高二下14单元语言点教(人教版高三英语下册教案教学设计)
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speaking
1. freedom [U] & [C] 自由；独立自主。例如：
The children enjoyed the freedom of the school holidays. 孩子们喜欢学校放假时的无拘无束。
During the school holidays the children enjoyed their freedom.假期里孩子们过得自由自在。
freedom of speech 言论自由 freedom of religion 信仰自由
freedom of choice自由选择
have the freedom to do 有……的自由
We have the freedom to do as we please all afternoon.整个下午我们都做自己喜欢做的事情
（与of连用）自由权；特权
We give a guest the freedom of our house. 我们让客人自由使用我们的住宅。
（与form连用）解脱；免除 freedom from taxation 免税
take [use] freedoms with (sb.)对某人放肆
with freedom自由地; 随便地, 无拘束地
2.murder杀害; 惨杀; 谋杀扼杀; 糟蹋; 折磨; 毁坏, 弄坏 浪费(时间)
murderee被谋杀者
murderer n.凶手, 杀人犯 murderess n.女凶手, 女杀人犯
an attempted murder 杀人未遂
a case of murder 凶杀案
3.prison n.监狱 prisoner 犯人
It was reported that four prisoners escaped from prison yesterday.
put/throw….in prison把…投进监狱
(be) in prison 在狱中
4..In 1850 a law was made to forbid people to help runaway slaves. 在1850年制定了条法律禁止人们帮助逃跑的奴隶。
forbid的用法
forbid是及物动词，属于不规则动词，过去式为forbade或forbad，过去分词为forbidden，意为“禁止”或“不许”，可跟名词、代词、双宾语、动词-ing形式或含不定式的复合宾语。
He forbade us the use of the room.他不许我们使用这个房间。
He forbade smoking during office hours.他禁止在办公时间吸烟。
He forbade us to leave.他不许我们离开。
5.John Brown died so that the slaves might be set free. 为了奴隶的自由约翰•布朗牺牲了。
so that的用法
①句中so that引导目的状语从句，意为“为了”或“以便”，相当于in order that, 往往与can, could, may, might 等情态动词连用。
I stepped aside so that/in order that he could pass. 我走到边上去，以便他能过去。
The Emperor gave the cheats some gold so that they might begin their work at once.皇帝给了骗子一些金子，好让他们马上干起来。
He went to the hall early so that he might get a good seat.他很早就到礼堂去了，以便找到一个好位子。
②so that还可以引导结果状语从句，但往往不用情态动词，且用逗号与主句隔开。
I hit him hard, so that he fell to the ground. 我狠狠地揍了他，结果他倒在地上。
③以so that引导的目的状语从句的主语，如果与主句的主语相同，则可转换为以so as to引导的动词不定式短语。
She has bought the book so that she can follow the TV lessons.（=She has bought the book so as to follow the TV lessons.）为了听电视教程，她买了那本书。
Reading:
6.Black girls could not marry white boys.（PREREADING）黑人女孩子不能与白人男孩子通婚。
marry的用法
marry表示“嫁”、“娶”或“与……结婚”时，用作及物动词；表示“结婚”时，多用作不及物动词。
She married Mr. Smith.她嫁给了史密斯先生。
He married his daughter to a worker.他把女儿嫁给了一位工人。
He married late in life.他结婚很晚。
He didn’t marry until thirty.他直到30岁才结婚。
7.At that time in the southern states, blacks were not treated as equal citizens.
