Unit 4 Astronomy(新课标版高一英语必修四教案教学设计)
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Part 1 Text Explanation 单元内容详解
Pre-reading
1. Do you know each religion or culture has its own ideas① about the beginning of the universe? Please give an example if you know
你知道每一种宗教或者文化对于宇宙的开始都有它们自己的观念吗？如果你知道请举一个例子。
2. Do you know what a scientific② idea is?
你知道什么是科学思想吗？
Reading
HOW LIFE BEGAN ON THE EARTH
After the “Big Bang”, the earth was just a cloud of energetic dust. What it was to become③ was a mystery until the dust began to slowly combine into④ a ball moving around the sun. The problem was that the earth became violent because it was not clear whether the solid shape was to last⑤ or not. It exploded loudly with fire and rock, which were in time⑥ to produce the water vapor, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen and other gases, which were to make⑦ the earth’s atmosphere. As the earth cooled down, ⑧water began to appear on its surface. Nobody knew that it was going to be different from other planets going round the sun. Water had already disappeared from planets like ⑨Mars or satellites like the moon, but it stayed on the earth. This is how the earth began to show its special qualities. Many people think that this was important for the beginning of life. It allowed ⑩the earth to dissolve harmful gases, which had become part of the earth’s atmosphere ⑾, intothe oceans and seas. That made it possible for life to begin to develop. ⑿
What scientists think is that the earth was different because of⒀ the arrival of small plants growing in the water on its surface. Nobody understood that these plants were the start of many changes. They multiplied and filled the first oceans and seas with oxygen⒁. This encouraged the development of early shellfish and all sorts of fish⒂.
Many millions of ⒃ years later the first green plants began to appear on land. Scientists believe that taking carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and filling the air with oxygen⒄ helped life to develop. Later land animals appeared. Some were insects. Others, called amphibians, were able to live on land as well as⒅ in the sea. When the plants grew into forests, reptiles appeared for the first time. They produced young ⒆generally by laying eggs. Later, some huge animals, called dinosaurs, developed. They laid ⒇eggs too. They became the most important animals on the earth for millions of years. But when they disappeared, mammals became more important. They were the last group of animals and they were different because they produced their young from within their bodies.
Small clever animals, now with hands and feet, appeared and spread(21) all over the earth. They developed new methods(22)of growing food, hunting and moving around. As time went by(23) they covered (24)the earth and have become the most important animals on the planet. But they are not taking care of the earth very well. They are putting too much carbon dioxide into(25) the atmosphere, which prevents heat from (26)escaping （27）from earth into spaces. The earth may become too hot for the lives on it. Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on(28) whether this problem can be solved.
阅读
地球上生命是怎样开始的
随着“轰隆”一声巨响，地球就成一个云团，充满着具有能量的尘埃。没人知道它会变成什么，直到尘埃慢慢结合成一个围绕太阳运行的球体。问题是地球非常狂暴，因为还不清楚它的固态形状是否能够维持。它巨大的爆炸喷出了烈火与岩石，最终产生了水蒸气、二氧化碳、氧、氮和其他多种气体，从而形成了地球的大气层。随着地球的冷却，它的表面出现了水。谁也不知道它和其他围绕太阳运行的行星不一样。水已经从像火星这样的行星或月球这样的卫星上消失，但在地球上却留了下来。这就是地球怎样开始展示它的特殊品质。很多人认为，这对于地球上生命的开始很重要。它使地球把曾经存在于大气层中的有害气体溶解在海洋里。这使生命开始发育成为可能。
科学家认为，由于微小植物在地球表面水中的生长地球不同了。没人明白这些植物是许多变化的开始。他们繁殖并且使最初的大海和海洋充满了氧气。这促进了早期贝壳类动物和各种鱼类的生长发育。
数百万年之后最初的绿色植物开始出现在陆地上。科学家相信这些植物从大气中吸收二氧化碳并向空气中释放氧气帮助了生命的起源。后来出现了陆地动物。有些是昆虫，还有的叫两栖动物，他们既能够生活在陆地又能够生活在海里。当这些植物变成森林时首次出现了爬行动物。他们通常通过产卵孕育后代。后来，一些被称作恐龙的巨型动物逐渐出现了。他们也产卵。他们成为地球上最重要的动物达几百万年。但是他们消失之后哺乳动物变得更加重要。他们是最后的动物群体，他们不同于爬行动物是因为他们从体内孕育后代。
小型机灵动物，现在有手和脚，出现了并且蔓延到地球每个角落。他们开发了各种方法种植粮食、狩猎、迁徙。随着时间的推移，他们遍及整个地球并已成为这个星球上最重要的动物。但是他们没有照看好地球。他们往大气层中释放了太多的二氧化碳，阻止了热量从地球散发到太空。地球也许会变得太热而不能有生命存在。未来几百万年生命能否在地球上继续将取决于这个问题能否解决。
Comprehending
4 What problem is caused by human beings?
A. They exist(29) everywhere on the earth. B. They cause global(30) warming.
C. They find new methods of growing crops. D. They enjoy hunting and fishing.
人类造成了什么问题？
A 他们在地球上到处存在。 B 他们导致了全球变暖。
C 他们发现了种植粮食的新方法。 D 他们喜欢狩猎和捕鱼。
① a. idea用作名词，意思是“思想，想法，观念，概念”。 如：
It has a clear idea.
它有明确的概念。
She'll have her own ideas about that.
对那件事她会有自己的想法。
Just a few years ago, the idea of having a computer in one's home seemed far-fetched for
most Chinese.
几年前,对大多数中国人来说,在家里有一台电脑的想法还是不大现实的。
b. idea用作名词，还有“计划，打算，主意，意见”的意思。如：
We have different ideas of price.
我们有不同的价格意见。
I had no idea about that.
对那件事我没有印象了。
---What time is it?
---I have no idea.
---几点了？
---我不知道。
I've had an idea. We could play football!
我有个主意，我们可以踢足球。
c. 短语have no idea表示“不知道，无能为力”。如：
He has no idea how to manage people.
他根本不知道如何做人事工作。
I have no idea when he got here.
我不知道他什么时候来到这里的。
They had no idea how we got there.
他们不知道我们是如何到达那里的。
② a. scientific用作形容词，意思是“科学的”。如：
Mr Green is good at scientific studies.
格林先生擅长科学研究。
This is a scientific discovery.
这是一个科学发现。
Women usually can do more scientific purchases than men.
女士通常比男士更擅长科学购物。
b. scientific 用作形容词，还有“适于科学的，关于科学的”。如：
Scientific research usually calls for special ideas.
科学研究往往需要特别的头脑。
The experts are busy with scientific farming.
专家们正忙于科学种田。
They are very scientific in their approach.
他们的方法很科学。
③主语从句
What it was to become was a mystery…这是一个主语从句，意思是“它会变成什么一直是个迷………”。主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
a. 引导主语从句的关联词有三类：
a) 从属连词that引导的主语从句
that引导的主语从句既可以放在句首也可以放在句末，在实际应用中我们常常采用 it形式主语的形式。引导词that在从句中不做任何成分，也没有任何意义，但不能
省略。如：
That he passed the English test is true.
千真万确，他通过了英语考试。
→It is true that he passed the English test.
That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.
很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。
→It is clear that they were in truth sisters from the facial resemblance between them.
〔注〕It引导形式主语的四个主要句型：
（a）It + be + 名词 + that从句。如：
It’s a pity that we can’t go.
很遗憾我们不能去。
It’s no surprise that our team should have won the game.
我们没赢这场比赛真意外。
可应用于此句型的名词还有fact , shame , honor , question, no wonder, an honor, a good thing, a pity, no surprise等。
（b）It + be + 形容词 + that从句。如：
It is certain that she will do well in her exam.
毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。
It is probable that he told her everything.
很可能他把一切都告诉她了。
可应用于此句型的形容词还有clear, better, natural, important, obvious, true, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable 等。
（c）It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句。如：
It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing.
据说格林先生已经到了北京。
It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.
据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。
可应用于此句型的过去分词还有believed , known , said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged等。
（d）It + 不及物动词 + that 从句。如：
It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.
艾丽丝似乎不来参加晚会。
It happened that I was out that day.
碰巧我那天外出了。
可应用于此句型的不及物动词还有occur, happen , appear 等。
b) 从属连词if/whether引导的主语从句
whether与if皆可引导主语从句,但放在句首常用whether。从属连词if/whether在从句中有意义，意思为“是否”，但不做任何成分，也不可以省略。 如：
Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear.
他是否会来这里还不清楚。
Whether he has signed the contract or not doesn’t matter.
他是否在合同上签了字是无关紧要的。
Whether I will attend the meeting depends on the weather.
我是否去开会取决于天气。
c) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever连接副词 where, when, how, why引导的主语从句。连接代词或连接副词在从句中做主语、宾语、表语或状语，有具体的意义，不能省略。如：
Where we will go hasn’t been decided.
我们要去哪儿还没定下来。
How these stones were conveyed there is a mystery.
这些巨石是怎样运到那里的还是个迷。
Who will become our new headmaster is still unknown.
谁将成为我们的新校长还不知道。
What she did is not yet known.
她干了什么尚不清楚。
Whoever comes is welcome.
不论谁来都欢迎。
Wherever you are is my home----my only home.
你所在的任何地方就是我的家----我唯一的家。
b. 主语从句不可位于句首的情况：
a) It is said , (reported)…结构中的主语从句不可提前。如：
It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. [正]
That President Hu will visit our school next week is said. [误]
b) It happens…, It occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。如：
It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. [正]
That he failed in the examination occurred to him. [误]
c) It doesn’t matter how/whether…结构中的主语从句不可提前。如：
It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. [正]
Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. [误]
d) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。如：
Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? [正]
Is that will rain in the evening likely? [误]
c. What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别
What 引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语、宾语、表语等，而that 则不然。如：
What you said yesterday is right.
你昨天所说的是对的。(what在从句中做said的宾语)
What has made him mad is not known yet.
什么使他发了疯现在还不知道。(what在从句中做has made的主语)
What the reason was is all we want to know.
究竟是什么原因正是我们想知道的。(what在从句中做表语)
That she is still alive is a consolation.
她仍活着是一件让人感到安慰的事。(that在从句中不做任何成分)
d. it引导的强调句与it作形式主语的主语从句的区别
it引导的强调句是用来对用来对句中除谓语外的其他某一成分加以强调，其结构为：“It is/was + 被强调部分+ that从句”。如果被强调的主语是人，则可以将that替换成who；如果强调其他成分，则必须使用that。如：
I met John in the street yesterday.→变成强调句：
It was I that/who met John in the street yesterday.
是我昨天在街上遇见了约翰。（强调主语）
It was John that I met in the street yesterday.
昨天我在街上遇见的是约翰。（强调宾语）
It was in the street that I met John yesterday.
我昨天是在街上遇见了约翰。（强调地点状语，不可换成where）
It was yesterday that I met John in the street.
是昨天我在街上遇见了约翰。（强调时间状语，不可换成when）
〔注〕判断“It is …that…”是强调句还是主语从句的方法是，去掉该句型中的“It, is和that”三个词后如果句子仍然通顺，且意思正确，那么它就是强调句；否则就是主语从句。如：
It is in Beijing that I met her for the first time. 去掉“It, is和that”后变成→
In Beijing I met her for the first time.
在北京我第一次见了她。（句子仍然通顺，意思正确，是强调句）
It is necessary that all of us learn English well. 去掉“It, is和that”后变成→
Necessary all of us learn English well.
（句子不通顺，意思不正确，是主语从句）
④ combine用作动词，意思是“联合，合并”。 如：
Hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water.
氢与氧化合成水。
Circumstances have combined to ruin our plans for a holiday.
各种情况凑在一起破坏了我们的假日计划。
Combine the eggs with a little flour and heat the mixture gently.
把鸡蛋和少量面粉调匀，用文火加热。
We should combine business with pleasure.
我们必须寓工作于娱乐之中。
⑤ a. last这里用作不及物动词，意思是“继续，维持，耐用”。如：
The war lasted four years.
战争持续了四年。
The patient is not expected to last much longer.
这位病人活不了多久了。
Will our water last?
淡水够用吗?
Produce lasts longer if it is refrigerated.
如果放入冰箱的话，这种农产品可以保存更长的时间。
I wanted a car that would last.
我需要一辆经久耐用的汽车。
I wondered if the marriage would last.
我怀疑这场婚姻是否能持久。
b. last用作及物动词，意思是“够……之用，经受住，维持生命”。如：
They left enough bread to last the family for the weekend.
他们留下足够的面包以供这一家人整个周末的食用。
We hoped to last the season without injuring her leg again.
我们希望她能够挺过这个季节，不要再弄伤腿了。
He’s very ill and probably won’t last the night.
他病得厉害，可能活不过今晚。
c. last用作形容词，意思是“未了的，最后的，仅剩的，最近的，最新的，最不可能的” 等。如：
We won the last game of the season.
我们赢了本赛季的最后一场比赛。
He decided to use his last nickel.
他决定使用他的最后一枚硬币。
I made great progress last year.
去年我进步显著。
I held the last place.
我的工作最不重要。
These were the last days of the dinosaurs.
这些是恐龙的最后时期。
Doctors found nothing wrong the last time I checked.
我最近的检查医生没发现什么毛病。
She wore the last thing in swimwear.
她穿着最流行的泳装。
Mr Green was the last person we would have suspected.
格林先生是我们最不可能怀疑的人。
You are the last man for the job.
对这项工作你是最不合适的人。
d. last用作副词，意思是“最终地，最近地，最后地”。如：
She arrived last.
她最后一个到达。
It was a fashion last popular in the 1940's.
它是20世纪40年代最新流行的时尚。
Add the butter last.
最后加上黄油。
e . last用作名词，意思是“最后的一个，最后”。如：
He was the last to be chosen.
他是最后挑选的一个。
It is on every page but the last.
这在除最后一页以外的每一页上。
They held out until the last.
他们坚持到了最后。
We haven't seen the last of our troubles.
我们没有看到我们最后的麻烦。
f. 短语 at last 表示“终于；最终”。 如：
Our team won at last.
我们队终于获胜了。
At last we were home.
我们终于到家了。
At last we had to tell him the truth.
最后我们不得不告诉他真相。
g. 短语at long last 表示“好容易才”。 如：
At long last the winter was over.
冬季总算过去了。
At long last a compromise was agreed on.
通过互让最终达成折衷协议。
At long last their hard journey came to an end.
经过长途跋涉，他们的艰难旅程总算告一段落了。
⑥ a. in time介词短语，这里意思是“最后，终于，最终，迟早”，有时还可以表示“及时”。如：
In time they came to accept the harsh facts.
他们最终承认了严酷的事实。
You’ll learn how to do it in time.
你早晚能学会做这件事的。
Will I be in time for train?
我赶得上那趟火车吗？
They managed to send the patient to hospital in time.
他们设法将病人及时送到了医院。
b. time一词的常用短语：
a) at one time表示“同时，一度，曾经”。如：
The two boys reached the finishing line almost at one time.
那两个男孩几乎同时到达终点。
At one time I used to go skiing every winter.
我有一度每年冬季就去滑雪。
At one time there lived a landlord named Zhou Bapi.
