Unit 21 Karl Marx
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Teaching objectives and demands:
1. Words and useful expressions:
Have a talk with, idiom, meaning, woodcutter, come across, cut up, make progress, vocabulary, native, force, homeland, Belgium, before long, move on, base, revolutionary, limited, rapid, article, praise, encourage, keep on doing, works, master, situation, translate…into, spirit, freely, university, doctor, degree, peasant, communism, manifesto, unite, social
2. Everyday English for communication
How are you getting on with…?
My grammar is improving, but I…
Are you making good progress?
I found… easiest/most difficult.
3. Language use: Manipulate listening, speaking practice
Key points:
1. Everyday English for communication;
2. Words and useful expressions
3. Grammar: the attributive clause
Time arrangement:
This unit is arrangement to be finished in 5~6 teaching periods, including a unit test.
Teaching procedures:
Lesson 81
Step 1. Revision
(1) Check the homework exercises of the previous unit.
(2) Revise sth. about Unit 12, Lesson 45 which the Ss have learned last term.
T: Do you still remember the lesson talking about English study we learned last term? A dialogue between Zhou Lan and Bruce?
What were Zhou Lan’s problems in learning English?
What suggestions did Bruce give her?
Step 2. Presentation
T: To learn English well you must learn about yourself. You must discover what your own special needs are in English. You should pick out what makes English different from your own language and concentrate on those parts. And above all, you should pick out your personal weaknesses in English, pick out your own special problems, find out what mistakes you often make and make a list of them. Today we’re going to look at ways of improving one’s English. Please listen to a dialog between Yang Mei and her teacher Sara.
Step 3. Listening
(1) For the first play, the Ss should find out the answer to this question:
How is Yang Mei getting on with her English Lessons? (Grammar improving, but idioms and useful expressions hard.)
(2) For the second play, the Ss should find out what idioms they can hear in the dialog.
(1.have a cold / catch a cold 2. cut…down / cut… up)
Step 4. Reading
Fast reading by themselves, the students should retell the story of the woodcutter.
Get the Ss to read the dialog again, and then do Ex. 1 in the Wb in pairs.
Let the Ss practise the dialog in pairs. Give them enough time to prepare, ask some pairs to act it out.
Have the students do Ex. 2 in class, and then check the answers.
Step 5. Discussion
First let the Ss match the problems and the advice in the form below. Divide the class into groups of four. Half One discuss Question 1 and Half Two Question 2. Ask the Ss to report back their answers at the end. The Ss should be encouraged to carry out free talks about their studies.
Step 6. Explanations to the dialogue
1. Yang Mei is having a talk with her teacher Sara about learning English. (=Yang Mei is talking with…) 杨梅正在同她的老师萨拉谈有关学习英语的事情。
“have a talk with sb. about sth.”结构的意思是“同某人谈论某事”。例如：
They are having a talk with each other about English idioms and expressions.
他们正在彼此交谈，谈论英语习惯表达的问题。
Sara had a talk with Yang Mei about improving her English pronunciation.
萨拉曾经就改进英语发音的问题同杨梅谈过一次话。
英语中有许多由“have+表示动作的名词”构成的短语， 表示一个短暂的动作，如have a talk(谈一谈)，have a look(看一看)，have a rest(休息一下)，have a walk(散散步)等。 例如：
They had a rest and then went on with their work.
他们休息了一会儿，然后继续工作。
It'll do you good to have a walk after supper. 晚饭后散散步对你有好处。
2. How are you getting on with your English lessons? 你的英语学得怎样?
“get on with sth.”的意思是“某事进行得如何”，在 get on后有时可用表示程度的副词。例如：
“How are you getting on with your business? ” ——“Not bad, thank you.”
“你的生意做得怎么样?”——“还不错，谢谢。”
At first she didn't get on well with her job. 一开始她的工作做得并不好。
get on with后还可以跟sb.，“get on with sb. ”的意思是“同某人相处得如何”。例如：“How are you getting on with your classmates? ”——“Quite well, thank you.”
