =should have done :“本应…”
They were supposed to have come an hour earlier, but they were late.
74．What… do with sth? How…deal with sth?
75. 比较：All the light went out. go out(vi) :熄灭
All the lights were turned off. turn off（vt）:关掉
76. work out(vt) the total cost(解决/算出) work out（vi）:锻炼/结果 Things worked out very well.
rule out the possibility:排除 look into a room/ the cause of the accident：朝…看；调查
step up(vt) the training: 加紧/促进 show up=turn up:出现/露面
make up:组成/构成；编造,补偿 ~ a medical team/50% of the population/ a story/for the lost time
77. after all:毕竟/终究 above all:首要的是 in all:总之/共 (not)…at all(根本)
78.count(v):数/算数count down(倒数/计时)； 有效/重要(Every minute counts)
80. as well as…:以及/包括 as well=too:用于句末
81. pay off(vi): 成功/得到好结果 pay off(vt) debt: 还清(债务)
Part Two: 其它词组/表达法
show respect for， achieve success/one’s goal，for free，on average, drop out(中途退出), miss doing sth(错过做..), run a company/school/hospital(经营/管理), have much experience in, introduce sb to…(be introduced to), the former…the latter(前者…后者), have a gift for..(在某一方面有天赋)，donate sth to sb/sp, give (sb) a speech, on display(在展出)， be pleased with(对…满意)， approve of…(批准…), go outing, in nature, to one’s surprise, be surprised to do sth, be surprised at sth, keep in touch with sb(与某人保持联系), be (in)a mess(一团糟), drive sb mad, be mad at sb(对某人狂恕), be hard on sb, be rude to sb, punish sb for sth, be bored with…(对…乏味), be tired/sick of(对…厌烦), be tired with/from(因为…而疲乏)，mix up, at present, a period of time, argue with sb about sth, like crazy, in one’s spare time, spare( vt:挤出/抽出) sb …, be ashamed of, take exercise, be harmful to, do harm to, cause/do damage to, be embarrassed about, go on diets, in secret=secretly, in silence=silently, have an effect on/upon, side effect, put on weight, lose weight, along with, in the long/short term, have the ability to do sth, concentrate on sth, as a matter of fact, in no time, according to sb/sth, make progress(in…), be disappointed at sth / with sb, go wild(变野/疯长)，in the wild, be similar to, shoulder to shoulder, run after, come into existence(形成/产生), take adventures, go camping, the summer camp, in the dark, upside down, scare/frighten sb to death, scare/frighten sb away, fall sick/ill, at sunrise/sunset, get a wonderful view, take notes, leave sb a note, in total（总共/之）, live in harmony with nature, have… in common(with…), be curious about, make a discovery, right away/now, shortly after, fresh water, in ancient times, express oneself, express thanks to sb, be based on, keep in contact / touch with, give sb a warning, warn sb of sth / against doing sth, in a difficult position（处于困境）, apply for a position（求职）, be of good quality, be successful in (doing) sth
Part Three: 语法重难点
一、 有关定语从句的一些要点
I. 只能用“that” 的情况
1． 先行词为anything/everything/all/any/little等不定代词时
注：有时all/everything/anything + that定语从句= what+名词性从句（如宾语从句）
We’ll do all (that) we can to help you （= what we can）
The way he solved the problem was different from what we were used to.（=the way that we were used to）
2． 先行词前有序数词,最高级,all /any / the very / the right / the only修饰时
3． 先行词既有人又有物时 We talked about the things and teachers that we all knew.
4．引导词在从句中作表语时
My hometown is no longer a small village that it used to be.(that在从句中做表语)
5．避免重复时 Who is the person that you want to see.
II. 不能用that 的情况
1. 介词之后 The prize for which he worked so hard was a new bicycle.
2. 非限制性定语从句中，“，”之后 Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.
III. whose的使用：既指人又指物，替代his, her, their, its及名词所有格(如：Tom’s/the school’s)
The book, whose cover is broken, is not mine. (=the cover of which = of which the cover)
IV. 先行词为表时间/地点/原因的名词时，用where, when, why还是用that/which
若从句中被替代部分：作主语或宾语，用that/which;
作状语, 用where/when/why (往往 =“介词+which”)
1．My sister works in a beautiful city, _where_there are a lot of parks. (=in which)
2．The place_that/which_ interests the children most is Disneyland.(从句中作主语)
3．I often thought of my childhood, when I lived on a farm. (替代in my childhood)
4．Next winter,__which you’ll spend in Harbin, I’m sure, will be an exciting holiday.(作spend的宾语)
5．Mary had to go to Beijing on business on June15, which happened to be her son’s birthday.（作主语）
6．This is the very reason __that_ you all know. (作know的宾语)
V. as引导的定语从句， which指代一句话/一件事
1． the same/as/such/so…as(定语从句): 先行词前有“such/ so, the same/as ”修饰时，定语从句用 “as”引导
★ 比较：such /so…+名词＋as ( 定语从句, as起替代作用，从句结构不完整 “象／如…的…”)
such /so…+名词＋that (状语从句，从句结构完整 “如此…以致于…”)
Please lend me the same tool as was used the other day.