从前曾有个地主名叫周扒皮。
b) at a time 表示“依次，逐一，每次”。如：
Don’t try to do everything at once; take it a bit at a time.
不要什么事情都一块儿干，要一次做一点儿。
Take the pills two at a time.
每次服两粒。
You can only borrow three books at a time.
一次你只能借三本书。
c) at the same time 表示“同时，一起，但是，然而”。 如：
Don’t all speak at the same time.
大家别同时说。
She was laughing and crying at the same time.
她一面笑一面哭。
You’ve got to be firm, but at the same time you must be sympathetic.
你态度要强硬，但还必须有同情心。
You are sitting here chatting at the same time we are working hard in the field.
我们在田里拼命地干活而你们却坐在这里聊天。
d) at times表示“有时，间或”。 如：
He goes to work on foot, but by bike at times.
他步行上班，但有时骑自行车。
At times I’d like to visit the small village where I grew up.
我会时不时地去拜访我长大的小村庄。
Usually I eat at home, but at times I eat out.
通常我在家里吃饭，但有时到外面吃。
e) behind the times 表示“过时的，陈旧的”。 如：
These machines are behind the times.
这些机器陈旧了。
Your grandparents’ ideas are behind the times.
你爷爷奶奶的思想已经落伍了。
Knowledge will never be behind the times.
知识是永远不会过时的。
f) for the time being 表示“暂时的”。 如：
We want to keep our marriage a secret for the time being.
我们暂时不想公开我们的婚姻。
You’ll have your own office soon but for the time being you’ll have to share one.
你很快就有自己的办公室了，不过暂时还得和别人合用一间。
For the time being, neither of the two sides will give away.
目前双方都不会退让。
g) from time to time 表示“时时，间或”。 如：
My students came to see me from time to time.
我的学生们会时不时地来看我。
I’d like to tell a joke in my class from time to time.
我喜欢在我的课堂上不时地来个笑话。
The wild elephants here would destroy the peasants’ crops from time to time.
这里的野象时常破坏农民的庄稼。
h) in good time表示“及时，迅速”。 如：
There wasn’t any traffic, so we got there in good time.
路上车不多，所以我们早早就到那了。
—Can we have lunch now? I’m hungry.
—All in good time.
—咱们现在吃午饭了吗？我饿了。
—很快就好。
The police arrived in good time and the hostage was rescued.
警察及时赶到，人质获救。
i) in no time表示“马上；立刻”。 如：
All to the front in no time!
全体立刻开赴前线！
He made a reply in no time.
他马上进行了答复。
Get down to business in no time.
立刻干活。
(j) time after time, time and again表示“一次又一次地，重复地”。 如：
Mum told me time and again that a grandson should be born for her as soon as possible.
妈妈不厌其烦地叫我尽快给她生个孙子。
The little boy asked his mum time and time again how a human being is made, but she
made no reply.
小男孩一次又一次地问妈妈人是怎么来的，但她总是不吭声。
You must be very careful if you make the same mistake time after time.
如果你总是一而再、再而三地犯同样的错误，你就得非常小心。
k) all the time表示“始终，一直”。 如：
He works hard all the time.
他工作一直很努力。
That letter I was searching for was in my pocket all the time.
我找的那封信其实一直就在我的口袋里。
He’s a businessman all the time.
他一向是做生意的。
⑦ a. be to do sth是将来时间的一种表达。多指一种不会改变的安排或注定要发生的事情。如：
They are to be married.
他们打算结婚。
The celebrations were not to be.
庆祝活动结果未能举行。
That book was not to be found.
那本书找不到了。
b. be to do sth 还可以表示责任、需要、意向、目的或可能性等。如：
I am to inform you that you have been trapped in a difficult situation.
我有义务通知你：你已经陷入困境。
You are to report to the police.
你应该报警。
Each participant was to pay his own expense.
每个参加者都必须自费。
The telegram was to say that she’d be late.
电报说她可能晚到。
You are to be back before 10.
10点之前你要回来。
He was never to see his wife again.
他从那以后再也见不到他的妻子了。
⑧ a. cool down动词短语，有时可以用作cool off，意思是“变凉，冷却下来”。 如：
We cooled down by swimming in the river.
我们在河里游泳，好凉快凉快。
The hot metal contracts as it cools down.
热的金属一冷下来就收缩。
He cooled down with a cold shower.
他冲了澡使自己凉快下来。
b. cool down/off，还可以引申为“使平静下来，使感到凉快”。如：
She’s angry; don’t speak to her until she’s cooled down a bit.
她气极了，等她消消气再跟她说话。
It took Charles a long time to cool down after the argument.
争论过后好久,查尔斯才得以平静下来。
Drink plenty of water to cool yourself down.
多喝点水，凉快凉快。
A few hours in a police cell should cool him off.
在警察局的班房里关上几个小时会使他平静下来。
c. cool用作形容词，意思是“凉爽的，冷静的，酷”。 如：
The room was cool after the sun had gone down.
太阳落山后这房子里很凉爽。
Don't get excited about the examination; keep cool.
不要对考试太激动，沉着点。
Michael seemed very cool towards us today. I wonder whether we've offended him.
迈克尔今天对我们十分冷淡,不知我们是否冒犯了他。
Hey! You look cool in this new suit!
嗨！你穿这身新衣服真很酷！
⑨ a. like用作介词，意思是“如同，诸如，像，和……一样”。 如：
I wish I could sing like her.
我希望能像她那样唱歌。
Mary's dress is red, like mine.
玛丽的衣服是红色的，和我的一样。
It's not like you to take offense.
你不象会发脾气的人。
There are several people interested, like Mr Jones and Mr Simpson.
许多人很有兴趣，诸如琼斯先生和辛普森先生。
b. like用作连词，意思是“如同，和…一样”。 如：
Do it like I tell you.
按我告诉你的那样做。
Do you make bread like you make cakes?
你做面包的方法是不是和做点心一样？
She acts like she owns the place.
她很霸道，就好象那地方都是她的。
Don’t think you can learn grammatical rules like you learn multiplication tables.
不能像记乘法表那样记语法规则。
⑩a. allow用作及物动词，意思是“准许，容许，允许……的进入，允许拥有，为……留出， 承认，认为，断定”。一般用作be allowed to do sth 或allow doing。如：
She allowed herself a little treat after returning.
归来之后她允许自己有小小的享受。
The schedule allows time for a coffee break.
时间表留出了喝咖啡的休息时间。
We allow smoking only in restricted areas.
我们只允许在指定的地点吸烟。
No pets are allowed inside.
宠物不准入内。
I allowed me 20 dollars on my old word processor.
我同意买我的旧文字处理机可打二十美元折扣。
I allowed as how he was right.
我承认他是对的。
We allow he's straight.
我们猜想他是坦率的。
Mother allowed that we'd better come in for dinner.
妈妈认为我们最好是进屋吃饭。
b. allow用作不及物动词，意思是“提供可能性，可能，考虑，顾及” 常用在短语allow for或allow of之中。如：
The poem allows of several interpretations.
这首诗可以有好几种解释。
Has everything been allowed for in your plan?
你的计划是否把各种情况都考虑进去了？
Allowing for the train being late, we should be back by 9 o’clock.
若把火车误点考虑在内，我们应在9点回来。
We must allow for his inexperience.
我们必须考虑到他缺乏经验。
It takes about two hours to get to their office building, allowing for possible traffic delays. 考虑到路上可能遇到的交通耽搁,到他们的办公大楼大约要花费两小时。
⑾ 非限制性定语从句
…which had become part of the earth’s atmosphere…这是一个非限制性定语从句，意思是“曾经存在于大气层中的有害气体”。定语从句有两种情况，即限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，对它有限制作用。因此不可缺少，否则会影响全句的意义。译成中文为“……的”。限制性定语从句与先行词之间一般不用逗号。
而非限制性定语从句与先行词只有一种松散的修饰关系，对先行词作一些附加说明，不起限定作用，在口语中用停顿的方法表示，在书面语中用逗号分开，译成中文时，往往用两个分句表示。非限制性定语从句常用which (表示事或物), who (表示人), where (表示地点), when（表示时间）来引导。如：
Water, which is a clear liquid, has quite a few uses.
