Drawing logical conclusion
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Every article has a definite purpose of raising a problem and trying to solve it or explaining something. Most articles will come to a conclusion or give an answer at the end. But some leave this to the readers, who have to try to draw a conclusion themselves.
解题指导（一）
在阅读理解中，推理就是要求考生在理解文章直接陈述的观点或描述的事实的基础上，领悟作者的言外之意（implied meaning），得出符合作者意愿的结论，即根据作者暗示的内容，推断出合理的结论。推理题通常有三种类型：
（1） 根据原文某个或是几个句子，经过正推理，得出正确答案，一般为以下模式：
If A is B, C is D.
（2） 根据原文某个或几个句子，经过反推理，得出问题的正确答案：
If A is B, C is not D. / If A is not B, C is D.
（3） 据虚拟或假设与原文完全不符的条件可能发生的后果，并以此作为正确选项来提问。
一、实例讲解Examples:
Passage 1
I was telling my boy Sonny the story of the hare and the tortoise. At the end I said, “Son, remember: slow and steady（稳）wins the race. Don’t you think there’s something to learn from the story?”
He opened his eyes wide. “Do you mean next time when I’m entering for the 60-meter race I should wish Billy and Tony and Sandy would all fall asleep half-way?”
I was shocked（吃惊）. “But the tortoise didn’t wish the hare would fall asleep!”
“He must have wished that,” Sonny said. “Otherwise how could he be so stupid as to race with the hare? He knew very well the hare ran a hundred times faster than he himself did.”
“He didn’t have such a wish,” I insisted. “He won the race by perseverance（坚持）,by pushing on steadily.”
Sonny thought for a while. “That’s a lie,” he said. “He won it because he was lucky. If the hare hadn’t happened to fall asleep, the tortoise would never have won the race. He could be as steady as you like or a hundred times steadier, but he’d never have won the race! That’s for sure.”
I gave up. Today’s children are not like what we used to be. They’re just hopeless.
Question:
The writer thinks that his generation（辈）________.
A. were more clever than Sonny’s generation
B. had the same ideas about life as Sonny’s generaton
C. were more hopeful than Sonny’s generation
D. had different values from Sonny’s generation
The writer’s purpose of telling the story is to show that ________.
A. there are gaps between different generations
B. there shouldn’t be gaps between different generations
C. children are very different and hopeless
D. parents should teach their children more seriously
解题指导（二）
推理题常见的题型有：
(1) It can be inferred / concluded from the passage that ________.
(2) What does the author probably mean by “…”?
(3) What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?
(4) Where would this passage most probably appear/be found?
(5) The paragraph preceding/ following this one would most probably discuss/ state/deal with ______.
(6) From the last paragraph, we infer/learn/conclude that ________.
(7) By the first sentence of the passage, the author means that _______.
二、经典回顾：
注意验证选项与文章中的依据是否一致：
C NMET 2002
A child’s birthday party doesn’t have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerin, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months.
“ Having a party at home usually requires a lot of running around on the part of the parents, and often the birthday boy or girl gets lost in wild excitement. But it really doesn’t have to be that way,” said Anaclerio, Last summer, Anaclerio and her friend Jill Carlisle, a Northbrook mother of a 2-year-old, founded a home party-planning business called “A Party in a Basket.” Their goal is to help parents and children share in the fun part of party planning, like choosing the subject or making a cake, while they take care of everything.
Drawing on their experiences as mothers, they have created (制作) 10 ready-to-use, home party packages. Everything a family needs to plan a party, except the cake and ice cream, is delivered to the home in a large basket.
“Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10,” Anaclerio said, “and they’re very interactive(互动) and creative in that they build a sense of drama based on a subject. For example, at the Soda Shoppe party the guests become waiters and waitresses and build wonderful ice cream creations.”
The standard $200 package for eight children includes a basket filled with invitations, gifts, games and prizes, paper goods, a party planner and the like. For more information, call Anaclerio at 708-864-6584 or Carlisle at 708-205-9141.
73.The most important idea behind the kind of party planning described here is that .
A. it brings parents and children closer together
B. B. guests play a part in the preparation of a party
C. parents are spared the trouble of sending invitations
D. D. it provides a subject of conversation
注意段落与段落之间的关系
C
Many cities around the world today are heavily polluted. Careless methods of production and lack of consumer demand for environment (环境) friendly products have contributed to the pollution problem. One result is that millions of tons of glass, paper, plastic, and metal containers are produced, and these are difficult to get rid of.
However, today, more and more consumers are choosing “green” and demanding that the products they buy should be safe for the environment. Before they buy a product, they ask questions like these: “Will this shampoo damage the environment?” “Can this metal container be reused or can it only be used once?”
A recent study showed that two out of five adults now consider the environmental safety of a product before they buy it. This means that companies must now change the way they make and sell their products to make sure that they are “green,” that is, friendly to the environment.