“你同班上的同学相处得怎样?”——“挺好，谢谢。”
Yang Mei is getting on well with her foreign friends.
杨梅同她的外国朋友们相处得很好。
3. I find idioms and useful expressions hard to learn. (=I find that I have difficulty in learning idioms and useful expressions.) 我发现习惯表达很难学。
句中find是及物动词，作“发现”、“发觉”解， 后跟带形容词的复合结构，即“find sth./sb.+adj.+(不定式)”，意思是“发现某事/人具有何种特征”，在形容词后有时还可以加不定式。例如：
Do you find this lesson easier than that one? 你觉得这课书比那课书容易些吗?
My teacher found my composition satisfactory. 老师发现我的作文还令人满意。
I found Miss White hard to get on with. 我发觉怀特小姐很难相处。
They found the pop songs easy to sing. 他们发现流行歌曲很容易唱。
4.…you can “have a cold”, but first you have to “catch a cold”. 你先着了凉，才感冒的。
“have a cold”与“catch a cold”仅一字之差， 又都表示“感冒”，但两者的确有一定差别。前者表示“感冒”的状态，后者表示“患感冒”的行为。你得先患感冒(受凉)， 然后才会有感冒的病状。在对话的下文中作了这种解释：
“Catch a cold”is something you do; “have a cold ”is something you have.
上句中的“do”表示行为/动作”，“ have”表示“状态”。
类似的表达还有“put on a coat ”表示穿衣的动作， 而“have on a coat”(wear a coat)表示穿着的状态。但在日常生活中，表示“得了感冒” 既可用 “catch a cold”， 也可以用“have a cold”。例如：
He has caught a cold, so he has a cold now. 他受了凉，所以现在感冒了。
5. The little words often have meanings of their own. (=The little words often contain information.) 有些小词儿经常会有着它们自己的含义。
(1) 这里的the little words指某些介词或副词而言， 当其与动词搭配构成短语动词时，常常会含有另外的意思。 如下文有关樵夫的故事中的cut up=cut into small pieces(劈或碎片)，这个小词up就含有into small pieces的意思。
(2) of one's own是固定词组，作“属于自己的”解， 常置于名词或代词之后，用作后置定语，表示所属关系。例如：
Mathilde had no jewellery of her own; she had to borrow a necklace from her friend.
玛蒂尔德自己没有珠宝，她不得不向朋友借一条项链。
In order to buy a house of their own, they have worked hard and saved every coin.
为了购买一栋属于自己的房子，他们辛勤地劳动， 节省每一个铜板。
Each family has its own problems. Don't you have any of your own?
各家都有各家的问题，难道你就没有你的问题吗?
在上面这个例句中，第一个own是形容词，作定语， 修饰后面的名词problems;第二个own是名词，构成词组of your own，作定语，修饰前面的代词any.
6. “Do you know the story of the woodcutter? ”——“I don't think so.” “你知道樵夫的故事吗?”——“我不知道。”
这里的“I don't think so.”意思相当于“I don't know the story.”(我不知道这个故事。) “I don't think so.”是用来表示不同意的交际用语。例如：
“I think these two phrases have the same meaning. ”——“I don't think so.”
“我想这两个短语的意思相同。”——“我不这样认为。”
“Young people enjoy pop music. They don't like classical music.”——“I don't think so.” “年轻人喜欢流行音乐，不喜欢古典音乐。 ”——“我看并不是这样。”
7. A man was walking through a wood and he came across a woodcutter. (= A man met a woodcutter by chance when he was walking through a wood.) 有个人穿过丛林时，遇见了一位樵夫。
come across是短语动词，作“遇见 /发现”解，含有“偶然相遇/发现”的意思(meet sb. or find sth. by chance)。例如：
On her way home Sara came across an old friend of hers.