水是一种清澈的液体，有许多用途。（which引导的非限制性定语从句）
（如果省去which is a clear liquid，剩下的Water has quite a few uses.意思仍是清楚的。）
I knocked at the door of the chemist’s, which opened at once.
我敲了一下药店的门，门随即就开了。（which引导的非限制性定语从句）
（如果省去which opened at once，剩下的句子意思仍然完整。）
Yesterday I went to see Li Ping, who seemed to be very ill.
昨天我去看望了李平，他好像病得很厉害。（who引导的非限制性定语从句）
(如果省略who seemed to be very ill，所剩句子意思仍然完整。)
The old lady will set out for Beijing, where her son has been working for more than ten years.
这位老太太将去北京。她儿子在那儿工作十多年了。（where引导的非限制性定语从句）
（如果省去where her son has been working for more than ten years，所剩句子意思仍然完整。）
Let’s put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better.
让我们把野餐推迟到下个星期吧，那时天气也许会好一点。（when引导的非限制性定语从句）
(如果省去when the weather may be better，所剩句子意思仍然完整。)
〔注〕有时同一个定语从句，可以是限制性的，也可以是非限制性的，就看在它前面加不加逗号，加了逗号，不仅改变了句子的性质，而且改变了全句的意思。
请比较下面的句子：
She has a brother who is a doctor.
　　　她有一个是医生的兄弟。（限制性的）
　（这说明她有几个兄弟，其中一个是医生。）
　She has a brother, who is a doctor.
她有一个兄弟，是医生。（非限制性的）
　(这说明她只有一个兄弟，她兄弟是医生。)
　He borrowed all the books which had pictures in them.
他把所有里面有图画的书都借来了。（限制性的）
　(这说明他只借来那些有图画的书，别的书没有借。)
　He borrowed all the books, which had pictures in them.
　他把所有的书都借来了，书里都有图画。（非限制性的）
　(这说明他借来了所有的书。)
　In the class there are fifteen students who are good at maths.
这个班有15个数学学得好的学生。（限制性的）
　(这说明这个班不只是15个学生。)
　In the class there are fifteen students, who are good at maths.
这个班有15个学生，他们数学学得很好。（非限制性的）
　( 这说明这个班只有15个学生。)
〔注〕有时which引导的非限制性定语从句，which并不代表前面的名词或代词，而是代表主句所说的事实，即整个主句的意思。如：
　Tom didn’t pass the Chinese exam, which made his parents very angry.
汤姆语文考试不及格，这使得他父母很生气。
　He was late again, which we had expected.
正如我们所料，他又迟到了。
　The classroom hasn’t been cleaned for three days, which makes it very dirty.
教室有三天没有打扫了，因此整个教室都很脏。
⑿ a. develop用作不及物动词，意思是“发展，成熟，提高，逐渐出现，进化”。如：
With hard work, she developed into a great writer.
经过艰苦地工作，她成为一位伟大的作家。
Their skill developed until it rivaled their teacher's.
他们的技艺不断增长，最后，可以与他们的师傅相匹敌了。
Tension developed between students and faculty.
学生和教职员工之间关系逐渐紧张起来。
We shall report the news as it develops.
我们将跟踪报道新闻。
Caterpillars develop into butterflies.
毛虫进化成蝴蝶。
b. develop用作及物动词，意思是“开发，扩展，加强，改良，增进，逐渐形成”。如：
Our task is to develop a national corporation into a worldwide business.
我们的任务就是把国内企业扩展成世界性的企业。
Exercises develop muscles.
运动促进肌肉生长。
They began with a good premise but developed it without imagination.
他们由一个好的前提开始，却由于毫无想象力而将其变得越来越复杂。
We have developed a new cottage industry.
我们已经逐渐形成了新的家庭手工业。
She developed her ideas in a series of articles.
她用一系列文章逐渐阐明她的观点。
We must develop a taste for opera.
我们必须培养对歌剧的鉴赏力。
We should develop a friendship between the two countries.
我们两国间应该发展友谊。
She developed the play into a movie.
她把戏剧改编成了电影。
c. devolop用作及物动词，还有“出现，显露，显影，冲洗”等意思。 如：
I have to develop a photograph.
我得冲洗照片。
The young girl developed a rash.
那姑娘传染上了皮疹。
The car has developed a sign of rust.
这辆汽车出现了锈羁斑斑
d. developing是形容词，表示“发展中的，正在发展的”，developed则表示“发达的，已经发展的”。如：
China is a very important developing country in the world.
中国是一个重要的发展中国家。
The computer is a highly developed industry.
计算机是一个高度发达的产业。
He is a child with highly developed problem-solving skills.
他是一个具有非常熟练解决问题能力的孩子。
⒀ because of短语介词，意思是“因为”，常用来连接名词或名词性短语。 如：
He's called “Ginger” because of his bright ginger hair.
他长着一头淡黄色的头发,因而被人叫着“黄毛”。
He eats because of greed, not hunger.
他不是因为饿了,而是因为贪嘴才吃的。
He arrived late because of the bad weather.
他来迟了是因为恶劣天气。
The car accident was because of the fact that the driver was careless.
驾驶员粗心这一事实是车祸的原因。
〔注〕thanks to和as a result of也是表示原因的短语。如：
Thanks to the doctor, he was saved.
幸亏有了医生，他得救了。
Many houses were brought down as a result of the hurricane.
由于飓风，很多房屋被毁坏。
〔注〕其他常见的短语介词有：
in spite of 尽管
in need of 需要i
in charge of 负责
in the course of 在……过程中
at the beginning of 在……开始时如：
at the age of 在……岁时
at the foot of　 在……脚下
at the mercy of 听凭……处置
with the help of 在……帮助下
due to 归于……
owing to 由于……
along with 随同。
but for 要不是……
by way of 取道……
for fear of 害怕
如：
They went on working in the field in spite of the rain.
尽管下雨了，他们继续在田里干活。
Our school is in great need of English teachers.
我们学校急需英语教师。
Mr Wang is in charge of the lab.
王先生负责语音室。
That boy looked out of the window very often in the course of the lesson.
上课过程中那男孩经常朝窗子外面望。
The speaker told us a story at the beginning of the lecture.
演讲开始时演讲者给我们讲了一个故事。
Edison began to sell newspapers on a train at the age of 10.
爱迪生10岁时开始在火车上卖报纸。
My new house lies at the foot of the mountain.
我的新居坐落在那座山脚下。
Now your life is at the mercy of the Duke.
现在你的生命听凭公嚼处置。
We’ve made rapid progress in English with the help of our teacher.
在老师的帮助下我们英语方面取得了很大进步。
All the honours should be due to the people.
所有荣誉都应归于人民。
All the achievements are owing to the party’s leading right.
所有的成就都是因为有党的正确领导。
Mr Lian Zhan visited the mainland along with his wife.
连战先生随同夫人访问了大陆。
We couldn’t have finished our work but for all your help.
要不是有你们的帮助， 我们不可能已经完成了工作。
I will go to Japan by way of Shanghai.
我将取道上海去日本。
The boy didn’t dare to go home for fear of being scolded by his father.
那男孩不敢回家是害怕被父亲责骂。
⒁ a. fill with动词短语，意思是“装满，填满”。 如：
They filled the hole with sand.
他们用沙子将洞填满。
The worker filled the tank with petrol.
