初三 U9 A visit to a factory
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教学目标
1. 词汇
A. 单词
四会: for, over, together, since, own (adj.), through, part (s),
shop, cut, join, take a look, glass, over, life, all one’s life
三会: rush, step, narrow, touch, straight, follow, guess, centre
二会: metal, spy (v.)
B. 词组/句型
Let me see.
this term

arrive early
on a Tuesday morning

welcome to …
walk through

a few things about …
many kinds of

useful things
bicycle / tractor parts

Any questions?
Machine Shop

come up (these steps)
cutting machines

big pieces of metal
cut … into …

in that corner
make a lot of noise

join … together
take a look at

Come straight along here.
get lost

all one’s life
begin with

2. 日常交际用语
* How long have you been at … ?
* I’ve been here for / since … .
* Please come this way.
* Don’t rush.
* Keep together, please.
* My house is about twenty minutes by bike.
3. 语法
现在完成时态表示过去已经开始, 持续到现在的动作或状态, 可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在(包括 “现在” 在内)的一段时间的状语for … 及since…连用
正确使用延续性动词和非延续性动词
教学重点与难点
1. 现在完成时态的用法
　　1）“已完成”用法 (Unit 6 - Unit 8)
表示动作或过程发生在说话之前某个没有明确说出的过去时间(常指最近的过去时间),现在已经完成了, 并与现在的情况有联系.
特点是既涉及过去, 又联系现在: 动作是过去发生的, 结果是现在存在的.
换句话说, 这一用法实际上表示的是因果关系, 动作的完成是原因, 现在的情况是结果 (主要是指目前的结果, 也可以指长久的乃至永久的结果, 即表示此种结果已构成某种不会消失的状况或经验)
He has turned off the radio. 他把收音机关着.
(含义是: 收音机在一个过去的时间被关了, 说话时刻仍然关着)
The man upstairs has come home. 楼上的人已经回家了.
(含义是: 楼上的人现在在家, 有事可以去找他)
They have cleaned the classroom. 他们已经把教室打扫了)
(含义是: 他们打扫过教室了, 教室现在是干净的)
I have worked in the USA. 我曾经在美国工作过.)
(含义是: 我现在不在美国工作了, 但我在那儿工作过)
2）“未完成”用法(Unit 9）
表示动作或状态从过去某时开始, 继续到现在, 可能继续下去, 也可能刚刚结束.
The Whites have lived here since 1970. 怀特一家人从1970年就住在这里.
(含义是: 怀特一家人从1970年来到这里居住, 至今还住在这里; 偶尔可根据上下文理解为刚刚搬走)
He has been ill for eight years. 他病了八年了.
(含义是: 他病了八年了, 现在还在病中; 在特殊情况下也可理解为刚刚痊愈)
2. “未完成”用法需要注意的几个问题
1）谓语动词都是 “延续性” 动词, 即可以表示延续的情况或动作的动词, 如be, have, know, live, work, study, learn, teach, speak, talk, draw, wait, wear, walk, sleep等.
Miss Gao has taught this for three years.
高小姐教这个班已三年了.
We have learned English for six years.
我们学习英语已六年了.
Uncle Wang has worked in this factory since 1989.
王叔叔自从1989年就在这家工厂工作了.
2）可以和表示一段时间的状语连用. 这段时间从过去某一时刻延续到现在(包括 “现在” 在内), 可由for或since引导的短语来表示.
for引导的介词短语表示一个时间段，指某个动作或情况到现在为止已持续了多久, 对此提问用how long.
I have waited for you for two hours.
我已经等你两个小时了.
We have known him for ten years.
我们认识他有十年了.
since作为介词可接一个时间名词, 该时间名词必须是过去的某一时间点, 表示 “自从(过去某一时间点)以来”.
The twins have studied in this school since 1996.
自从1996年以来, 这对双胞胎一直在这所学校学习.
I have stayed here since last spring.
自从去年春天以来, 我一直呆在这里.
since作为连词可引导一个时间状语从句, 从句中的动词应该是一般过去时, 指过去的某一动作点, 表示 “自从(过去某一动作点)以来”, 因此since从句中的动词一般是短暂性动词.
She has been very busy since she came back.
她回来后一直很忙.
He has lived with his aunt since his mother died.
自从他母亲去世以来, 他就跟他的姑妈住在一起.
3）还可以和下列包括 “现在” 在内的时间状语连用, 如this morning (afternoon, evening), today, this week (month, year), these days等.
We have planted many fruit trees this year.
今年我们已经栽了很多果树.
She has written two letters this morning.
今天上午她已经写了两封信.
3.非延续性动词的处理
非延续性动词或短暂性动词表示的是一瞬间就结束的动作, 不能延续, 如come, leave, go, lose, see, begin, start, arrive, become, die, close, join, reach, fall, get up等. 这类动词表示一霎时发生的动作, 即表示一时性或一次性动作, 不能与表示动作延续的时间状语for…或since…连用，即它们不能用于＂未完成＂用法中．但是，它们可以用于 “已完成”用法中, 说明某个动作的结果还存在, 如:
可以说
不可以说

He has come back.
He has come back for three days.