在回家的路上，萨拉遇见一位老朋友。
In the bookshop I came across a very useful English -Chinese dictionary.
在书店里我偶然发现一本很有用的英汉词典。
8. The woodcutter was standing next to a fallen tree, with lots of small pieces of wood in front of him.樵夫站在那株倒了的树旁，身前有许多碎木片。
(1) next to是固定词组，作“在……旁边”、“与……相邻”解，后跟名词或代词，构成介词短语，用作状语或定语。例如：
Our school stands next to the railway station. 我们的学校就在火车站旁边。
Do you know the name of the girl next to Alice?
爱丽丝旁边那个姑娘的名字你知道吗?
I'll wait for you at the tea house next to the theatre.
我会在剧院旁边的那家茶馆等你。
next to还可以作“仅次于……解”。例如：
The Yellow River is the longest river next to the Changjiang River in China.
黄河是中国仅次于长江的最长的河流。
(2) a fallen tree一株倒了的树。fallen是动词fall的过去分词，作“落下的”、“倒下的”解，用作定语。又如：fallen leaves (落叶)，fallen trees(倒下的树)，fallen books on the floor(掉在地板上的书本)等。
(3) with lots of small pieces of wood in front of him (身前有许多碎木片)是介词with的复合结构，即：“with+名词+ 介词短语”，在句中作方式状语。例如：
The guard is standing at the gate, with a gun in his hands.
卫兵站在大门口，手里端着枪。
He came back from outside, with a tall hat on his head.
他从外边回来，头上戴着一顶高帽子。
The little girl stood in the middle of the room, with lots of toys around her.
小女孩站在房间的中间，身旁摆着许多玩具。
9. I'm going to cut this tree down. 我打算把这颗树砍倒。
I'm cutting this tree up. 我在把这颗树劈碎。短语动词cut down作“砍倒”解(make sth. fall by cutting), cut up作“砍碎”解(cut sth. into small pieces)。例如：
Half the forest was cut down to make room for the new road.
砍掉了一半森林，以腾出地方来修新路。
Please cut up the meat for the dog, as his teeth are bad now.
请把这块肉砍碎给狗吃，它的牙齿坏了。
Step 7. Workbook
SB1b, Page 69, Exx.2~3. Make the students to do the Ex in Pairs, and then ask several students to give their answers. Finally check the answers with the whole class.
Step 8. Homework
(1) Finish off the exercises of Lesson 81 in the workbook.
(2) Revise the key points of this lesson.
(3) Preview the next lesson.
Lesson 82 How Marx Learned Foreign Languages
Step 1. Revision
(1) Check the homework exercises.
(2) Revise the key points in Lesson 81.
Step 2. Lead-in
Show one of Karl Marx’s pictures to the Ss and ask some questions,
1. Do you know this man?
2. Where did he come from?
3. Can you say sth more about him?
Collect notes on the Bb.
T: Karl Marx (1818—1883) was born on May 5, 1818 in Trier, a city in the west of Germany. He entered Bonn University in 1835 and went to Berlin University to continue his studies two years later. In Oct. 1842, he became the editor of the Rheinische Zeitung published in Cologne, and there he began his attack on the old society. Because of his revolutionary activities he was forced to leave his homeland. In Apr. 1848, he returned to Cologne with Engels to join the revolution directly. After the 1848 revolution failed, he was expelled from Germany. He went to Paris, but was soon forced to leave France. In Aug. 1849, he went to London and spent most of the rest of his life there.
Marx was not only a great Proletarian leader but also a man of great talent for languages. He could read all the leading European languages and write in three: German, French and English. He was fond of saying that a foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.
Marx died on March 14, 1883 in London at the age of 65. After his death, his unpublished writings were edited by Engels.
Step 3. Scanning
We can know more about how Karl Marx studied foreign languages in Lesson 82. Please read the text quickly and try to answer the following Qs:
1.Which foreign languages did Marx study?