那个工人将油箱加满汽油。
The hall was filled with people.
大厅里挤满了人。
I’m filled with admiration for your bravery.
我由衷钦佩你的英勇。
b. be filled with和be full of的比较
be filled with和be full of都有“装满，填满”的意思，但略有不同。be filled with表示被动，强调动作；be full of只表示一种状态，不强调动作。如：
The tank was full of water.
水箱里装满了水。（只是一种“装满”的状态，不强调动作）
The tank was filled with water.
水箱被装满了水。（强调“装满”这个动作，并且表示被动）
⒂ a. all sorts of形容词性短语，意思是“各种各样的”，常用来修饰名词或名词性短语，相当于all kinds of，varieties of。 如：
There are all sorts of new books in the bookstore.
书店里有各种各样的新书。
She has all sorts of stamps in her collection.
她的收藏中有各种各样的邮票。
All sorts of activities should be held so as to improve students’ communication.
应该举办各种各样的活动来提高学生的交际能力。
b. sort用作名词，意思是“种类，类别”。 如：
A hammer is a sort of tool.
锤子是一种工具。
He's a sort of people who're incapable of deceiving you.
他是那种不会欺骗你的人。
This is the sort of thing that Geoffrey loves.
这正是杰弗里所喜欢的那种事。
c. sort用作动词，意思是“分类，整理”。 如：
I sorted the books into big ones and small ones.
我把这些书整理成大的和小的两类。
Sort out these papers and fasten them together with a clip, please.
请把这些文件整理一下,用夹子夹在一起。
He was sorting his foreign stamps.
他在整理他的外国邮票。
⒃a.millions of 形容词性短语，意思是“数百万的， 以百万计的”。
如：
Millions of people nowadays are learning English so that they can serve the coming Olympic Games better.
数百万人正在学英语以便更好地为即将到来的奥运会服务。
As China has achieved greater achievements, millions of people are learning Chinese as a foreign language in the world.
随着中国巨大成就的取得，世界上有数百万人在把汉语当作外语学习。
As China is a developing country, there are still millions of people suffering from hunger every
day.
由于中国是一个发展中国家，每天仍有数百万人忍受饥饿。
〔注〕如果表示具体的数量时，million之后不可以加s。
There are more than 30 million people in Canada.
加拿大有超过三千万人口。
I have over five hundred students all over the country.
我全国各地有五百多位学生。
类似用法的短语还有：
b. dozens of 许多的
scores of 几十的
hundreds of 成百上千的
thousands of 成千上万的
billions of 数百亿的
如：
Yesterday I bought dozens of apples.
昨天我买了许多苹果。
After class, scores of students went out to play.
下课后，有数十个学生出去玩了。
On Sundays,there are usually hundreds of people crowded at the supermarket.
星期天，超市里通常都挤满了上千的人。
Thousands of workers were demonstrating in the street.
成千上万的工人在大街上游行示威。
Billions of tons of energy were consumed in the world every year.
每年全世界要消耗掉数百亿吨的能量。
⒄ 动名词
…taking carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and filling the air with oxygen…这里是动名词作后面动词helped的主语。动名词的主要句法功能有：
a.作主语,表示一种习惯性动作：
Reading aloud is very helpful.
朗读是很有好处的。
Collecting stamps is interesting.
集邮很有趣。
Learning English well is necessary.
把英语学好非常必要。
〔注〕动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。如：
It’s no use quarrelling.
争吵是没用的。
b.作表语：
In the ant city, the queen’s job is laying eggs.
在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。
My job is teaching English.
我的工作教师教英语。
What I enjoy is listening to some soft music after a day’s hard work.
我所喜欢的，就是在一天的辛勤劳作之后听一听柔和的音乐。
c.作宾语：
They haven’t finished building the dam.
他们还没有建好大坝。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted.
我们必须阻止空气被污染。
No one should escape being punished by the law.
谁也逃脱不了法律的惩罚。
〔注〕动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面三个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如：
We found it no good making fun of others.
我们发现取笑他人不好。
They felt it no use quarrelling with her.
他们觉得和她争吵没用处。
注意：动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承认），deny（否认）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒险）, appreciate（感激）,
be busy, be worth, feel like, can’t stand, can’t help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from,stop…（from）,protect…from,set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
d. 作定语，说明被修饰词的性质或用途：
He can’t walk without a walking-stick.
他没有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pool in your school.
你们学校有游泳池吗？
e. 作同位语：
The cave, his hiding-place is secret.
那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.
他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。
The rule, getting up early after his retirement, keeps him fit.
退休后早点起床这个规则，使他保持身体健康。
⒅ a. as well as用作连接词，意思是“既……又……”。 如：
That little hero is courageous as well as strong.
那个小英雄既健康又勇敢。
She is a talented musician as well as being a photographer.
她不但是摄影师还是个天才的音乐家。
This case is important as well as troublesome.
这案件既重要又棘手。
He grows flowers as well as vegetables.
他既种菜也种花。
b. as well as用作介词，意思是“都”。 如：
The editors as well as the proofreaders are working overtime.
编辑和校对者都在加班工作。
The teacher as well as the students wants to go to Beijing.
学生和老师都想去北京。
We are learning French as well as English.
我们除了学英语，还学习法语。
〔注〕as well as还会出现在比较状语从句中
She sings as well as she dances.
她唱歌和跳舞一样棒。
He teaches at least as well as, if not better than Professor Zhang.
他教书如果不比张教授好，至少和他一样好。
Mr Chen is a Chinese, but he speaks English as well as Chinese.
陈教授是个中国人，但他的英语说得和汉语一样好。
⒆ a. young用作名词，意思是“青年，年轻人，幼崽”。如：
She teaches the young.
她教年轻人。
Animals protect their young.
动物保护它们的幼崽。
The cat fought fiercely to defend its young.
那只猫拼命反抗以保护小猫。
b. young用作形容词，意思是“年轻的，年幼的，初期的，新鲜的”。如：
That old rich man married a young woman.
那个有钱的老头娶了一个年轻的女子。
Young people and older people do not always agree.
年青人和年纪大的人常常想法不一样。
This is a young nation.
这是一个新兴的国家。
We have many young farmers.
我们有很多青年农场主。
Sailors need more young vegetable.
水手更需要新鲜的蔬菜。
c. 短语 with young表示“怀崽的（动物）”。 如：
This mother deer is with young again.
这头母鹿又怀崽了。
That girl is with young.
那姑娘怀孕了。
Those with young should be well protected.
孕妇应该受到很好的保护。
⒇ lay用作动词，意思是“放，置，摆放，平息，下蛋”。如：
Lay it on the table.
把它放在桌上。
Don't lay your coat on the bed.
不要把你的外衣放在床上。
Where can I lay my hands on a cheap computer?
我在什么地方可以买到一台便宜的计算机?
Will you please lay the table for dinner?
请你摆好餐具准备吃饭好吗?
The rain laid the dust.
雨压下了飞扬的尘土。
The hen laid three eggs.
母鸡下了三个蛋。
〔注〕lie(lay,lain)，lie(lied,lied)和lay(laid,laid) 的比较
lie(lay,lain)意思是“躺，位于”； lie(lied,lied)意思是“说谎”；lay(laid,laid)意思是“放”。如：
The man lying there often lay under the tree.
躺在那儿的那个人经常躺在树下。
The temple which had lain at the top of the hill disappeared.
曾经位于山顶的那座庙不见了。
That man lied to us that the lying man was caught by the police.
那男子向我们说谎，说那个说谎的人被警察带走了。
The boy lied that he had just laid an egg.
那孩子说谎说，他刚刚下了一个蛋。
Lay the boy who had laid dust into flour lying in bed.