Only a few years ago, it was impossible to find green products in supermarkets, but now there are hundreds. Some supermarket products carry labels(标签) to show that the product is green. Some companies have made the manufacturing (生产) of clean and safe products their main selling point and emphasize it in their advertising.
The concern for a safer and cleaner environment is making companies rethink how they do business. No longer will the public accept the old attitude of “Buy it, use it, throw it away, and forget it. ”The public pressure is on, and gradually business is cleaning up its act.
64. It becomes clear from the text that the driving force(动力) behind green products is ______
A. public caring for the environment B. companies desire for bigger sales
C. new ways of doing business D. rapid growth of supermarkets
D
Betty and Harold have been married for years. But one thing still puzzles(困扰) old Harold. How is it that he can leave Betty and her friend Joan sitting on the sofa, talking, go out to a ballgame, come back three and a half hours later, and they’re still sitting on the sofa? Talking?
What in the world, Harold wonders, do they have to talk about?
Betty shrugs. Talk? We’re friends.
Researching this matter called friendship, psychologist Lillian Rubin spent two years interviewing more than two hundred women and men. No matter what their age, their job, their sex, the results were completely clear: women have more friendships than men, and the difference in the content and the quality of those friendships is “marked and unmistakable.”
More than two-thirds of the single men Rubin interviewed could not name a best friend. Those who could were likely to name a woman. Yet three-quarters of the single women had no problem naming a best friend, and almost always it was a woman. More married men than women named their wife/husband as a best friend, most trusted person, or the one they would turn to in time of emotional distress (感情危机). “Most women,” says Rubin, “identified(认定) at least one, usually more, trusted friends to whom they could turn in a troubled moment, and they spoke openly about the importance of these relationships in their lives.”
“In general,” writes Rubin in her new book, “women’s friendships with each other rest on shared emotions and support, but men’s relationships are marked by shared activities.” For the most part, Rubin says, interactions (交往) between men are emotionally controlled -a good fit with the social requirements of “manly behavior.”
“Even when a man is said to be a best friend,” Rubin writes, “the two share little about their innermost feelings. Whereas a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.”
74. Which of the following statements is best supported by the last paragraph?
A. Men keep their innermost feelings to themselves.
B. Women are more serious than men about marriage.
C. Men often take sudden action to end their marriage.
D．Women depend on others in making decisions.
注意句与句之间的关系
C
Decision-thinking is not unlike poker-- it often matters not only what you think , but also what others think you think what you think they think you think . The mental process(过程) is similar . Naturally , this card game has often been of considerable interest to people who are , by any standards , good thinkers .
　　The great mathematician John von Neumann was one of the founders of game theory . In particular , he showed that all games fall into two classes ; there are what he called games of 'perfect information', games like chess where the players can't hide anything or play tricks ; they don't win by chance , but by means of logic and skills . Then there are games of 'imperfect information', like poker , in which it is impossible to know in advance that one course of action is better than another.
　　One mistaken idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information . Quite the reverse ，business , life itself are games which we must normally play with very imperfect information . Business decisions are often made with many unknown and unknowable factors(因素), best poker players . But few business people find it comfortable to admit that they are taking a chance , and many still prefer to believe that they are playing chess , not poker.
62．In the writer's opinion , when making business decisions one should ___________ .
　　A．put perfect information before imperfect information
　　B．accept the existence of unknown factors
　　C．regard business as a game of chess
　　D．mix known and unknown factors
注意观点与例证之间的关系（第二与第三段）；注意主观点与次观点之间的关系（最后两段）
D
Olaf Stapledon wrote a book called First and Last Men . in which he looked millions of years ahead . He told of different men and of strange civilizations(文明), broken up by long 'dark ages' in between . In his view , what is called the present time is no more than a moment in human history and we are just the First Men . In 2,000 million years from now there will be the Eighteenth or Last Men.
　　However , most of our ideas about the future are really very short-sighted . Perhaps we can see some possibilities for the next fifty years . But the next hundred ? The next thousand? The next million? That's much more difficult.
　　When men and women lived by hunting 50,000 years ago , how could they even begin to picture modern life? Yet to men of 50,000 years from now , we may seem as primitive(原始的)in our ideas as the Stone-Age hunters do to us . Perhaps through the cribe , These words , which I have just made up , have to stand for things and ideas that we simply can't think of .
　　So why bother even to try imagining life far in the future ? Here are two reasons . First unless we remember how short our own lives are compared with the whole human history , we are likely to think our own interests are much more important than they really are . If we make the earth a poor place to live because . we are careless or greedy(贪婪) or quarrelsome . our grand-children will not bother to think of excuses for us.
　　Second , by trying to escape from present interests and imagine life far in the future , we may arrive at quite fresh ideas that we can use ourselves . For example , if we imagine that in the future men may give up farming , we can think of trying it now . So set you imagination free when you think about the future .