2.What work did Marx do?
3.Where was he born?
4.Why was he forced to leave his homeland?
5.How many countries had he been to before he made London the base for his revolutionary work?
6.What were the two things that Marx wasn't sure about English study in his letter to Engles?
7.When did he begin to learn Russian?
8.How long did it take him to read articles and reports?
9.What advice did Marx give on how to learn a foreign language?
After checking all the answers, let the Ss read the text again and answer some Qs in the Wb. in pairs (Ex. 1 of L82). The teacher may pick out some Qs to check whether the Ss have mastered the text.
Step 4. Text structure
Tell the students to find out the clue of the text. (Time clue: the text is arranged according to the sequence of time)
Step 5. Language points
1. When he was still a young man, he was forced to leave his homeland for political reasons. (= …he had to leave his motherland because the government didn't allow him to do revolutionary work.) 当他还年轻时，就由于政治原因而被迫离开了祖国。
句中的force是及物动词， 作“逼迫”、 “迫使”解， 常用于“force sb. to do sth.”结构中，本句用此结构的被动式。例如：
You can lead a horse to the river, but you can't force it to drink.
你可以把马领到河边，但无法迫使它饮水。
The war broke out and we were forced to leave our city.
战争爆发了，我们被迫离开了我们的城市。
Ms King was forced to tell the truth, as the doctor wanted to examine her.
金女士被迫说了真话，因为医生要给她做检查。
2. Before long he had to move on again. (= After a short time he was forced to move again to another country.) 不久，他又不得不再次迁移。
before long作“不久以后”、“没有多久”解(soon, after a short time)，在句中用作时间状语。例如：
Before long, the news of victory spread all over the country.
不久，胜利的消息传遍了全国。
The reference book for teaching will come out before long.
教学参考书不久就会出版了。
注意before long同long before 的区别：前者是“不久以后”的意思(after a short time)；而后者是“很久以前”的意思(a long time ago)。例如：
The reference book for teaching came out long before.
教学参考书很久以前就出版了。
3. He made such rapid progress that before long he began to write articles in English for an American newspaper. (=His English improved so fast that after a short time he began to write…) 他进步得非常快，不多久他就开始用英文给一家美国报纸写文章了。
(1) “such…that”意为“如此……以致”， 用来引导一个表示结果的状语从句。such是形容词，作“如此的”解， 后跟名词，组成“such(a/an)+n.+that-clause”句型。如果这个名词(n.) 是单数可数名词，则应加不定冠词a/an；如果是复数可数名词或不可数名词，则不用不定冠词a/an。例如：
It was such a warm day that they all went swimming in the river.
那天天气那样暖和，所以他们全都去江里游泳了。
Basketball is such an interesting game that people all over the world enjoy it.
蓝球是一项很有趣的活动，所以世界各地的人都喜欢它。
The milu deer are such lovely animals that people do their best to protect them.
麋鹿是一种非常可爱的动物，所以人们尽力保护它。
The firefighter showed such great courage that he was highly praised by the government. 这位消防队员表现出极大的勇气，因此受到了政府的高度赞扬。
4. In fact, his English in one of these articles was so good that Engels wrote him a letter and praised him for it. (=One of his articles was written in such good English that Engels wrote him…) 事实上，他有一篇文章英文写得非常好， 恩格斯为此还曾经写信表扬他。
(1) “so…that”也作“如此……以致”解， 常用来引导一个表示结果的状语从句。这一点同“such…that”相同。但是 so是副词， 后面要跟形容词或副词，组成“so+adj./adv.+ that-clause”句型。这一点和“such…that”不同。试比较下列例句：
It was such a warm day that they all went swimming.
It was so warm that they all went swimming.
天气那样暖和，所以他们都去游泳了。
The house had been damaged so seriously that we had to repair it.
The house had such serious damage that we had to repair it.