让那个往面粉里撒灰尘的孩子平躺在床上。
(21) a. spread用作不及物动词，意思是“传播，延伸”。如：
The word spread fast.
消息散布得很快。
The disease Streptococcus suis spreads very fast.
猪链球疾病蔓延速度非常快。
The desert spreads for hundreds of miles.
这块沙漠绵延上百英里。
The water spread over the floor.
水流了一地。
The forest spreads as far as the river.
森林一直延伸到河边。
b. spread用作及物动词，意思是“展开，铺开，伸开，撒，覆盖，散布，普及，陈列或 展示”。如：
Spread out the tablecloth.
铺开桌布。
I’m a bird spreading my wings.
我是一只展翅的鸟儿。
Spread your fingers.
张开手指。
Spread a cracker with butter.
在饼干上涂一层黄油。
The tornado spread destruction.
暴风造成的破坏蔓延开来。
We spread the bicycle parts out on the floor.
我们将自行车零件摊开。
The scene that was spread before us was very nice.
展现在我们面前的情景非常漂亮。
She likes to spread the news.
她喜欢到处传播消息。
You can spread the beam of the flashlight very far on a dark night.
在漆黑的夜晚手电的光可以传播很远。
c. spread用作名词，意思是“蔓延，扩展，伸张，传播，范围，区域”。如：
The quick spread of the big fire cost all of the family.
迅速蔓延的大火使这一家损失了一切。
The bird's wings have a spread of three feet.
那鸟的双翅展开有3英尺长。
The survey revealed a wide spread of opinion.
调查结果表明各种意见差别很大。
（22）method 用作名词，意思是“方法，办法，条理，规律，程序，技巧”。如：
This is a simple method for making a pie crust.
这是做馅饼皮的简单方法。
Mediation should be as a method of solving disputes.
和解应该作为解决争端的方法。
The random efforts that lack method are in vain..
缺乏条理的随意努力往往都是白费的。
This field course gives an overview of archaeological method.
这个实地考察课展示了考古学的研究方法全貌。
〔注〕method，way，manner，mode，fashion和process的比较
method，way，manner，mode，fashion和process都有“方法，方式”的意思，但略有不同。
way是指“方法”，是普通用语；如：
This is a good way of learning English well.
这是学好英语的一个好方法。
Can you think of a better way to improve my English?
你能想出更好的方法来提高我的英语吗？
manner是指“方法，式样”，较way庄重，意义广泛，兼有mode，method等的含义；如：
Why are you talking in such a strange manner?
你为什么用这种奇怪的方式谈话？
Even his walking down the street can be recognized as the manner of his own.
甚至他沿着大街走路的姿态都可以看作是他独有的风格。
mode是指“方法，方式，模式”，通常指一定的、习惯的或独特的；如：
When learning a foreign language, you should not use the Chinese mode of thought.
学外语时，不能使用汉语式思维。
Taking flights is one of the modern modes of travel.
乘飞机是现代旅行方式之一。
method是指“方法”，合乎逻辑或系统的方法；如：
We must improve the method of teaching.
我们必须改善教学方法。
All the students are supposed to improve their methods of study.
所有的学生都应该改进他们的学习方法。
fashion是指“式样，方式”，较way庄重；如：
Young women usually like to follow the latest fashion.
年轻女士总是喜欢追随服装的最新潮流。
I made a shirt after your fashion.
我照你的样子做了一件衬衫。
process是指“方法，程序，手续，工序”，特制制造、印刷、照相等工作方法；如：
The process of making fine paper is a business secret.
高级纸张的制造方法是商业秘密。
All the manufacturing processes of our factory are open to the public.
我们厂所有的生产过程都对大家开放。
（23）a. go by动词短语，意思是“消失，经过，拜访”。如：
As time goes by, human being will know more about the space.
随时光流逝，人类将会了解太空更多。
My parents were away when we went by last week.
上周去看望我的父母，他们不在家。
As time goes by, my memory seems to get worse.
随着时间的流逝，我的记忆力似乎越来越差。
The weeks went slowly by.
一星期一星期慢慢过去了。
b. go in for表示“对……感兴趣，参加，从事”。 如：
She goes in for classical music.
她对古典音乐感兴趣。
He goes in for a lot of sport.
他很喜欢运动。
She’s going in for the Cambridge First Certificate.
她将参加剑桥初级证书考试。
He goes in for water skiing.
他参加划水运动。
c. go out表示“灭掉，熄灭，出门，外出，过时，倒塌”。 如：
The fire went out just now.
火刚刚熄灭。
He went out at seven.
他在七点钟出门了。
She goes out a lot.
她常外出参加社交活动。
High boots went out last year.
去年高筒靴就不流行了。
The bridge went out.
这座桥断了。
d. go over表示“接受，受欢迎，检查”。 如：
How did her speech go over?
人们对她的演讲反映如何？
This was a new style that didn't go over.
这是不受欢迎的新样式。
The surveyor went over the house thoroughly and advised us not to buy it.
房屋鉴定人彻底查看了房子以后，劝我们不要买。
Please go over the test scores.
请检查考试成绩。
e. go through通过，仔细检查，经历，表演。 如：
The bill went through.
法案被正式通过。
I went through the students' papers.
我仔细检查了学生的论文。
We went through hell while working on this project.
执行这一计划时我们经历了许多困难。
We went through the sonata in 30 minutes.
我们用三十分钟演完了这个奏鸣曲。
f. go 其他的短语：
go about 着手做，承担
go along 合作，配合，继续，进展
go around 满足需要，四处走动，传播
go at 进攻，执行
go down 下落，坠落，沉没，发生，承认，被接受，被载入
go for 爱好，喜欢，攻击，用作
go in 合伙，加入，前进，接近
go off 响起，离开，进行
go on 发生，继续，保持
如：
Despite of the threat of war, people went about their work as usual.
尽管战争一触即发，人们仍像平时一样工作。
You may have some difficulty at first but you’ll find it easier as you go along.
初时可能有些困难，继续做下去就会觉得容易多了。
Things are going along nicely.
事情进展得很好。
Old people like to go around.
老人喜欢四处走动。
Rumors are going around.
流言四起。
They went at the job as if their lives depended on it.
他们拼命做这项工作。
The sun went down.
太阳落山了。
The helicopter went down in a ball of fire.
直升机在一团火球中坠落。
I don’t go much for modern art.
我对现代艺术不很欣赏。
The sun went in and it grew colder.
太阳进入云层而天气转冷。
The gun went off by accident.
那枪走火了。
I didn't know what was going on.
我不知道发生了什么事。
She hesitated for a moment, and then went on.
她迟疑了一下，然后接着说。
Don't go on talking.
不要继续讲了。
（24）a. cover用作动词，意思是“盖，覆盖，走过，采访，论及”。 如：
She covered the table with a cloth.
她用一块布把桌子罩起来。
Dust covered the furniture.
家具上满是灰尘。
The town covers 5 square miles.
小镇占地5平方英里。
I want to cover 100 miles by dark.
我想在天黑之前走完100英里。
I want to cover a fire for a newspaper.
我要为报纸采访失火的新闻。
The review covered everything we learned last term.
这次复习包括上学期我们所学的全部课程。
b. cover用作名词，意思是“罩子，覆盖物，隐蔽处，封面”。 如：
I bought a plastic cover for a typewriter.
我买了一个打字机的塑料外罩。
Some chairs are fitted with loose covers.
有些椅子配有椅套。
There was nowhere we could take cover from the storm.
我们没有地方躲避这场风暴。
The magazine has a horse on its cover.
这本杂志的封面上画着一匹马。
（25）a. put into动词短语，意思是“把……放进……，使进入，把……翻译成，在……上种植”。 如：
We’ve put a great deal of time and effort into this project.