64.he text discusses men and women 50,000 years ago and 50,000 years from now in order to show that _
　　A．human history is extremely long
　　B．life has changed a great deal
　　C．it is useless to plan for the next 50 years
　　D．it is difficult to tell what will happen in the future
66．According to the writer of the text , imagining the future will _________.
　　A．serve the interests of the present and future generations
　　B．enable us to better understand human history
　　C．help us to improve farming
　　D．make life worth living
（注意利用上下文来猜测句子或单词的意思）
　　　 　E
1. Excused from recycling(回收利用) because you live in a high rise with a rubbish chute(垃圾道)? You won't be for long . Miami's Mark Shantzis has made it simple for those living in tall buildings to use the chute and recycle too .
　　In Shantzis' Hi-Rise Recycling System , a chute leads to a pie-shaped container with six boxes that can turn around when operated . The system , which fits in the same space as the chute and container now in use , enables glass , plastic , paper , metal , and other rubbish to go into separate boxes .
　　The system is controlled from a board next to the chute door . The board has a button for each class of recycling materials (as well as for unrecyclables). At the press of a button , a microcomputer locks all other floors' chute door and sets the recycling container turning until the right box comes under the chute . The computer also counts the loads and gives a signal by phone when the box is full . And a particular piece of equipment breaks up the nonrecyclables
　　Sorting(分类) recyclables before they are collected saves the use of expensive materials recovery equipment which otherwise has to do the sorting . Such equipment often makes recycled materials very expensive , so expensive that tons of recyclables remain wasted . Shantzis believes his system could help recycled materials become more cost-effective.
68．When he says "You won't be for long" the writer means that _______.
　　A．you'll soon be living in a cleaner building
　　B．rubbish chutes will become out of date before long
　　C．you won't wait long for your turn to recycle rubbish
　　D．it won't be long before you'll have to recycle your rubbish
三、技能训练：
A
We walked in so quietly that the nurse at the desk didn’t even lift her eyes from the book. Mum pointed at a big chair by the door and I knew she wanted me to sit down. While I watched mouth open in surprise, Mum took off her hat and coat and gave them to me to hold.
She walked quietly to the small room by the lift and took out a wet mop. She pushed the mop past the desk and as the nurse looked up, Mum nodded and said, “Very dirty floors.”
“Yes. I’m glad they’ve finally decided to clean them,” the nurse answered. She looked at Mum strangely and said, “But aren’t you working late?”
Mum just pushed harder, each swipe（拖一下）of the mop taking her farther and farther down the hall. I watched until she was out of sight and the nurse had turned back to writing in the big book.
After a long time Mum came back. Her eyes were shining. She quickly put the mop back and took my hand. As we turned to go out of the door, Mum bowed politely to the nurse and said, “Thank you.”
Outside, Mum told me: “Dagmar is fine. No fever.”
“You saw her, Mum?”
“Of course. I told her about the hospital rules, and she will not expect us until tomorrow. Dad will stop worrying as well. It’s a fine hospital. But such floors! A mop is no food. You need a brush.”
1. When she took a mop from the small room what Mum really wanted to do was _________.
A. to clean the floor B. to please the nurse
C. to see a patient D. to surprise the story-teller
2. When the nurse talked to Mum she thought Mum was a __________.
A. nurse B. visitor C. patient D. cleaner
3. From the text we know that Dagmar is most likely __________.
A. the story-teller’s sister B. Mum’s friend
C. the story-teller’s classmate D. Dad’s boss
4. Which of the following words best describes Mum?
A. strange B. warm-hearted C. clever D. hard-working
B.
Allan goes everywhere with Birgitta Anderson, a 54-year-old secretary. He moves around her office at work and goes shopping with her. ‘Most people don’t seem to mind Allan,’ says Birgitta, who thinks he is wonderful. ‘He’s my forth child,’ she says. She may think of him and treat him that way, buying his food, paying his health bills and his taxes, but in fact Allan is a dog.
Birgitta and Allan live in Sweden, a country where everyone is expected to lead an orderly life according to rules laid down by the government, which also provides（提供）a high level of care for its people. This level of care costs money.
People in Sweden pay taxes on everything, so aren’t surprised to find that owning a dog means yet more taxes. Some people are paying as much as 500 Swedish kronor in taxes a year for the right to keep their dog, money that is spent by the government on dog hospitals and sometimes medical treatment for a dog that falls ill. However, most such treatment is expensive, so owners often decide to pay health and even life insurance（保险）for their dog.
In Sweden dog owners must pay for any damage（损坏）their dog does. A Swedish Kennel Club official explains what this means: if your dog runs out on the road and gets hit by a passing car, you, as the dog owner, have to pay for any damage done to the car, even if your dog has been killed in the accident.