在当时的南方各州黑人不被作为平等公民对待。
equal的用法
①equal作形容词，意为“相等的”或“同样的”。
Now please divide this circle into two equal parts. 现在将这个圆平分为两等分。
Women demand equal pay for equal work.妇女们要求同工同酬。
be equal to与……相等
The blacks should be equal to the whites. 黑人应该与白人平等。
②be/feel equal to 有“具有……的能力”的含义，后接名词或动词-ing。
She does not feel equal to receiving any guests today. 今天她身体不适，不能接待客人。
③equal可作动词，意为“等于”或“使等于”。
He may equal me in strength, but not in the brains. 他可能与我一样强健，但智力不如我。
Two plus two equals four.二加二等于四。
④equal作名词时，意为“相等的人/物”。
You should make friends with your equals or betters. 你应该与和自己同等或比你更好的人交朋友。
8.…black people had no right to vote in the southern states. ……南部各州的黑人没有选举权。
vote的用法
①vote用作不及物动词，意为“投票”或“表决”，与介词for或against连用时，表示“赞成”或“反对”。
Are you going to vote for or against Bill? 你打算投票赞成比尔还是反对他？
②如果表示“就……表决”，vote常与介词on连用。
This afternoon they are going to vote on the proposal of the most favoured nation treatment to that country.今天下午他们将就给那个国家最惠国待遇提案进行表决。
③vote 作名词用时，意为“投票（通过）”、“表决（权）”、“投票（权）”或“投票数”。
Let’s put this question to the vote. 让我们投票来解决这个问题。
9.By doing this he set an example to the rest of the world. 他这样做，为世界其它地区树立了榜样。
set an example to sb意为“为某人树立榜样”。注意这里介词用to，不用for。
The development of Huaxi Village has set a good example to the villages all over ChinA. 华西村的发展为中国的各村树立了好榜样。
He set an example of plain living.他树立了简朴生活的榜样。
10.His message was that black people should not be separated but should be treated with respect in the same way as other people. 他带给人们的启示是黑人不应该被隔离，而应该受到和其他人一样的待遇，而且应该完全地受尊重。
(1)message在这里意为“启示”、“寓意”或“要旨”。
I want this work finished before you go home. Have you got the message?
你回家前得把活干完，明白了吗？
(2)separate 的用法
①separate作形容词时，读作[seprt]，没有比较级形式，可用作定语或表语，意为“分离的”、“单独的”或“独立的”；表示“单独的”时，是定语形容词，只可用作定语。
Cut it into three separate parts.把它切成三部分。
The two questions are quite separate.这两个问题没有联系。
Keep the boys and the girls separate.把男孩和女孩分开。
I must have a separate room.我必须有个单独的房间。
The children sleep in separate beds.孩子们都在各自的床上睡觉。
②separate可用作及物动词或不及物动词，读作[sepret]，意为“（使）分离”、“（使）分开”或“分类”。用作及物动词时，后跟简单宾语或含介词短语的复合宾语。
Separate your things from mine.把你的东西和我的分开。
Separate the oranges into four sections.把桔子分成四份。
They separated two years ago and haven’t seen each other ever since. 他们两年前分手了，以后再也没有见面。
11.…where black people had equal rights and were free to live, study and work as they wished ……黑人在那里享有平等的权利，可以像他们所希望的那样自由地生活、学习和工作。
as表示方式的用法
①句中as作连词，表示“像……”或“按照”，引导方式状语从句。
You may take the jewelry as you like.你爱拿什么珠宝就拿什么。
Do it as I have told you.按照我所说的去做。
I want you to tell my friend your very interesting experience exactly as you have told it to me. 我想叫你把你这个十分有趣的经历告诉我的朋友，就像你告诉我的一样。
②有时as后还可接分词或介词短语，用作状语。
He lost the game as expected (=as he was expected).正如所料，他输了那场比赛。
As planned (=As it was planned) they met on January 20. 按计划他们在一月二十日那天见面了。
③as与动词构成的固定搭配有：treat…as，regard…as, speak of…as, think of…as，describe…as，introduce…as，look on/upon…as，consider…as等。
They treated us as honoured guests.他们把我们当作贵宾。
Frankly, I look upon it as an experiment.老实说，我把它当作一次试验。
Abraham Lincoln is considered as one of the greatest presidents in AmericA. 亚伯拉罕•林肯被认为是美国最伟大的总统之一。
④有时介词like也可以引导一个方式状语，但接名词或代词。
I wish I could fly like a bird. /I wish I could fly as a bird does.