我们为这一项目付出了巨大的时间和精力。
Thank you for all the hard work you’ve put into it.
谢谢你为此所做的一切努力。
She’s putting a lot of work into improving her French.
她在下工夫进修法语。
Can you put these sentences into English?
你能把这些句子翻译成英语吗？
The ship put into Nantong for repairs.
轮船驶进了南通港进行检修。
I put bean seeds into the soil and hoped to get in more crops the next year.
我将豆子种植在土壤里以期来年收获更多。
b. put的其他短语
a) put away抛弃，舍弃，吃掉。如：
You should put all negative thoughts away.
你应该抛弃所有消极的思想。
They put away the dinner in just a few minutes.
他们在几分钟内吃光了晚餐。
The injured cat was put away.
这个受伤的猫被杀死了。
b) put down写下，结束，制止，批评。如：
You’d better put them down before you forget.
你最好把他们记下来以防忘记。
The army put down a rebellion.
军队镇压了一起暴乱。
We should put down all kinds of rumors.
我们应该制止各种流言。
Her parents put her down for failing the course.
她的父母因为她考试不及格而批评她。
c) put forth生长，表现，提出。如：
Plants put forth new growth in the spring.
植物在春天里开始新的生长。
At least put forth a semblance of effort when you scrub the floor.
当你擦地板时至少能表现出努力的样子。
They put forth a new idea.
他们提出一个新的想法。
d) put forward提出，推出。如：
We plan to put forward a new plan at the meeting.
我们准备在会上提出一个新计划。
In 1860, a better plan was put forward by an Englishman, William Low
1860年,一个名叫威廉.娄的英国人提出了一项更好的计划。
Shall we put Mr Willinton forward as the candidate for chairman of the committee?
我们提名惠灵顿先生作为委员会主席的候选人,好吗?"
e) put in提交，插话，花时间，种植。如：
They put in a plea of guilty.
他们提出犯罪诉讼。
He put in a good word for me.
他插进来为我说了一句好话。
She put in eight hours behind a desk.
她在花书桌前花了八小时办公。
We put in 20 rows of pine trees.
我们种植了20排松树。
f) put off耽误，延期，脱下，使反感。如：
They put off paying the bills.
他们拖延付清帐单。
I managed to put off the creditors for another week.
我设法说服债主晚一个星期再来。
If you feel hot, put off your sweater, please.
如感到热，就脱下毛衣。
His indifferent attitude has put us off.
他的冷淡态度使我们对他很反感。
g) put on穿上，运用，增加，上演。如：
Put on your coat if your feel cold.
如觉得冷，就穿上外衣。
He put on the brakes hard but it was too late.
他使劲刹闸，但为时已晚。
I’m putting on weight.
我在增加体重。
We decided to put on a play directed by ourselves.
我们决定上演一出我们自己导演的戏剧。
h) put out熄灭，逐出，出版，触犯。如：
The firefighters put out a big fire.
消防队员扑灭了一场大火。
The police put out a drunk.
警察赶走了醉汉。
The magazine decided to put out a weekly newsletter.
杂志社决定发行时事周刊。
I was put out by his attention to the television set.
我被他对电视节目的关注激怒了。
i) put through做成，遭遇，接通。如：
We managed to put the project through on time.
我们设法按时完成了项目。
He put me through a lot of trouble.
他使我遇到许多麻烦。
The operator put me through on the office line.
接线生给我接通了办公室的电话。
j) put up建立，建造，提名，提供资金，进行，举手，张贴。如：
The workers have put up six jars of jam.
工人们已做好了六罐果酱。
We put up a candidate at a convention.
在会议上我们对候选人进行了提名。
Our school has already put up money for the new musical.
我们学校已经为这个新音乐剧筹备了资金。
We should put up a good fight against our enemy.
我们要同敌人展开一场激烈的斗争。
Put your hands up!
举起手来!
Every week they put up a notice.
每周他们张贴布告一次。
k) put about散布，宣称。如：
It's being put about that she was secretly married to a millionaire.
谣传她已与一百万富翁秘密结婚。
Who put that lie about?
这谣言是谁散布的?
They put it about with one voice that they would do no such thing.
他们异口同声地宣称不愿做这样的事。
l) put across解释，表达，欺骗。如：
I'm not putting my meaning across very well.
我未把我的意思解释清楚。
She put it across me by selling me some bad eggs.
她欺骗我，卖给我几个臭鸡蛋。
m) put aside节省，储备，把……放在一边。如：
The young lovers have been trying to put some money aside for their marriage ceremony.
年青的恋人一直努力存钱以备举行婚礼时用。
He has a little money put aside for a rainy day.
他积蓄了一点钱以备不时之需。
The manager had to put his work aside for a time for an urgent accident.
经理不得不暂时搁下手头的工作去处理一件紧急事故。
n) put back拨回，推迟，拖延。如：
You have to put back the clock, for it is 5 minutes faster.
你得把时钟向后拨，因为它快5分钟。
We decided to put back acting.
我们决定推迟行动。
The fire accident in the workshop has put back production.
车间里的火灾事故妨碍了生产。
o) put up with忍受，忍耐，受苦。如：
I can't put up with your hypocrisy any more.
我再也不能容忍你的虚伪态度了。
That woman, as a housewife, has a lot to put up with.
那个女人是个家庭主妇不得不忍受许多烦恼。
（26）prevent sb from doing sth动词短语，意思是“阻止某人做某事, 妨碍某人做某事”。类似用法的短语还有： stop sb from doing sth，keep sb from doing sth。如：
The heavy rain prevented us (from) arriving here on time.
The heavy rain stopped us (from) arriving here on time.
大雨使我们不能按时到达。（from可以省略）
Nothing will prevent me (from) achieving my goals.
Nothing will stop me (from) achieving my goals.
什么也阻止不了我实现目标。（from可以省略）
What can we do to prevent the earth (from) becoming too hot?
What can we do to stop the earth (from) becoming too hot?
对于防止地球变热我们能做些什么呢？（from可以省略）
〔注〕keep sb from doing sth用法稍有不同。上面的句子应该改为：
The heavy rain kept us from arriving here on time.
大雨使我们不能按时到达。（from不可以省略）
Nothing will keep me from achieving my goals.
什么也阻止不了我实现目标。（from不可以省略）
What can we do to keep the earth from becoming too hot?
对于防止地球变热我们能做些什么呢？（from不可以省略）
从上面的例子可以看出：prevent sb from doing sth，stop sb from doing sth，keep sb from
doing sth三者都有“阻止某人做某事, 妨碍某人做某事”的意思，但前两者短语中的
“from”可以省略，而第三者即keep sb from doing sth中的“from”则不能省略。
〔注〕prevent(stop/keep) from与protect from的比较
prevent from与protect from都有“防止”的意思，但意思不同。prevent from意思是 “防
止某人做某事”，所“防止的”对象是某人做某事这个动作；protect from意思是“防
止某人受到伤害”，所“防止的”对象是某人不受到伤害。如：
Miss Nash put a fur coat on her pet dog to prevent it from feeling cold.
纳什小姐给她的宠物狗穿上皮大衣，以防止它感觉冷。（防止的对象是感觉冷）
Miss Nash put on a fur coat to protect her from cold.
纳什小姐穿上皮大衣，以防止寒冷。（防止的对象是寒冷）
Father stopped his son from going out alone.
父亲防止儿子独自外出。（防止的对象是独自外出）
Father protected his son from any possible danger.
父亲保护儿子不受任何潜在危险的威胁。（防止的对象是任何潜在的危险）
（27）a. escape用作及物动词，意思是“避免，免除，疏忽，忽略。”。 如：
Where can we go to escape the crowds?
我们到哪才能躲开这些人群？
You are lucky enough to have escaped being punished.