5. From the text, it can be inferred that in Sweden __________.
A. dogs are welcome in public places
B. keeping dogs means asking for trouble
C. many car accidents are caused by dogs
D. people care much about dogs
解题指导（三）
在解答案推理性问题时，应清楚所要解答的问题需要针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。
针对细节的推断可运用scanning方法，迅速在阅读材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。
针对主题思想作推断时，其解题的主要依据是文章的主题思想，然后再分析句子之间的逻辑关系，区分观点与例证(opinion and fact)、原因与结果(cause and effect)、主观点与次观点(main idea and supporting idea)
四、实战训练
(C) 2001 shanghai
A new plan for getting children to and from school is being started by a local government in Eastern England. This could end the worries of many parents fearful for their children’s safety on the roads.
Until now the local government have only been prepared to provide bus services for children living more than three miles from their school, or sometimes less if special reasons existed. Now it has been decided that if a group of parents ask for help in organizing transport they will be prepared to go ahead, as long as the arrangement will not lose money and children taking part will be attending their nearest school.
The new plan is to be tried out this term for children living at Milton who attend Impington School. The children live just within the three-mile limit and the local government have said in the past that they will not undertake to provide free transport to the school. But now they have agreed to offer a sum of money for a bus service from Milton to Impington and back, a plan which has the support of the school’s headmaster.
Between 50 and 60 parents have said they would like their children to take part. Final calculations have still to be carried out, but a government official has said the cost to parents should be less than ￡20 a term.
They have been able to arrange the service at a low cost because there is already an agreement with the bus company for a bus to take children who live further away to Impington. The same bus would now just make one more journey to pick up the Milton children. The official said they would get in touch with other groups of parents who in the past had asked if transport could be provided for their children, to see if they would like to take part in the new plan.
96. What is the aim of the plan?
A．To prevent the students’ road accidents.
B．To relieve the traffic pressure.
C．To save time for the parents and students.
D．To help the parents save money.
97．How can the local government arrange the new bus service at a low cost?
A．By letting the bus run in the morning only.
B．By limiting the number of the students.
C．By obtaining the support from the headmaster.
D．By linking the new bus service with the existing one.
98．The new bus service will be paid for by ________.
A．the parents
B．the local government
C．the bus company
D．the local government and the parents
99．Which of the following is possible if the plan is carried out?
A．The bus company will make much more money.
B．The children can choose whatever school they like.
C．The parents can get rid of their worries.
D．The students in Impington School can have free bus rides.
100．This passage is most probably___________.
A．a personal letter
B．an advertisement
C．a headmaster’s report
D．a newspaper article
（D）
Michael, a typical（典型的）American, stays home on workdays. He plugs into his personal computer terminal in order to connect with the office. After work, he puts on his headphones, watches a movie on his home video recorder, or plays baseball on the computer. On many days, Michael doesn’t talk to any other human beings, and he doesn’t see any people except the ones on television. Michael is imaginary, but his lifestyle is very possible .The inventions of modern technology seem to be cutting us off from contact with our fellow human beings.
The world of business is one area in which technology is isolating us. Experts say, for example, that many people will soon be able to work at home. With access to a large central computer, employees such as office clerks, insurance agents, and accountants could do their jobs at display terminals in their own homes. They would never have to actually see the people they’re dealing with .In addition ,the way employees are paid will change .Workers’ salaries will be automatically paid into their bank accounts (账户),making paper checks (支票)unnecessary. No workers will stand in line to receive their pay or cash their checks. Personal banking will change, too. Customers will deal with machines to put in or take out money from their accounts.
Another area that technology is changing is entertainment. Music, for instance, was once a group experience. People listened to music at concert halls or in small social gatherings .For many people now, however music is an individual experience. Walking along the street or sitting in their living rooms, they wear headphones to build a wall of music around them. Movie entertainment is changing, too. Movies used to be social events. Now, fewer people are going out to see a movie. Many more are choosing to wait for a film to appear on television or are borrowing videotapes to watch at home. Instead of laughing with others, viewers watch movies in their own living rooms.
101. After work, Michael likes to _____.
A. listen to music at the concert hall
B. watch a movie in his living room
C. run a program on his computer in his office
D. play baseball with his workmates
102. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?
A. Clerks will able to work at home.
B. One can play baseball on the computer.
C. One can listen to music without disturbing others.
D. One can borrow books from libraries at home.
103. The sentence “Michael is imaginary, but his lifestyle is very possible” means_______.
A. Michael is a person full of imagination and he can make his dreams come true
B. Michael is not a real person but the lifestyle does exist
C. Michael has ambitions but he can’t make his dreams come true
D. Michael is a person full of imagination and his lifestyle is common nowadays
104. What will the author most probably discuss after the last paragraph?
A. Games and sports.
B. Personal banking.
C. Music and films.
D. International business.
105. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. We may no longer need to communicate with other human beings.