He has died.
He has died for two years.

He has left home.
He has left home for two months.

He has joined the army.
He has joined the army for one year.

The film has begun.
The film has begun for half an hour.

既然非延续性动词不能表示持续性, 那么可以将该动作改为可持续的状态, 做如下处理:
1）He has been back for three days.
= He has been back since three days ago.
= It’s three days since he came back.
= Three days have passed since he came back.
= He came back three days ago.
他回来已三天了.
2）He has been dead for two years.
= He has been dead since two years ago.
= It’s two years since he died.
= Two years have passed since he died.
= He died two years ago.
他死了两年了.
3）He has been away from home for two months.
= He has been away from home since two months ago.
= It’s two months since he left home.
= Two months have passed since he left home.
= He left home two months ago.
他离家已有两个月了.
4）He has been a soldier for one year.
= He has been a soldier since one year ago.
= It’s one year since he joined the army.
= One year has passed since he joined the army.
= He joined the army one year ago.
他参军已有一年了.
5）The film has been on for half an hour.
= The film has been on since half an hour ago.
= It’s half an hour since the film began.
= Half an hour has passed since the film began.
= The film began half an hour ago.
电影开始已经有半个小时了.
[注] It’s … since …句型中的It指的是时间, 可以说It has been … since … , 但习惯上常说It’s … since … .
[注]某些非持续性动词用于现在完成时的时候不能接for或since引导的时间状语, 但其现在完成时的否定形式可以表示否定状态的延续, 可以与for或since引导的时间状语两用。
I haven’t seen him for a long time.
我好久没有见到他了.
I haven’t heard from him since he left.
自从他离开以来我一直没有收到他的来信.
She hasn’t left home ever since she lost her job.
自从她失业以来她未离开过家.
4. have been at/in … 和have been to …
have been at/in … 表示到目前为止的一段时间一直在某处.
have been to …表示去过某地.
Jim has been at this school for just over two years.
杰姆在这所学校呆了已经有两年多了.
I have never been to Japan.
我从来没有去过日本.
5. over的用法
1）prep.
A）在…上方; 在…上面 (反义词为under)
There is a bridge over the river.
河上有座桥.
He put his hands over his face.
他双手捂住了脸.
B）(表示数目; 程度) 在…以上; 超过
He has been here for over two years.
他在这儿两年多了.
C）遍及…的各个部分
People all over the world like to play football.
全世界的人都喜欢踢足球.
2）adv.
A）从一边到另一边; 越过(街道一段距离)
I will come over and see you after work.
下班后我来看你.
B）结束; 完了
Class is over.
下课啦.
C）在那边; 在另一边
The post office is over there.
邮局在那一边.
6. So she’s been at this school since September?
如此说来, 她自九月以来就在这所学校上学了?
这是一句以陈述句为形式的疑问句, 说时用升调.
副词so放在句子的开头, 说明你根据以上所说的情况, 得出以下
这样的结果. 可译为 “这么说…”、 “如此说来…”. 如:
So you’ve seen the film already?
这么说你已经看过这个电影了?
So I won’t see you tonight?
如此说来今晚我见不到你了?
So you haven’t lent him any money, have you?
这么说你没借给他钱, 是吗?
So we’ll have to get up early tomorrow, won’t we?
那就是说我们明天得早起, 是吗?
7. own的用法
1）adj. (用在所有格后面, 加强语气)自己的
Now ask the same questions about your own teachers.
现在请向你自己的老师问同样的问题.
She makes all her own clothes.
她所有的衣服都是自己做的.
2）vt. 有; 拥有
Who owns the bike?
这辆自行车是谁的?
[注] owner n. 所有人; 物主
He is the owner of the house.
他是这所房子的主人.
The owner of the shop came up to see what was the matter.
店主人走过来看看发生了什么事情.
8. Last November it was Class3’s turn. 去年11月轮到三班了.
It’s one’s turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事.
这一句型中的It是形式主语, 不定式是真正的主语, turn是名词, 表示 “轮次”.
It’s your turn to be on duty tomorrow.
明天轮到你值日了.
Whose turn is it to answer the questions / clean the blackboard ?
轮到谁回答问题(擦黑板)了?
9. on a Tuesday morning在一个星期二的早上
我们一般说in the morning (afternoon, evening), at night等, 但这些
名词如果被一个定语修饰, 则应用on, 指具体或不具体的某一日.
He arrived on a hot summer evening.
他是在一个夏天炎热的晚上到达的.
She came to see us on a cold winter morning.
她在一个冬天寒冷的早上来看我们.
The old man died on a Monday night last year.