我能像小鸟那样飞就好了！
12. demand vt./n. 要求
不可说demand sb.to do sth
demand that+主+(should) do---
demand for 对---要求/需要
The worker’s demand for higher wages seems reasonable.
The head teacher demanded that we (should) clean the blackboard before every class.
demand to do… 要求去做……
demand sb. of/from sth.对（人）要求……
demand that 要求……表示建议、要求、命令的动词接宾语从句时用虚拟语气，should可以省略。该类动词是order, demand, suggest。另外，这类词的相应的名词性从句也用虚拟语气。
He demanded an apology from the waiter.他要求服务员道歉。
They demanded to be told everything. 他们要求被告知每一件事。
They demanded that the company (should) make compensation （赔偿）for the loss.
他们要求该公司赔偿损失。
13.She refused to stand up for a white man and was arrested by the police. 她拒绝起身为白人男子让座而被警察逮捕。
refuse的用法
refuse意为“拒绝”、“拒受”、“拒给”或“不愿”，可用作及物动词或不及物动词。用作及物动词时，后跟名词、代词、双宾语或不定式。
He refused my offer of help.他拒绝我提供帮助。
She refused to discuss the matter.她拒绝讨论这件事。
refuse与reject
二者均可表示“拒绝”。
◎refuse指坚决甚至无礼貌地拒绝做某事，包括拒绝请求或提供某物。
I asked him to give me some money, but he refused. 我请他给我点钱，但是他拒绝了。
◎reject强调拒不接受，尤其是对没有价值或所厌恶的意见或请求。
They rejected his poorly written article.他们拒绝使用他这篇写得很糟糕的文章。
14.Winning this case gave King national attention. 赢得这场官司使金受到全国的关注。
动名词（短语）在句中用作主语的用法
①动名词短语Winning the case在句中用作主语，相当于一个名词，谓语一般用单数形式。
Smoking is harmful to health.吸烟对健康有害。
Collecting shells is one of his hobbies.收集贝壳是他的爱好之一。
②动名词（短语）有时用it作形式主语。
It is no use crying over the spilt milk.覆水难收。
It is no good talking with him.跟他谈没好处。
It is a waste of time arguing about such trifles.辩论这样的小事，是浪费时间。
③动名词（短语）在There be句型中可用作主语。
There is no joking about such matters.这种事开不得玩笑。
There is no denying the fact that his invention has greatly improved the quality of the products.不容否认，他的发明大大提高了产品的质量。
15.…which inspired people of all races to fight for equality. ……它鼓舞着各族人民为平等而斗争。
inspire的用法
inspire意为“鼓舞”或“激励”，是及物动词，后跟名词、代词或含不定式的复合宾语。
The speaker inspired the crowd. 演讲者感动了听众。
The officer inspired his men to be brave.军官鼓舞士兵要勇敢。
His words are inspiring.他的话鼓舞人心。
16.The following year, King received the Nobel Prize for Peace. 第二年（1964年），金获得诺贝尔和平奖。
(1)receive the prize意为“获得奖项”，可与prize搭配的动词有win，receive，take，gain，carry off/away等。
They carried off most of the prizes at the village flower show. 他们在乡村花展上获得了大部分的奖项。
His design for the school took the second prize.他的校舍设计获得二等奖。
(2)the Nobel Peace Prize意为“诺贝尔和平奖”，也可以写成the Nobel Prize for Peace。六项诺贝尔奖是the Nobel Prize for Physics（物理奖）, the Nobel Prize for Chemistry（化学奖）, the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine（生理和医学奖）, the Nobel Prize for Literature（文学奖）, the Nobel Prize for Peace（和平奖）, the Nobel Prize for Economics（经济奖）。