B. Modern technology seems to be separating human beings.
C. We may no longer need to work in the office.
E. Modern technology makes it possible for us to work and entertain ourselves at home.
五、高考实战训练题：NMET 2002 BEIJING
A
One of the greatest killers in the Western world is heart disease. The death rate (率) from the disease has been increasing at an alarming speed for the past thirty years. Today in Britain, for example, about four hundred people a day die of heart disease. Medical experts know that people can reduce their chances of getting heart disease by exercising regularly, by not smoking, by changing their diets, and by paying more attention to reducing stress (压力) in their work.
However, Western health-care systems are still not paying enough attention to the prevention of the disease. There is a need for more programs to educate the public about the causes and prevention of heart disease. Instead of supporting such programs, however, the U.S. health-care system is spending large sums of money on the surgical (外科的) treatment of the disease after it develops. This emphasis (强调) on treatment clearly has something to do with the technological advances that have taken place in the past ten to fifteen. Years. In this time, modern technology has enabled doctors to develop new surgical techniques. Many operations that were considered impossible or too risky (有风险的) a few years ago are now performed every day in U.S. hospitals. The result has been a huge increase in heart surgery.
Although there is no doubt that heart surgery can help a large number of people, some people point out that the emphasis on the surgical treatment of the disease has three clear disadvantages. First, it attracts interest and money away from the question of prevention. Second, it causes the costs of general hospital care to rise. After hospitals buy the expensive equipment that is necessary for modern heart surgery, they must try to recover the money they have spent. To do this, they raise costs for all their patients, not just those patients whose treatment requires the equipment. The third disadvantage is that doctors are encouraged to perform surgery―even on patients for whom an operation is unnecessary―because the equipment and expert skills are there. A government office recently stated that major heart surgery was often performed even though its chances of success were low. In one type of heart surgery, for example, only 15 percent of patients improved their conditions after the surgery. However, more than 100,000 of these operations are performed in the United States every year.
56. What effect has modern technology had on medicine?
A. It has reduced the costs of medical treatment.
B. It has helped save the lives of most patients.
C. It has encouraged doctors to do more heart surgeries.
D. It has helped educate people about the prevention of heart disease.
57. “To do this” (in Paragraph 3) means ______.
A. to help patients recover
B. to increase the number of heart surgeries
C. to get back the money spent on the equipment
D. to buy new equipment for the treatment of heart disease
58. The author would agree that ______.
A. more money should be spent on the prevention of heart disease
B. heart surgery has helped most patients improve their conditions
C. modern technology has made heart surgery more risky than before
D. the public have known a great deal about the causes of heart disease
59. What would be the best title for the passage?
A. The Greatest Killer in the West
B. Heart Disease: Treat or Prevent
C. Modern Technology and Heart Surgery
D. Heart Surgery: Advantages and Disadvantages
B
LET YOUR LOVE FOR ANIMALS LIVE ON
As someone who loves animals, you care about what will happen to them in the future.
CSIA has been treating sick and injured animals since 1938. It’s hard to imagine what would
happen to the hundreds of thousands of pets who need us every year if we no longer existed.
But in fact, we simply could not continue if it wasn’t for a very special kind of gift people like you leave to us in their wills (遗嘱).
Can we depend on your kindness too? If you haven’t already done so, please consider including a gift to CSIA in your will. For free information on how to go about it, please call our helpline on 0800 8421950. Your love for animals can live on with a gift in your will to CSIA.
CSIA
For pets in need of vets (兽医)
60. This advertisement is trying to persuade people to ______.
A. buy a gift for a pet B. give money for animal care
C. work for an animal hospital D. treat sick and injured animals
61. The advertisement is mainly aimed at ______.
A. vets B. zoo-keepers C. old pet lovers D. animal hospital assistants
62. What is CSIA most likely to be?
A. A pet shop. B. An animal hospital.
C. A club for pet lovers. D. A training center for vets.
C
What am I doing with my daughter at home? Rather than read aloud from books, we go to dinner and have a very good time. This is usually when her Mom isn’t around, and this is when my little girl and I relate better. They’re alone together so much. We’re seldom alone. When we’re alone together, she and I somehow behave differently. We learn about each other. She learns that I’m her father. I learn that she’s my daughter. It’s a strange feeling, but any parent knows what I’m talking about when I say that I often look at my daughter and wonder just whose kid she is. Where’d she suddenly come from? And why on earth did she pick Laura and me for parents?
When my daughter and I are alone she’ll hold my hand and say, “I just love you so much, Daddy!” She’s so used to my leaving that when I tell her she and I are going to hang out all night, she gets this great look on her face and says, “We’ve got so much to do, Dad!” There’s nothing like it in the world.
I want my relationship with my daughter to keep growing, so I’ve been giving my wife a couple of hundred dollars each week and making her go to the shopping center with her girlfriends, or something―anything!