那个老人是在去年一个星期一的夜晚去世的.
She lost her wallet on a rainy afternoon.
她的钱包实在一个下雨天的下午丢失的.
[注] day表示具体或不具体的某一日或某些日时前面一般也用on.
He left home on a cloudy day.
他是在一个多云的日子离家的.
People visit each other on Christmas.
在圣诞节人们相互拜访.
We usually go shopping on Sundays.
我们一般星期天去买东西.
10. Please come this way. 请往这边来
1）this / that way表示方向, 意思是 “往这边/那边”
A）作状语
Mary is coming this way.
Mary正朝这边来.
They went that way.
他们是往那边去的.
Please look this way.
请朝这边看.
B）作宾语
Let’s take this way.
我们走这条路吧.
2. in this / that way意思是 “用这个/那个方法”
in another way意思是 “用另一种方法”
Can you work out the problem in that way?
你能用那种方法解出这道题吗?
He has worked out the problem and now he’s trying to do it in another way.
那道题他已经解出了, 现在他正试图用另一种方法解.
11. part的用法
1）部分(可数) (常为单数, 可不用不定冠词)
Only ( a ) part of his story is true.
他的故事只有一部分是真实的.
Parts of the book are interesting.
这本书有些部分很有趣.
Which part did he play?
他演哪个角色?
2）零件; 部件 (可数)
He had to sell some parts of the machine.
他不得不卖掉机器一些零件.
The chain is an important part of a bicycle.
车链是自行车的重要部件.
3）(只用单数)本份; 作用; 职责
Did you take part in the sports meeting?
你参加运动会了吗?
12. Come up these steps with me, please. 请跟我走上台阶.
1）up和down可用作介词, 和某些运动性的动词连用, 表示 “往上” 和 “往下”, 也可以表示 “顺着(某一长形物体)”.
The boy is able to climb up the tall tree.
这孩子能爬上那棵高树.
She ran down the steps to meet us.
她跑下台阶来迎接我们.
The car is coming up the road.
那辆汽车沿着路朝这边开来.
Go down the street and you’ll find the school.
顺着这条路走, 你会找到那所学校的.
2）与come有关的短语
come in, come here, come from, come back,
come to school, come over (to my house), come down (the ladder)
come round (the corner), come on, come with sb, come up,
come together, come this way, come straight along here
13. corner前的介词
室内的某一角落应说in a corner of the room
在街道的一个拐角处说at / on the corner of the street
在田地的拐角处说at a corner of the field
14. join的用法
1）连接; 结合; 使结合
That machine joins these different pieces of metal together.
那台机器将这些不同的金属部件连接到一起.
2）参加; 加入
He joined us for a walk.
他和我们一起去散步.
15. Let’s go and take a look at it. 让我们去看一看它吧.
take a look at = have a look at = look at
take a drink = have a drink
take a rest = have a rest
take a swim = have a swim
take a walk = have a walk
16. get lost迷路
与get有关的短语有:
get on, get off, get up, get down, get back, get lost, get dressed, get late, get warm/ warmer, get long/longer, get home/there, get to school, get ready for, get the telephone/ message
17. wear, put on和dress
wear表示 “穿, 穿着”, “戴, 戴着”, 强调状态.
put on表示 “穿上, 戴上”, 强调动作.
dress表示 “穿衣”, 其宾语一般是表示人的名词, 而不是表示衣服
的名词.
He always wears a cap.
他总是戴着一顶帽子.
Put on your glasses if you can’t see clearly.
看不清的话, 就戴上眼镜.
She dressed herself in a red coat.
她穿上一件红色大衣.
18. The glasses keep their eyes safe. 眼镜保护他们的眼睛.
keep / make / find / think + n. / pron. + adj. (作宾语补足语)
We must always keep our classroom clean.
我们应使教室一直保持清洁.
The old man tried to make everyone happy.
老人想使人人高兴.
Did you find the question difficult?
你觉得这个问题难吗?
No one thought the story interesting.
没人认为这个故事有趣.
19. begin / start with … 以…先开始; 先做…
表示在一系列的事情之中, 先做某一件事.
We have a lot of things to do today. Let’s begin with Exercise One first.
今天我们有许多事情要做, 首先我们做练习一.
Every sentence should start with a capital letter.
每一个句子都必须以一个大写字母开始.
The meeting began with the national song.
大会在国歌声中开幕.
20. My house is about twenty minutes by bike (from here).
= My house is about twenty minutes’ ride by bike (from here).
我家(离这儿)骑车大约二十分钟.
The hospital is about ten minutes on foot from here.
= The hospital is about ten minutes’ walk away.
那所医院离这儿步行大约需要十分钟.
The city is half an hour by bus from here.
= The city is half an hour’s drive away.
乘车到那座城市需要半小时.
同步练习
I. 选出划线部分发音与其它三个不同的选项.
1. A. brother
B. box
C. not
D. bottle