这座房子损坏太严重，我们不得不修理一下。
(2) 本句中的praise是及物动词，常用于“praise sb. For sth.”结构，作“为某事而表扬某人”解。例如：
The teacher praised Yang Mei for her progress.
老师为杨梅的进步对她进行了表扬。
People praised them for their good deeds. 人们表扬他们做了好事。
praise还可以作名词，作“表扬”解。如下文中的句子：
Marx wrote back to say that Engels' praise had greatly encouraged him.
马克思回信说，恩格斯的表扬给了他很大的鼓励。
5. However, he went on to explain that he was not too sure about two things——the grammar and some of the idioms. (=However, he continued to say that he was
not too sure about…) 不过，他接着说道， 在语法和某些习惯用语方面他还是不太有把握。
(1) “…he went on to explain…”=“…he continued to say…”(他接着说道……)。
“go on to do sth.”是“接着干某事”的意思，也就是说，“(干完某件事后)接着再干另一件事”。例如：
He finished reading the text and then went on to write a composition.
他读完课文后，接着又写了一篇作文。
The old man had a drink of tea before he went on to tell the story.
老人喝了一口茶，然后接着讲故事。
注意“go on doing sth.”与“go on to do sth.”的区别：
go on to do sth.(后来)接着干某事(continue to do sth. later)，表示“干完某事后，接着再干另一件事”； go on doing sth. 继续不断地干某事 ( continue to do sth.
without a break)， 表示“某事未做完，继续做下去”。 试比较：
She went on reading Lesson 9 for half an hour.
第九课她连续不断地读了半小时。
She read Lesson 8 and then she went on to read Lesson 9.
她读完了第八课，接着就读第九课。
又如：Although he was tired, he went on working.
虽然疲乏了，他仍然继续干工作。
After a short rest he went on to work. 短暂休息之后，他接着干工作了。
(2) be sure about/of确信；对于……有把握。例如：
“Are you sure about your answer?”——“No, I'm not sure about it.”
“你对你的答案有把握吗?”——“没有把握。”
Look up the word in the dictionary if you are not sure about its meaning.
如果你对某个词的词义没有把握，你就该查查字典。
I'm sure of my success in the exam this time. 这次我有把握通过考试。
6. In the years that followed, Marx kept on studying English and using it. (= In the following years Marx continued to study English and use it.) 在随后的几年中，马克思继续不断地学习和使用英语。
(1) “In the years that followed …” = “ In the following years…”(在随后的几年中……)。 句中“ that followed ”是定语从句，修饰先行词the years ， 关系代词that 在定语从句中作主语。
(2) “keep on doing sth.”的意思是“继续干某事”，相当于“continue to do sth.”或“go on doing sth.”。例如：
He kept on writing the report until midnight.
他连续不断地写报道，一直写到深夜。
The woodcutters kept on cutting the trees down when I went to the forest.
我到达森林的时候，伐木工人在连续不断地砍树。
“keep on doing sth.”中的on也可以省去，即“keep doing sth . ”， 其含义及用法基本不变， 二者可以换用。 但是，“keep on doing sth. ”中的- ing形式不可以用不定式代替，即不说“keep (on) to do sth.”。例如：
Why do they keep (on) laughing all the time?
他们为什么老是笑个不停?(不说keep on to laugh)
I have learned about 1, 000 words, but I keep (on) forgetting some of them.