But this closeness is not without its problems. When I’m sitting there playing with her Barbie doll (巴比娃娃), washing her hair, a voice in me suddenly says, “I’ve got to get a drink and get out of here.” Right in the middle of all this pleasantness, the voice goes, “Look at yourself! You’re washing dolls!”
63. Why does the husband give his wife so much money each week?
A. He wants her to buy more things for the family.
B. She can do whatever she likes with the money.
C. He can spend more time with his daughter.
D. She can spend more time with her friends.
64. Which of the following statements is true?
A. The father spends more time with the daughter than the mother does.
B. The daughter is happy when the father tells her he will be away.
C. The father is happy, hearing “We’ve got so much to do, Dad!”
D. The father is sure that the daughter is not his own.
65. What does the last paragraph tell us about the father?
A. He doesn’t enjoy being with his daughter.
B. He doesn’t like washing his daughter’s hair.
C. He likes to enjoy himself by going out for a drink.
D. He has mixed feeling when he is with his daughter.
D
The tower of Big Ben, London’s most famous building, has always leaned (倾斜) slightly, but construction work on a new line for the London Underground seemed likely to give the tower a real lean. Engineers have had to prop up (支撑) its base to prevent it from damaging the rest of the Houses of Parliament.
To control the tower’s movement, engineers pumped grout (水泥浆) into the soil under the tower. The tower now leans an extra few centimeters, but the lean can only be seen by the most sharp-eyed observer.
Between 1995 and 1997, to lengthen the Jobilee line of the Underground, builders dug a 40-metre-deep hole just 31 metres north of the clock tower. And the new tube (underground) tunnels were even nearer to the tower. John Burland, who recently helped stop the increasing lean in the Leaning Tower of Pisa and was an adviser to the Jubilee line project, believed the work would affect the tower. In his opinion, no further lean should go beyond a safety limit of 27.5 millimetres over the existing lean of 220 millimetres.
To keep the lean within this limit, Burland told the British Association about the new method of pumping grout immediately under the base of the tower. More than 300 tons of grout were pumped in during construction. The tower’s additional lean went between 10 and 25 millimetres, but never passed 27.5 millimetres.
After the construction work was completed in late 1997, a review of movements in nearby walls showed that the building was in better shape than had been thought before and the safety limit was raised to 35 millimetres before any action needs to be taken.
Since 1997, the tower has continued to lean, Burland told Modern Construction. The latest measurements, taken this year, suggest that the tower’s lean had just reached 35 millimetres. But following regular re-examinations of the tower, experts are sure that the tower has stabilised (稳定). A spokesman for London Underground says: “We understand the tower has stabilized and returned to its normal movement cycle.”
From Modern Construction, 16 September 2000
66. Which of the following drawings correctly shows how the propping up construction was carried out?

67. What does the word “review” (in Paragraph 5) mean?
A. Observation. B. Description.
C. Discussion. D. Re-examination.
68. Why was the propping up construction necessary?
A. To stop the tower of Big Ben from leaning.
B. To stop sharp-eyed people from seeing the lean.
C. To stop the Tower of Pisa from leaning too much.
D. To stop the clock tower from leaning beyond its safety limit.
69. What was the existing lean of the tower at the time when the article was written?
A. 220 millimetres. B. 255 millimetres.
C. 35 millimetres. D. 27.5 millimetres.
70. We can infer from the article that ______.
A. the tower of Big Ben will damage the Houses of Parliament
B. the Jubilee line should be stopped in Burland’s opinion
C. the writer is blaming Burland for making a mistake
D. the propping up work has proved to be successful
E
Since 1989, Dave Thomas, who died at age 69, was one of the most recognizable faces on TV. He appeared in more than 800 commercials (商业广告) for the hamburger chain named for his daughter. “As long as it works,” he said in 1991, “I’ll continue to do those commercials.”
Even though he was successful, Thomas remained troubled by his childhood. “He still won’t let anyone see his feet, which are out of shape because he never had proper-fitting shoes,” Wendy said in 1993. Born to a single mother, he was adopted (收养) as a baby by Rex and Auleva Thomas of Kalamazoo in Michigan. After Auleva died when he was 5, Thomas spent years on the road as Rex traveled around seeking construction work. “He fed me,” Thomas said, “and if I got out of line, he’d beat me.”
Moving out on his own at 15, Thomas worked, first as a waiter, in many restaurants. But he had something much better in mind. “I thought if I owned a restaurant,” he said, “I could eat for free.” A 1956b meeting with Harland Sanders led Thomas to a career as the manager of a Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurant that made him a millionaire in 1968.
In 1969, after breaking with Sanders, Thomas started the first Wendy’s Old Fashioned Hamburgers, in Columbus, Ohio, which set itself apart by serving made-to-order burgers. With 6,000 restaurants worldwide, the chain now makes $ 6 billion a year in sales.