2. A. cloud
B. could
C. house
D. count

3. A. hospital
B. radio
C. paper
D. safe

4. A. sky
B. windy
C. usually
D. fifty

5. A. like
B. child
C. give
D. five

6. A. bus
B. busy
C. hungry
D. husband

7. A. boxes
B. horses
C. cities
D. buses

8. A. pushed
B. asked
C. reached
D. remembered

9. A. thousand
B. through
C. thick
D. then

10. A. please
B. west
C. rest
D. past

II. 用所给动词的适当形式填空.
1. ________ (not run) about, children. I don’t want you to get lost.
2. “When ________ your mother ________ (come) to see you next time?”
“She came last week and will again in two weeks.”
3. It ________ (rain) for four days and ________ (not stop) yet.
4.　I ________ (think) of some other things when the teacher called my name.
5. How long ________ Jim ________ (be) back from Beijing?
6.“________ John ________ (come) to your party?”
“He wanted to, but was too busy.”
7. How many units ________ you ________ (learn) since the beginning of
this term?
8. I ________ (see) the film. I ________ (go) to see it with my boy friend.
9.What time ________ your mother ________ (get) up today?
10.When ________ your sister ________ (move) to the south?
III. . 选择填空.
1. He arrived early _______ Sunday morning.
A. in B. for C. at D. on
2. My friend has worked in the hospital ________ .
A. since it openedB. for it opened
C. since it opensD. since it is open
3. He had ________ accident and hurt ________ .
A. a; himselfB. an; himC. an; himselfD. the; him
4. I can’t find my way home . I’m ________ .
A. lostB. loseC. to loseD. losing
5. Don’t make so ________ .
A. many noisesB. the other noise
C. much noisesD. much noise
6. The girl sat ________ the corner of the room.
A. inB. atC. onD. for
7. Jim Green lives ________ 152 Jiangguo Street.
A. inB. atC. onD. for
8. The day began ________ bad news.
A. forB. atC. withD. in
9. I have lived in this city for two years. I’ll live here for ________ two
years.
A. oneB. otherC. the otherD. another
10. Let’s go and take a look at it, ________ ?
A. do weB. don’t weC. can’t weD. shall we
11. “________ have your brothers been to China?”
“ Twice.”
A. How longB. How soon
C. How oftenD. How many times
12. He joined the Party ________ .
A. for two yearsB. since two years ago
C. two years agoD. in two years
IV. 阅读理解
Basketball is still a young game. It is not yet a hundred years old. In the winter of 1891, a certain college was having some trouble with its boy students. The weather was bad and the students had to stay indoors. As they could not take part in their usual outdoor sports, they were unhappy, and some even got into fights from time to time (经常).
Finally, some of the teachers at the college asked Dr Naismith to invent a game so that the students might have something to play at. It was not easy to invent such a game because it had to play indoors, and the court (院子) was not very large.
Dr Naismith thought for a few days and invented a kind of ball game. It was a fast, exciting game with much moving and passing of ball. It was played between two teams. In order to make a score (得分), the ball had to be thrown into the basket ten feet above the floor on the wall. At each end of the court there was such a basket. At first, Dr Naismith had planned to have the ball thrown into a box. As he could not find boxed of the right size, he had to use fruit baskets instead. That is how the game got its name.
1. Basketball is ________ .
A. not yet an old game
B. an old game
C. a game with a long history
D. already two hundred years old
2. The students felt unhappy because ________ .
A. they often fought each other
B. they couldn’t play outdoors
C. they couldn’t find time to play
D. they didn’t like to play
3. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A. Some students asked the teachers to invent something for them to
play
B. Dr Naismith could hardly invent a new game
C.Some teachers asked Dr Naismith to invent a new game
D.Dr Naismith asked the teachers to invent the new game.
4. When the students played the game, they needed to ________ .
A. buy balls
B. run and pass the ball
C. jump and throw the ball
D. both B and C
5. The game got its name from ________ .
A. the ball itself
B. the basket itself
C. both the basket and the ball
D. neither the basket nor the ball
　
　

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