我大约学了一千个单词， 可是有些单词老是记不住。 ( 不说keep to forget)
7. In the 1870s, when Marx was already in his fifties, he found it important to study the situation in Russia, so he began to learn Russian. (= In the years from 1870 to 1879, when Marx was aged between 50 and 59, he realized that it was important for him to study the situation in Russia, so…) 在十九世纪七十年代，马克思已经五十多岁了， 他觉得研究俄国的形势很重要，于是他开始学习俄语。
(1) in the 1870s=in the years from 1870 to 1879 十九世纪七十年代 ( 即从1870年到1879年的十年间 ) 。又如 : in the 1980s = in the years from 1980 to 1989 二十世纪八十年代。1870s也可写作1870's(读作eighteen seventies)，1980s也可写作1980's(读作nineteen eighties)。
(2) in his fifties=when he was aged between 50 and 59
(当他五十多岁的时候)。“(be) in one's+基数词的复数形式”表示“(某人)几十多岁”。例如：
Her grandparents are in their seventies. 她的祖父母都七十多岁了。
Karl Marx began his revolutionary work in his twenties.
卡尔•马克思二十多岁就开始从事革命工作。
(3), …he found it important to study the situation in Russia.
这是一个带形式宾语it的句子，它的句型是：
vt.+it+adj.+to do sth.能用于这个句型的及物动词(vt. ) 有find,feel,make,think等，代替形式主语it 的真正主语是后面的不定式短语(to do sth.)。例如：
Marx found it necessary to leave his homeland for Belgium.
马克思觉得有必要离开故乡到比利时去。
He found it pleasant to work with Engels. 他觉得同恩格斯一道工作很愉快。
I think it possible to master the language in a shorter time.
我认为在更短的时间内掌握这种语言是有可能的。
Do you feel it difficult to understand the BBC news broadcast?
你觉得听懂BBC新闻广播很难吗?
8. In one of his books， Marx gave some advice on how to learn a foreign language. 马克思在他写的一本书里对如何学习外语提出了一些建议。
(1) 句中的“give (sb.) advice on/about sth. ”结构的意思是“给(某人)提出有关某事的建议”。其中的advice 是不可数名词。 表示“一次建议 / 忠告”不说 an advice，应说 a piece of advice；表示“多项建议/忠告”不说many advices，应说many pieces of advice或some advice。例如：
I hope you'll give us some advice on our English study.
我希望你对我们的英语学习提点建议。
I gave her a piece of advice about her teaching work but she didn't take it.
我给她提了一点有关她的教学工作的意见，但她没有接受。
(2) 句中的“how to learn a foreign language”是“疑问句+不定式短语”的结构，在本句中用作介词on的宾语。这类结构还可以用作主语或宾语。例如：
I'd like to hear your advice on how to improve my pronunciation.
我想听听你关于改进我发音的意见。
You'd better ask your teacher for his/her advice
about how to study English grammar.
关于如何学习英语语法的问题，你最好征求老师的意见。
When to start is still a problem. 何时动身现在还是一个问题。
We haven't decided where to spend the holiday. 我们还没有决定在哪儿度假。
9. If they do this, it shows they have not mastered it. 如果他们这样做，那就说明他们并没有掌握外语。
“If they do this …”是承接上下文而来的， 意思是“ If they translate everything into their own language…”。本段最末一句也有类似的省略法：“If they cannot do this…”=“If they cannot forget all about their own …”。例如：
Keep on practicing. If you do this, you'll be successful in your language learning.
继续不断地练习。如果你这样做， 你在语言学习方面就会取得成功。
You must encourage her. If you don't do this, she'll lose heart.
你得鼓励她。如果你不这样做，她会灰心丧气的。
Step 6. Discussion
Get the students to discuss the question:
How can you learn English well, what should you do?
Step 7. Workbook
Get the students to do Ex.2 and 3 in the workbook exercises individually and then check the answers with the class.
Homework
(1) Finish off the exercises of Lesson 82 in the workbook.
(1) Revise the key points of this lesson.
Lesson 83 How Marx Learned Foreign Languages
Step 1. Revision
(1) Check the homework exercises.
(2) Revise the contents of Lesson 82.
Step 2. Presentation
T: We’ve learned that Karl Marx was a man of great talent for languages. He was also one of the leading spirits of the International working Men’s Association. Please listen to the tape and find the answer to the Q:
What did Marx write together with Engels during 1840s?