17.From then on, all black people had the right to vote. 从那时起，所有的黑人都有选举权。
from then /that time on是介词短语，在句中通常用作状语，意为“从那时起”。
From that time on he received lots of praise from scientists all over the world. 从那时起，他受到全世界科学家的赞扬。
He worked still harder from that time on. 从那时以后，他工作更加努力了。
Integrating skills
18.People struggled for the right to be free in their choice of which god to believe in. 人们为自由选择自己信仰的上帝（宗教）而斗争。
free的用法
free一般是形容词，意为“自由的”、“空闲的”或“免费的”，在句中用作定语或表语。
She gets a free afternoon once a week.每周她有一个空闲的下午。
He asked many famous stars to sing on his record for free.他请许多著名的歌星为他义务灌制唱片。
free与freely
◎free用作副词时，意为“自由地”、“随意地”或“免费地”。
Don’t let the dog run free on the main road. 不要让狗在公路上随意乱串。
Babies are allowed to travel free on buses.婴儿乘公共汽车可以免费。
◎freely也可表示“自由地”或“随意地”的意思，可以与free互换，也可意为“自愿地”、“（活动或行为）没有阻力地”、“慷慨地”、“大方地”、“坦诚地”或“大量地”，常修饰speak, talk, write等动态动词。
I freely admit that what I said was wrong.我主动承认我所说的不对。
You may speak quite freely in front of me. I shall not tell anyone what you say.在我面前，你可以坦诚地谈，我不会把你说的话告诉别人的。
He gives freely to many organizations that help the poor.他对那些帮助穷人的组织慷慨援助。
The wound was bleeding freely.伤口大量出血。
Well 程度副词，表示很，相当，大大地，用来修饰介词，方位副词，以及部分作表语的副词。E.g. He’s well over fifty years old.
I can’t reach it, it’s well above my head.
It’s well worth trying.
The size of the audience was well over one thousand.
19. regardless of 不理会, 不顾 = despite/in spite of
We will persevere regardless of past failures.
尽管以前我们失败过，但仍要坚持下去.
in the end, finally, at last 都有“最后”，“终于”的含义。finally用于动词之前，表示人们长期以来期待的某事最后实现了；at last也有此义，期待的感情更强烈一些；in the end表示经过许多变化和周折，最后发生了某事。
20. at first sight 乍一看；第一眼就。例如：
He fell in love with her at first sight.他对她一见钟情。
At first sight their demands seemed reasonable.
乍看之下，他们的要求似乎满合理的。
21.The main ideas were that all people are brothers and sisters. 中心思想是所有的人皆兄弟姐妹。
句中that引导表语从句，在从句中不作具体成分，在语法上只起连接的作用，但不可省略。引导表语从句的连接词有that，whether，as if，as though等，连接代词有what，which，who，whom，whose等，连接副词有when，where，how，why等。
The question is that he is also short of money.问题是他也缺钱。
The question is whether he will agree to the suggestion or not.问题是他是否会同意这个建议。
The important thing is what a man does, not what he says.重要的是一个人做什么，而不是说什么。
That is why she left her hometown in her teens.那就是她十几岁离开家乡的原因。
单元语法知识归纳
被动语态用法小结
语态用以表示主语和谓语之间的关系。当句子的主语是谓语动词动作的发出者时，应用主动语态；当主语是动作的承受者时，应用被动语态。只有及物动词或相当于及动词的动词短语才有被动语态。
1.带双宾语的动词变为被动语态
带双宾语的动词变为被动语态时，双宾语之一变为句中的主语，另一个宾语保持不变。通常是将表示人的间接宾语变为主语。
He told me a story. →I was told a story.→A story was told to me.