Although troubled by his own experience with adoption, Thomas, married since 1954 to Lorraine, 66, and with four grown kids besides Wendy, felt it could offer a future for other children. He started the Dave Thomas Foundation (基金会) for Adoption in 1992.
In 1993, Thomas, who had left school at 15, graduated from Coconut Creek High School in Florida. He even took Lorraine to the graduation dance party. The kids voted him Most Likely to Succeed.
“The Dave you saw on TV was the real Dave,” says friend Pat Williams. “He wasn’t a great actor or a great speaker. He was just Joe Everybody.”
71. What is the article mainly about?
A. The life of Dave Thomas.
B. The dream of Dave Thomas.
C. The schooling of Dave Thomas.
D. The growth of Dave Thomas’s business.
72. What do we know about his childhood?
A. He lived a poor life. B. He had caring parents.
C. He stayed in one place. D. He didn’t go to school.
73. Choose the right time order of the following events in Thomas’s life.
a. graduated from high school
b. started his own business
c. became a millionaire
d. started a foundation
e. met Harland Sanders
A. e, b, c, d, a B. a, e, c, b, d C. e, c, b, d, a D. a, e, b, c, d
74. “He was just Joe Everybody.” (in the last paragraph) means ______.
A. Dave was famous B. Dave was ordinary
C. Dave was showy D. Dave was shy
75. What is the name of Dave Thomas’s business?
A. Thomas’s. B. Wendy’s. C. Lorraine’s. D. Rex’s.
进行推理（二）
Living in two world
When Christopher Columbus arrived in America 500 years ago, he found people who had been here for centuries. Among the native Americans eventually affected by his discovery were the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico. Recently, we spoke with five Pueblo teens. Here’s what they had to say about their lives today.
What quality do you think are special to Native Americans
Robin Atencio, 15: Our people are proud and have a strong sense of community. We look out for one another. No one is homeless.
Katrina Humentewa, 16: We have many strong old beliefs and traditions. One is that nature is sacred. The earth gives us food and life. We don’t dump a lot of poisons into the ground and rivers.
How do you learn about your history and culture?
Fabiola Lovato, 17: We learn from our elders. They tell us about the natural world, medicines, and other things. Our traditions are passed down from generation to generation by word of mouth.
Is your daily life like that of other teens?
Justin McHorse, 17: In many ways, yes. I listen to rap and rock ’n’ roll. I dress in jeans, T-shirts, and sneakers. I go to a regular school. In my pueblo (village), I live in an adobe (house made of mud and plaster). We have electricity and plumbing (抽水马桶).
Jonathan Teba, 15: I go to movies with my friends and just hang out and talk. I also love sports. I watch the lakers and the Bulls on TV.
How is your life different?
Justin : I listen to traditional Native American music. At powwow (帕瓦仪式), different tribes get together to perform their dances. I’ll hear round-dance songs, war-party songs and stuff like that.
Jonathan: Mostly it’s a matter of religion. We have many traditional beliefs and ceremonies. But we can’t talk about them. They’re private.
What ‘s the biggest problem you face as a Native American living in today’s world?
Justin: There is a lot of prejudice( 歧视). Many people have stereotypes（陈规）about Native Americans. They think we all live in tepees and hunt buffalo, like the Native Americans they see in TV Westerns.
Fabiola: Some history books talk about us as if we were all savages（野蛮的）and uncivilized. They’re wrong. We’re good, hard-working people who live in harmony with nature.
What other concerns do you have?
Robin: For me, seeing Columbus being celebrated for discovering America is difficult. Our people lost their lives, their culture, and their land. We’re wondering, “What about us?”
Jonathan: I worry about losing our traditions. I’m trying to learn my language ---- Tewa. But it seems many elders have forgotten a lot. Elders used to stay home and teach the children. Today, many have to work. There’s less time for the old ways nowadays.
1. Robin and Justin are from __________.
A. India B. different countries C. New Mexico D. different states
2. The purpose of writing this article is to _____________.
A. explain why stereotypes are harmful
B. help people learn more about Native Americans
C. tell us Columbus’ discovery has made the life of American Indians change for the better
D. give information about the history of Native Americans
3. It can be inferred from the passage that in Pueblo culture, the elders _________.
A. never go to movies B. play an important role
C. keep a record of their history D. live in tepees and hunt buffalo
4. We can infer from the article that these teenagers__________.
A. can all speak many languages
B. don’t like traditional Native American music
C. are proud of their beliefs and traditions
D. live quite a different life from other teens
5. Which of the following about Native Americans can be inferred from the passage?
A. Elders used to stay home and teach their children.
B. They know nothing about modern technology and still live a very primitive (原始的)life.
C. They don’t think so highly of Columbus’ discovery of America as other Americans.
D. They’re very poor and thus their children cannot receive a good education.
B
I used to be the best runner on my block. I even used to beat all the boys. They would get so mad, too. My brother would make all kinds of bets and get all those boys to race with me and they always said, “Oh, come on! She’s only a girl!” And they would think they could beat me ----- no sweat. But then I’d beat them every time. I only lost one race, and that was when Tiger threw something in my way and tripped me, so that wasn’t fair anyway. But those boys sure would get mad! Mostly just because I’m a girl. They just didn’t think girls were as good as boys.