Step 3. Reading
Go over the text quickly and do Ex. 1. Check the answers with the whole class.
T: Read the text again and try to write notes in the spaces below. (Part 2)
The purpose of this part is to give you practice in reading a text and writing down the information required, without writing down complete sentence. You must find the information from the passages in Lessons 82 and 83. Make sure you only need to write the simple notes, not sentences.
Name: ___ Born: ___
Studied at: ___ 　　Lived in: ___ 　Moved to London in: ___ Wrote (books): Wrote articles about: Studied (languages):___ Political idea: __
The teacher should go round the class to check progress. Stop the Ss from writing sentences. Check the answers with the whole class. After checking the answers, let the Ss practise in pairs. Ask the Ss to precise Part 2, try to use the complete sentences.
Now tell the students to skim the text and generalize the text by telling the main idea of the three parts.
Step 4. Language difficulties
1. He received his doctor's degree in April 1841. 1841年4月他获得博士学位。doctor's degree博士学位。 这是大学授予的最高学位。 学位 ( degree) 有三种：最低的学位是学士(Bachelor)，大学本科毕业后一般都可以获得学士学位；进一步是硕士(Master)，硕士学位是学习研究生课程后， 或者做出了有创造性的成就， 或者写出了某种有价值的文章或学位论文后，才有可能获得；再进一步是博士(Doctor)， 博士学位需要有更高的造诣和研究成果方可获得。
2. He wrote articles on many subjects. 他写的文章涉及许多主题。
句中的介词on表示“在……方面的” 、“有关……的”，相当于about的意思。介词on/about 短语常放在article/book/information/report/speech/talk等名词之后， 表示“有关……的文章/书籍/信息/报告/演说/讲话”等。
例如：This is a report on the housing problems of the poor people.
这是一篇有关贫民住房问题的报告。
The professor gave us a talk on the development of computer science.
那位教授给我们做了一个有关计算机科学发展的报告。
Have you got any information on the car accident?
你得到有关这次车祸的讯息吗 ? 上述句中的介词 on 都可以用about替代。
3. He started a new programme called “communism”. 他提出了一个称之为“共产主义”的新纲领。
called “communism”是一个过去分词短语，用作定语， 相当于一个定语从句：which was called “communism”， 修饰前面的名词a new programme。例如：
A woman called Alice came to visit you this afternoon, but you were out.
一位名叫爱丽丝的女士今天下午来看过你，但是你不在。
This is a very famous book called the Communist Manifesto.
这是一本名著，叫作《共产党宣言》。
4. He and his wife had to move from one country to another.他和她的妻子不得不从一个国家移居到另一个国家。
from one country to another= from one country to another country(从一个国家到另一个国家)。 这个介词词组“from one…to another”是“从一个……到另一个……”的意思。例如：
The fight went on from one house to another. 进行了逐屋的争夺战。
They travelled from one city to another. 他们从一个城市旅行到另一个城市。
The bad news was passed quickly from one village to another.
这个不幸的消息很快地从一个村庄传到另一个村庄。
4. It closed with words that quickly became famous: “Working people of all countries, unite!” (= The last words in the manifesto were: “ Working people
of all countries, unite!”) 这本《宣言》结尾的话很快成了一句名言：“全世界无产者，联合起来!”
close with是“以……结束”的意思。例如：
A letter often closes with a phrase “Best wishes!”
信函常常以这样一句话来结束：“致以最好的祝愿!”
The radio broadcast often closes its programmes with “Thank you for listening!”
收音机的广播节目常常以“谢谢收听!”这句话来结束!
“close with”的反义词组是“begin with”， 意思是“以……开始”。例如：
The professor began his speech with a story and closed it with a poem.
教授的演说以讲故事开始，以朗诵诗结束。
The first part of the book begins with a question that puzzles the readers.