2.“get + 过去分词”表示的被动语态
“get + 过去分词”这种用法口语化，其含义是强调动作的结果。这种结构中，通常不用“by + 动作的执行者”。常用短语有：get broken, get burnt, get hurt, get killed, get lost, get married, get wounded等。
She got hurt in the car accident last week.她在上周的车祸中受伤了。
3.一些相当于及物动词的短语动词可用于被动语态。这时，短语动词在被动语态结构中是一个不可分割的整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词等。这类短语动词有look after, take care of, put on, take off, call on, call at, put down等。具体分类如下：
①动词+介词。
The children are being looked after well there.孩子们目前在那儿受到很好的照料。
②动词+副词。
The radio has been turned on.收音机已经打开。
③动词+名词+介词。
Your pronunciation must be paid attention to.你的发音得注意一下。
④动词+副词+介词。
They were looked down upon in the city.他们在城里受歧视。
4.带复合宾语的动词变为被动语态
带复合宾语的动词变为被动语态是原句中的宾语变为主语，宾语补足语变为主语补足语。
①若宾语补足语是带to的动词不定式时，变为被动语态后，该不定式前“to”应保留。
He persuaded me to give up smoking →I was persuaded to give up smoking.
②若宾语补足语是不带to的不定式时，变为被动语态后，该不定式要加上“to”。此类动词有feel, hear, make, see, observe, help, listen to, look at等。但此类动词中have, notice, watch一般不用被动语态。
We saw them play volleyball just now.→They were seen to play volleyball just now.
③含有动词let的句子变为被动语态
A. 当let后的宾语补足语较长时，let通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit取而代之。
The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital.→I was allowed to see my classmate in the hospital.
B. 当let后只有一个单音节动词，变为被动语态时，可用不带to的不定式。
They let the stranger go.→The stranger was let go.
5.通常不能用被动语态的动词
①某些表示特定意义的动词，如fit(合身)， have(有)， hold(容纳)， marry(与……结婚), own(据有；拥有), wish(祝愿), cost(花费)等。
The coat fits me well.这件大衣我穿非常合身。(不能说：I am fitted by the coat.)
②某些相当于及物动词的短语动词，如agree with, arrive at/in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等。
The dictionary belongs to me.这本词典属于我。(不能说：I am belonged to by the dictionary.)
③不及物动词无被动语态。容易弄错的词有appear(出现), die(死去), end(结束), fail(失败), fall(跌倒), happen(发生), last(持续), remain(留下), sit(坐), spread(传播), stand(站)等。
④不及物动词短语无被动语态。此类短语有break out, come true, come into being, fall asleep, keep silence, take place等。
⑤连系动词无被动语态。此类连系动词有appear(显得), be(是), become(变得), seem(似乎), fall (变得), feel(摸起来), sound(听起来)， taste(尝起来), smell(闻起来), get(变得), stay(保持), turn(变得)等。
⑥带同源宾语的及物动词不能用于被动语态。如die…death, live…life, dream…dream等。
⑦当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。
She likes to swim.她喜欢游泳。(不能说：To swim is liked by her.)
6.几种表达被动意义的主动结构
①某些可用来表示主语内在品质或性能的不及物动词，如lock, shut, open, read, write, sell, wash, clean等。
This book sells well.这本书很畅销。
The door doesnt shut.这个门关不住。
②某些可以用于“主语+谓语+主语补足语”结构中的不及物动词，如wear, blow等。
The cloth has worn thin.这块布料已经洗薄了。
The window blew open.窗户（风）吹开了。
③不定式作定语与被修饰名词构成动宾结构时。
He found some food to eat.他找到一些东西吃。(不能说：Some food to eat was found . )
④在“主语+ be + 形容词+不定式”的结构中，主语是不定式动词动作的承受者。
The problem is difficult to understand. 这个问题难于理解。
⑤动词need, want, require等作“需要”讲，其后跟动词作它的宾语时，必须用动名词的主动式或不定式的被动式表示被动意义。 The colour TV set needs repairing.(= The colour TV set needs to be repaired. )这台彩电需要修理。
⑥在“主语+ be + worth + v-ing”的结构中的动词-ing形式须用主动式表达被动意义。 What he said wasn’t worth listening to.他所说的不值一听。

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