Mr. Wang is so good a teacher as all the students love and respect
Mr. Wang is such a good teacher that all the students love and respect him
2．as引导非限制性定语从句，指代逗号前后的整个句子，可置于句首、句中或句末。常出现在一些固定表达中。如：as we/all/you know, as is known to all, as we expected/planned, , as is mentioned/said above, as is reported/said, as is natural, as is often the case.有时可看作插入语。
★ as…: 位置灵活，可前可后；且含有“正如/正像…”的含义。
which…: 只能放于主句之后；含有“这…, 这一点…”的含义。
1) Tom, ___as__ had been expected , got beaten in the game
2) They call him “Meat Ball”, ____which______ I think is not correct.
VI． the way ( in which/ that)…: the way作先行词时, 可用“in which” 或 “that”, 且一般可省略。
如: The way in which/(that) they were treated hurt their feelings.
VII．定语从句的主谓一致
引导词在从句中做主语时，从句谓语动词应与先行词，即所修饰的名词或代词一致
Those who break the law are to be punished.
But there are few modern families that _have no televisions.
比较：He is one of the students who __were_ late for school.
He is the only one of the students who __was___late for school.
VIII、非限制性定语从句与并列句及其它修饰语的异同
★ 若两个分句没有其它任何连接词，而由“，”相连接时，一般把后一个分句看作非限制性定语从句
(1) There is a supermarket near here, _where_ we can buy vegetables, fruit.(定语从句)
There are two thousand students in our school, two-thirds of _whom_ are girls.
There are ten books on the shelf, of which all are of great value.
(2) After an hour we got to the top of the mountain, and_ there we had a picnic.(并列句)
He asked ten students to attend the party , but none of _them_ was from his class.
(3) The bridge, made of stones (=which was made of stones), is said to date back to the Tang Dynasty.
The weight-loss pills containing harmful chemicals(=which contain…._) may damage your liver.
IX、注意定语从句与强调句型及其它从句的混用
1. It was in the hotel where they stayed(定语从句，修饰hotel) that the murder(谋杀) happened 2 years ago.
It was in the hotel… that the murder happened 2 years ago. (强调句型)
2. He left the key where he had been an hour before. (地点状语从句，相当于in the place where)
This hotel is where we are to stay tonight.(表语从句，相当于the place where…)
X．间隔式定语从句: 一般说来，定语从句总是紧跟在先行词之后。但有时定语从句和先行项之间被其它修饰成分间隔开来，这种定语从句称为间隔式定语从句
1. The photo brought back the memory of an evening at Uncle Alien’s in Belleville ___ all of us were seated around the table and Aunt Pat served spaghetti for supper.
A. when B. where C. since D. after
2．First, areas of land must be found where this rubbish can be put.
3．Finally another material is painted on to the stones which will protect them from water for ever.
二、有关强调句型的几个要点
I. 强调句型的基本结构：It is/was+被强调部分(词/词组/句子) + that/who +原句所剩部分
★:除强调人时，可用 “who”外, 其它情况都只能用“that”, 原句所剩部分不变，特别是谓语动词不变
It was because he drove carelessly that he had the accident.
It is Tom and Peter who are responsible for the failure of the experiment.
★ not…until句型的强调结构： It was not until…that….
It was not until the dish died in the lake that people realized how serious pollution was.
II. 强调句型的一般与特殊疑问句形式：
一般疑问句：Is/Was it +被强调部分+ that …? Was it in the office that you found my book?
特殊疑问句：When/Where/What + is/was it + that…? --What was it that made Tom what he is today?
III. 注意比较强调句型与某些状语从句。
比较： It was midnight when they arrived home.(状语从句)
It was at midnight that they arrived home.(强调句型)
注：强调句型的一个特征是要“能够还原” 原句为：They arrived home at midnight
三、有关反意疑问句的几个要点
1． 陈述部分有few/none/nowhere/ never/hardly/seldom等否定词，问句用肯定
She seldom tells a lie, does she?
2．否定词缀un- / im- /in- /dis- 构成的词仍视为肯定Your father is unhappy, isn’t he?