你很幸运地逃脱了惩罚。
You can’t escape the fact that you are daddy of the child.
你不能逃避这样的事实，那就是你是孩子的爸爸。
The fault escaped observation for months.
这个故障数月来未引起注意。
Nothing escapes you.
什么也瞒不了你。
〔注〕escape后面只能动名词作宾语。类似的动词还有：admit, appreciate, avoid, consider,
delay, dislike, enjoy, excuse, finish, forgive, imagine, include, keep, mention, mind, miss, practice, resist, risk, suggest, give up, put off, feel like, can’t help, can’t stand等。 如：
I’m considering buying a motor soon.
我正在考虑买一辆摩托。
She enjoys listening to some pop music.
她喜欢听一些流行音乐。
We have finished carrying out our plan.
我们已经完成了实施计划。
Do you mind opening the door?
请你把门开一开好吗？
They often practice speaking English in their bedroom.
他们经常在寝室练习讲英语。
b. escape用作不及物动词，意思是“逃走，漏出”。 如：
He escaped from prison.
他越狱了。
The hotel guests tried their best to escape from the burning building.
旅客们尽力从燃烧的大楼中逃出来。
The three brothers soon escaped from their captors.
这三兄弟不久就从抓住他们的那些人手中逃走了。
Gas is escaping from the pipe.
煤气正从管中漏出。
Water escaped rapidly from the drainpipe.
水从排水管中迅速流出。
（28）a. depend on动词短语，意思是“坚信，确信，依靠，依赖，取决于”。 如：
I’m depending on you coming.
我肯定你会来的。
You can never depend on his arriving on time.
决不TR可指望他能准时到达。
We depend on our parents for food and clothing.
我们衣食依靠父母。
We must depend on each other.
我们必须互相依赖。
I haven’t a car, so I depend the buses.
我没有汽车，所以我得乘公共汽车。
How much is produce depends on how hard we work.
产量的大小在于我们的努力程度。
A lot will depend on how she responds to the challenge.
在很大程度上将取决于她对这一难题的反应。
b. That depends.或It all depends.是固定表达，意为“那得看情况”。如：
――Is he coming?
――That depends. He may not have the time.
----他会来吗？
----那得看情况，他可能没有时间。
I don’t know if I can help—it all depends.
我不知道我们能不能帮忙，一切得看情况而定。
c. 有关depend 的派生词：
a) depend + ence→dependence名词，信赖，信任。如：
My confidence lies on my complete dependence on her skill and experience.
我的信心来自对她的技巧和经验的完全信赖。
Find a job and end your dependence on your parents.
找个工作，别再依赖你的父母了。
b) in + depend + ence→independence名词，独立，自主，自立。如：
Yong people usually want independence from their parents.
年轻人通常不想依赖父母。
July 4 is the Independence Day for Americans.
7月4号是美国人民的独立日。
c) in + depend + ent→independent形容词，独立的，自主的，自立的。如：
You’re old enough to be independent of your parents.
你岁数已大，不必依赖父母了。
She never borrows anything; she is far too independent for that.
她从不向别人借东西，她很有独立性。
d) depend + able→dependable形容词，可信赖的，可靠的。如：
Tom is my dependable friend.
汤姆是我可信赖的朋友。
The company offers dependable service.
公司提供可靠的服务。
e) depend + able + ly→dependably副词，可靠地，可信赖地。如：
You can depend on us; our company offers services dependably after sale.
您可以相信我们，我们公司提供可靠的售后服务。
I rely dependably on you in time of difficulty.
在困难时你是我可靠的依靠。
(28) exist 用作不及物动词，意思是“存在，生存，活着”。如：
The Roman Empire existed for several centuries.
罗马帝国存在了好几个世纪。
Contradictions exist everywhere.
矛盾无所不在。
Salt exists mostly in sea water.
海水中存在的盐分最多。
So poor they can hardly exist.
他们穷得几乎无法过活。
One cannot exist without air.
人没有空气就不能生存。
The old lady exists only on coffee and bread.
老太太仅靠咖啡面包生活。
(29) a. global 用作形容词，意思是“球形的，球体的，全球的，全世界的，综合的，完全的”。 如：
Our earth is global.
我们地球是球形的。
Nowadays there are still global wars.
当今仍有世界战争。
Global monetary policies must be changed.
全球金融政策必须改变。
This is a global generalized sense of loss.
这是彻底的损失。
b. globe用作名词，意思是“地球仪，地球，球状物”。 如：
The teacher asked all the students to have a globe each.
老师要求所有的学生每人要有一只地球仪。
They like to travel round the globe.
他们喜欢环球旅行。
The silvery globe of the moon sank towards the horizon.
银盘似的月亮朝地平线落去。
c. -al后缀
a) 名词后缀：
(a) 由“动词+al”构成名词，表示事物的动作或过程。如：
refusal（拒绝，推却），arrival（到达，来到），survival（生存，幸存），denial（否认，拒绝），approval （赞成，承认），retrieval（收回，取回），proposal（提议，建议）等；
(b) 由“名词+al”构成名词，表示具有某种职业或动作的人，意思是“具有……职务的人”。如：
principal（负责人，校长），criminal（犯罪，犯罪者）等。
(c) 由“名词+al”构成名词，表示具体的事物。如：
signal（信号），pictorial(画报)，rival（竞争者，对手），journal（杂志，定期刊物），annual（年鉴，年刊）等。
b) 形容词后缀：
由“名词+al”构成形容词，表示事物的属性、倾向、相关等，意思是“……的，具有……的特点的”。如：
musical（音乐的，悦耳的），natural（自然的，天生的），additional（另外的，附加的）， educational（教育的，教育性的），parental（父母的，家长的），agricultural（农业的，农艺的），editorial（编辑上的，主笔的），colonial（殖民的，殖民地的），political（政治的，行政的）等。


Learning about language
Discovering useful structures
Why dinosaurs died out① is a mystery.
恐龙为什么灭绝是个迷。
Reading
A VISIT TO THE MOON
Last month I was lucky enough to have a chance to make a trip② into space with my friend Li Yanping, an astronomer. We visited the moon in our spaceship!
Before we left, Li Yanping explained to me ③that the force of gravity ④would change three times on our journey and that the first change would be the most powerful. Then we were off. ⑤ As the rocket rose slowly into the air we began to feel the pull of ⑥the earth, which is what we call gravity. At first it pushed us so hard back into our seats that ⑦we could not say anything to each other. Gradually ⑧the weight lessened and I was able to talk to him. “Why is the spaceship not falling back to the earth? On the earth if I fall from a tree I will fall to the ground.” I asked. “We are too far from the earth now to ⑨feel its pull,” he explained. “So we feel as if there is no gravity at all. When we get closer to the moon, we shall feel its gravity pulling us but it will not be as strong a pull as the earth’s.” I cheered up ⑩immediately ⑾and floated weightlessly around in our spaceship cabin watching the earth become smaller and the moon larger⑿.
When we got there, I wanted to explore⒀ immediately. “Come on,” I said. “If you are right, my mass will be less than on the earth because the moon is smaller and I will be able to move more freely. I might even grow taller if I stay here long enough. I shall certainly weigh less!” I laughed and climbed down the steps from the spaceship. But when I tried to step forward ⒁I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over⒂. “Oh dear,” I cried, “walking does ⒃need a bit of ⒄practice now that⒅ gravity has changed.” After a while I got the hang of it ⒆and we began to enjoy ourselves.
Leaving ⒇the moon’s gravity was not as painful as leaving the earth’s. But returning to the earth (21)was very frightening. We watched, amazed as fire broke out(22)on the outside of the spaceship as the earth’s gravity increased. Again we were pushed hard into our seats as we came back to land. “That was very exhaust

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