这本书的第一部分以一个使读者迷惑不解的问题开头。
Step 5. Writing
Let the Ss use the information from Part 2 to write a passage about the life of Karl Marx. They can use some phrases in their writing that they’ve learned.
Step 6. Workbook
Get the students to do the workbook exercises (Exx.2 and 3) individually and then check the answers with the class.
Homework
(1) Finish off the exercises of Lesson 83 in the workbook.
(2) Revise the attributive clause that we have just learned.
Lesson 84
Step 1. Revision
(1) Check the homework exercises.
(2) Revise the content of Lesson 83 and 84.
(3) Review the past perfect tense and past continuous tense.
Step 2. Listening
T: What do you know about Karl Marx when he was young?
S: He was working very hard, and he often went to the library.
T: Which library did he often go to? S: …
T: OK, now let’s hear a dialog between three people. One is a tourist guide, who is talking about Karl Marx. The other two are tourists, who want to find out some information about Karl Marx.
(2) While-listening:
① Play the tape for the students to answer the questions.
② Check the answers with the students.
(3) Post listening activity: get the students to talk about the listening passage.
Step 3. Checkpoints
Go through Checkpoint 21 with the students. Get the students to make sentences of their own using the useful expressions.
Explain about the differences between the past perfect tense and past indefinite tense:
语法要点：一是过去完成时态同一般过去时的区别：
过去完成时态(the past perfect tense) 与一般过去时态的区别(the past indefinite tense)：从时态结构上看，一般过去时态是由动词的过去式构成； 过去完成时态是由“had+过去分词”构成。 这一点是容易区别的。问题是在时态的概念上容易产生误解， 误认为过去完成了的动作就用过去完成时态， 殊不知这正是一般过去时态所表示的动作。例如：“他在学校学过一点英语。”(He learned some English at school.)。又如： “他上星期到达英国。” (He got to England last week.)。这两个句子中的动作发生在过去，都要用一般过去时态。 但如果表示“在他到英国之前就已经学过一些英语。 ”这里就有两个动作相对应而存在，一个是“到达”，一个是“学过”， 在他“到达”之前就“已学过”英语。“学过”在前， “到达”在后，前者要用过去完成时态(had learned)，后者要用一般过去时态，如下：
He had learned some English before he got to England.
应当注意：过去完成时态是一个相对的时态， 是与过去时间相对应而存在的时态， 它所表示的时间概念是“过去的过去”，只有在和过去某时或某动作相比较时才用到它。例如：
By the end of last term we had learned English for three years.
到上学期末，我们已经学过了三年英语。
When we arrived in London, they had moved to Belgium.
当我们到达伦敦时，他们早已搬到比利时去了。
He told the teacher that he had read the articles on the life of Karl Marx.
他告诉老师， 他已经读过有关卡尔•马克思生平的文章。
在连词before, after引导的从句中， 由于连词本身的意义已经说明主句和从句两个动作先后发生的关系， 因此两个动作都可以用一般过去时态。有时也可以使用过去完成时， 以强调动作的完成。例如：
After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.
马克思到英国后， 他努力学习以提高英语水平。
(如果要强调动作的先后，也可以用“After he had arrived in England，…”。)
Marx learnt some English before he got to England.
马克思到英国之前就学过一些英语。(如果要强调动作发生的先后，也可以用过去完成时态，即“Marx had learnt some English before…)
Step 4. Writing
SB 28, Part 2, Read the instructions and tell the students to put the verbs into correct tenses. Check the answers with the class.
Step 5. Writing
SB 28, Part 3, Read the instructions and tell the students to write a passage about a Chinese famous person. This work can be assigned as their homework.
Step 6. Workbook
Workbook Lesson 84 Ex.1~3 and the exercises in Unit 21 Revision. Get the students to do the exercises and then check the answers with the students.
Homework
(1) Finish off the exercises of Lesson 84 in the workbook.
(2) Revise the key points of this unit.
Evaluation of teaching:

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