3．主从复合句的反意问句
（1）一般: 与主句一致 They all think that English is very important, don’t they?
（2）特殊：当陈述部分为“I/We (don’t) think/believe/ consider/ + that从句”时，与从句保持一致
I think that he has done his best, hasn’t he? We don’t believe that the news is true, is it?
4．祁使句的反意问句，一般用 “will you”, 表委婉请求或邀请时，可用“won’t you”
You feed the bird today, will you? Don’t make any noise, will you?
比较：Let us stop to rest, will you? Let’s go home together, shall we?
5．情态动词表猜测的句子的反意问句，与其不表猜测时一样
He might have left his pen in the classroom yesterday, didn’t he? (不表猜测时为He left his pen…，didn’t he?)
He must have waited for a long time, _hasn’t he_ ? (不表猜测时为He has waited for a long time, hasn’t he?)
6.He used to live in the country, didn’t / usedn’t he?
To do one good deed is easy for a person, isn't it? Where to hold the meeting has not been decided, has it?
There are two cakes on the plate, aren’t there?
You’d better finish your homework now, hadn’t you?
7. 反意问句或反诘句的答语都应遵循前后一致的原则, 其意义应看后半部分。
--It didn’t rain last night, did it? --Yes, it did, for the ground is wet.
--She never sleeps at class. --_Yes. Sometimes she does.
四、有关动词时态的几个要点
(一)、几种常用时态的习惯用法
1． 一般现在时表示：
1)表示客观真理（不受时态限制）
The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.
2) 现在或目前一般事实; 习惯性的动作或状态, 常与(often/always)表频率的词连用。
All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.
However busy I am, I write to my parents regularly.
3) 有计划或有规律的事（如车/船/飞机等的时刻表）
The bus leaves at 8 a.m. every day. The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day.
2. 一般过去时表示
1) 过去的动作或状态,常与具体的过去时间（(at one time, just now, 2 days ago) 连用
At one time he grew very interested in drawing pictures.
2) ★ 表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事。如：
I thought the film would be interesting, but it isn’t. Why didn’t you / I think of that?’
I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before. I didn’t recognize him.
3)表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由(but/and/when/as soon as/immediately/the moment) 连接
The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.
He bought a watch but lost it.
★ 过去习惯性动作的表达: used to do: 指过去经常，而现在不复存在的情况
would do: 仅表示过去常常怎么样
I used to go to the cinema, but never get the time now.
When he was there, he would go to that coffee shop at the corner after work every day.
3． 现在完成时(has/have done; have/has been done)
1) 动作开始在过去，但对现在产生的影响（一般为短暂动词），常与“already/almost/yet, ever/never, recently/lately, just”等连用
I haven’t heard anything from him yet. Have you ever read such an interesting book?
--Who has taken my dictionary? I can find it now. –Sorry it’s me. I forgot to tell you.
2) 过去开始的某一动作一直延续到现在，常与 “for… ,since…,so far等表示时间段的时间状语连用，需用延续性动词
We have had plenty of rain here since we parted last month.
改错：He has left Shanghai for ten years.→He has been away from Shanghai for 10 years
I have married Jane for 4 years.→I have been married to Jane for 4 years.
3) 表示重复的动作，常与 “ twice/many times/before”等连用。
I have been there many times.
★: 一般过去时与现在完成时的区别：
①：现在完成时: 虽然动作开始在过去，但与现在有关系（强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果，或动作到现在还在继续）,不与具体的过去时间连用。
一般过去时: 强调的是动作发生在“过去”，和现在无关系。
改错: He has studied in that university for 4 years. Now he works in a company.（改为studied）
4． 过去完成时(had done; had been done)表示
1)某一过去时间或动作发生之前的动作，强调的是过去的过去，因而一定要有参照的过去时间, 常与“…before/by/by the time /by the end of ” 等时间状语连用
The road was crowded with people. We hadn’t foreseen that before.
--The spy was found at last. –Where had he hidden himself?
By then his family hadn’t heard from him for 3 years.
The plane had already taken off by the time we arrived at the airport.
By the end of last month, 80% of the project had been finished
2) ★ 用had hoped / planned / meant / intended/ wanted /可表示“本想/打算…”
I had planned to finish it on time, but I had not enough time.
I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn't able to get away.
★：过去完成时与一般过去时：过去完成时，强调的是“过去的过去”；如出现同一主语连续几个动作（“连谓”）形式则用一般过去时即可。
5. 将来完成时（will have done; will have been done）: 将来某一时间之前完成的动作
By the end of this month, we will have found a satisfactory solution to the problem.
The conference will have lasted a full week by the time it ends.