But when I was running, I never even used to think about the race or winning or anything. I would just listen to hear my feet on the pavement. And I’d take long steps…and I’d hear myself breathing. I could even tell when my face was turning red.
But all that was before the accidents.
Now I can’t run. I’ll never be able to run again. The only thing I hear now on the pavement is the rubber on the wheels of my wheelchair. Sometimes when I think about it, I get all sad inside. When I’m alone in my room sometimes I even cry.
Sometimes it’s weird and I can’t cry, even though I want to. I just get so mad inside that I want to punch someone. That’s when I usually end up yelling at my mother or throwing the pillow around or just not talking at all.
I mean, it’s not fair! Why should I have to be in this wheelchair all my life when all my friends are running all over the place? Especially when I’m the best runner.
Or I used to be, anyway.
But you know what gets me mad the most? Those people who don’t even know me and see me and talk like I’m not even there. They call me poor and sick and sad and shake their heads ---- right in front of me, as if I couldn’t understand.
I love it when my friends are around then! That’s when they’ll take my chair and we go racing down the street making like we’re some kind of motorcycle or something. Then we laugh and make all kinds of noise. And people call us troublemakers and bratty kids. But I’ll tell you I’d rather be called a bratty kid than a poor sick baby!
I mean, sure I’m mad that I can’t run any more. And sure it makes me kind of sad when other kids race and I can’t. but I’m not going to cry about it forever ---- and I’m NOT sick or helpless!
1. The underlined phrase “no sweat” in paragraph 1 means _____________.
A. impossible B. surprisingly C. without difficulty D. not easily
2. All the boys seemed to get mad mainly because __________.
A. she won the race every time
B. her brother made all kinds bets with them
C. tiger threw something in her way and tripped her
D. she was a girl, but she could run faster than any of them
3. What can be inferred from the passage?
A. She liked running and it was the only thing she cared about.
B. She was very angry because the boys looked down upon girls.
C. She had to run fast because her brother made a bet with other boys.
D. She used to be the best runner in her neighbourhood.
4. Which of the following makes the writer mad the most?
A. Tiger threw something in her way when she was racing down the street.
B. She had to sit in her wheelchair while her friends were running all over the place.
C. Her mother shouted at her and even threw pillows around the room.
D. What people said in front of the writer make her think she was sick and helpless.
5. The underlined word “it” in the last paragraph refers to the fact that ________.
A. people called her a bratty kid
B. she is sick and helpless
C. she has to sit in the wheelchair all her life
D. people call her poor and sick and sad and shake their heads right in front of her
6. According to this passage, which of the following is most likely to happen to the writer?
A. She will go racing with the boys down the street again, but in the wheelchair.
B. She will become much sadder and never talk with people around her.
C. She will start to like something interesting and try to build up her confidence.
D. With the help of doctors she will rise to her feet and can run with the boys again.
强化训练题：haidian 2002 .5
The opera hours in Santa Fe,New Mexico ,is one of the most beautiful in the United states .It is small and open ,with one roof over the stage where singers perform and another roof over part of the audience .This opera house in the mountain is one of the best in the country ,which may seem surprising because performances are only given during seven weeks in the summer ,and because Santa Fe is a very small city .
One reason why the Santa Fe Opera is so good is that it attracts many excellent young singers .They all hope to sing in famous opera houses like Metropolitan in New York someday ,and they work hard to become well-known during the summer .The musicians and directors are experts who come from the best orchestras （管弦乐队）and operas in the country during their vacations .They enjoy working there because they like to live in Santa Fe ,which is near both the mountains and the desert .It is very beautiful there in summer .
The state government of New Mexico advertises the Santa Fe Opera in newspapers all over the country ,and a great many tourists come to New Mexico because of the opera .Still ,most of the audience does come from Santa Fe and other nearby cities ,and all the seats in the theater are sold for every show .
There is only one thing that some people do not like about the Santa Fe Opera ,and that is the cold weather .Because the theater is open ,performances cannot start before it gets dark at nine o’clock in the evening ,and then the mountain air becomes very cool.Sometimes people complain about the cold air ,but because the operas are good ,these people come back again wearing warm coats .
59．From the passage ,we can learn that .
A．the opera house is open without any roofs
B．musicians always spend vacations in Santa Fe
C．the government advertises to attract more musicians
D．performances are held in Santa Fe only after sunset

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