★ 比较：若by/by the time/by the end of +过去时间, 则主句用 “had done”
若by/by the time/by the end of + 将来时间，则主句用“will have done”
6. 现在完成进行时(have/has been doing):强调某一动作或状态到现在一直在进行，并将继续下去.
★ 比较： have been done: 已经被…(被动)
have been doing: 一直在…（主动）
如：she has been writing letters all the morning.（她整个早上一直在写）
We haven’t been told what has happened. （我们还没有被告知…）
7. 过去完成进行时（had been doing）：其用法与现在完成时一样，只不过参照的是过去某一时间
I had been studying English for three years before I came to this school.
8. 几种“将来”表达方法的区别
1）．be going to do: 侧重于指“近期的打算、安排”，这种打算往往经过事先考虑
We are going to visit the Great Wall at weekends.
2) will /shall do : 侧重于表“意愿”，表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。
“Will”有时可用在状语从句中，表示“愿意”
If you will listen to me, I will give you some advice.
We advised him to give up smoking. But he wouldn’t listen to us.(不愿意)
3) be to do（be to be done）: 表示“计划、打算”较正式; 或表示“吩咐/命令/禁止/义务”等
A meeting is to be held at 3:00 o’clock this afternoon.
You are to be back by 9 o’clock at the latest.
This trip was to change her life.
4） be about to do:“就要/正要”,不与具体的时间连用,常用于“be about to do when…”句型中
Be quick. Flight No. 302 is about to take off.
They were about to break into the jewelry shop when the police appeared.
5). Come/go/leave/arrive/stay/lose/win/die等词的进行时表示“即将…”
This ship is sailing for Shanghai tomorrow.
It seems to me that our team is losing.
6) ★: 在时间、条件等状语从句中，不能用将来时态表示将来，而要用现在时态（一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时）或过去时态表示。
I’ll call you as soon as I’ve done my work.
改错：It won’t be long before man will land on the Mars.（改为lands）
Jane said he wouldn’t go home until he would finish his work tomorrow.( 改为finished)
We will give him the book the moment we will see him tomorrow.（改为see）
9. 现在进行时(am/is/are doing; am/is/are being done)
1) 现在某一刻或某一时段内正在进行的动作或延续的状态
At present the students are preparing for the entrance exam.
Selecting a mobile phone is no easy task because technology is changing so rapidly.
Nowadays lots of species of plants are being destroyed.
★:现在进行时的动作特征是暂时性、情景性的，而一般现在时的动作为经常性/习惯性的。
–Is this raincoat yours? --No, mine is hanging behind the door.
I play ping-pong quite well. But I haven’t time to play since last year.
2) 进行时与“always, continually, constantly( 不断地), forever”连用表示赞扬、不满等情感
He is always making the same mistake.
At school he is constantly playing tricks on others.
10. 过去进行时 (was/were doing; was/were being done)
1) 过去某一刻正在发生的动作
--I wasn’t referring to you when I said someone was very lazy.
--Hey, look where you are going? --Oh, I’m sorry. I wasn’t noticing.
2) 过去某一时段内正在发生的动作或延续的状态
--Has Sam finished his homework? --I don’t know. He was doing it this morning
Last year a dam was being built there, but I don’t know whether it has been finished.
11. 将来进行时（will be doing）
I will be waiting for you outside after school.
What will you be doing at 4 tomorrow afternoon.
(二)、一些固定的时态搭配及运用动词时态要注意的几个问题
1．在时间和条件等状语从句中不要用将来时态，如
We’ll give him the book if he wants it. He decided to fight back if he was hit again.
I’ll call you as soon as I’ve finished my work.
2. 时态的一致（时态的呼应），若主句为过去时态，从句一般要与之协调； 客观真理除外。
改错：He said he has never seen such a beautiful bird before.（改为had）
We were afraid that you won’t be able to join us.(改为wouldn’t)
3. 需用完成时态的一些句型：
★ This (That, It) is (was) the first (second...) time +定语从句；
★ This (That, It) is (was) +形容词最高级+ n +定语从句。
如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时；如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时
比较：1) It is the first time I’ve seen her
It was the second time that he had been to China.
2) This is one of the best books that I have ever read.
It was the most important tomb that had ever been found.
4. It is(has been) …since…(since从句一般用过去时)
It is (has been) 2 weeks since I came here.
She said it was five hours since she had finished her work.
5. Hardly had sb done sth when…(从句用一般过去时)： “一…就…”
No sooner had sb done sth than…(从句用一般过去时): “一…就…”
1）We had hardly got in the crops when it began to rain=Hardly had we got in the crops when ….
2）I had no sooner come into the room than the door was closed.=No sooner had I come into …　

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