unit 14 细说教材(人教版高二英语下册教案教学设计)
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Warming up
First actions while still at university in 1940.
1940年还在读大学时就开始参加运动。
点拨：while用法小结
while通常用作连词，用法如下:
1.在……期间，当……时候。相当于when。
e.g.1.He fell asleep while doing his homework.他做着做着功课就睡着了。
e.g.2.While in Vienna he studied music.
他在维也纳时学习音乐。
2.与……同时，相当于at the same time as。
e.g.1.While Mary was writing a letter,the children were playing outside.
玛丽写信时孩子都在外面玩儿。
e.g.2.He listens to the radio while driving to work.
他去上班一边开着车一边听音乐。
3.而，但是。用以表示对比或相反的情况。
e.g.1.I drink black coffee while he prefers it with cream.
我爱喝清咖啡而他喜欢加奶油的。
e.g.2.You like tennis,while I’d rather read.
你爱打网球，但我爱看书。
4.虽然，相当于although。
e.g.1.While I admit that there are problems,I don’t agree that they cannot be solved.
尽管我承认有问题存在，但我不同意说这些问题不能解决。
While the grandparents love the children,they are strict with them.
虽然祖父母们都爱他们的孩子，但却对他们要求严格。
while 还可以用作名词，意为“一段时间（a period of time）”。
e.g.1.She worked in a bank for a while before studying law.
她学法律之前在银行工作过一段时间。
e.g.2.It took a long while to do the work.
做这份工作花了许多时间。
常用短语:once in a while有时；偶尔
Helped to found the ANC Youth League in 1944.
1944年帮助建立了ANC青年团。
点拨：found
1.found (founded,founded)为及物动词，意为“建立,创立,创办”。
e.g.1.The college was founded in 1872.这所大学建立于1872年。
e.g.2.The rich businessman founded a hospital and a school in the town where he was born.
那个有钱的商人在他出生的城镇创办了一家医院和一所学校。
2.（与on,upon连用）建立在……基础上；以……为根据
e.g.1.This story is founded on/upon fact.
(喻)这故事是有事实依据的。
e.g.2.found a theory on firm evidence
根据确凿的证据创立理论
3.found,establish,organize,form这组动词的一般含义是“建立”“成立”或“组成”。
(1)found 所表示的“建立”或“成立”应当含有这样的意思:所建立的只是初步的，仍有待于进一步的发展和完善。
e.g.The famous monastery of St Bernard,which was founded in the eleventh century,lies about a mile away.
著名的圣•伯纳德修道院是11世纪建立的，它坐落在离这儿一英里的地方。
(2)establish 包含着奠定基础，但更强调持续地存在下去。
e.g.Brasilia has quickly established itself as the capital of the country.
巴西利亚很快被确立为国家的首都。
(3)organize虽然包含“建立”的意思，但更强调整个机构中应当有分工严密的各个下属单位，各自履行自己的职责，从而整个机构是一个有机的整体。
e.g.A search party was organized to look for the man trapped in the snow.
为了寻找在雪中被困的人，我们成立了一个搜索队。
(4)form含有“组成”或“构成”的意思，被“组成”或“构成”的东西必须具有外形，或者具有一定的结构，或者包含设计。如：to form a sentence,to form an idea,to form a group。
e.g.Parents and children form a family.父母和子女组成了一个家庭。
Led many peaceful actions during the 1950s.
20世纪50年代时领导过多次和平运动。
点拨：牢记下面几个短语的结构:
during/in the 1950s 在20世纪50年代时
in 1950 在1950年
in one’s fifties 在某人五十多岁的时候
Put in prison from 1962 till 1989.1962至1989年坐牢。
点拨：prison 几个常用短语如下:
be in prison 在狱中
come out of prison 出狱
escape from prison 越狱
be put in/into prison 被投入监狱
be sent to prison 被投入监狱
be kept in prison 被监禁
go to prison 入狱,被监禁
cast（throw）into prison下狱,投进监牢
be taken to prison 被关入监狱
注意，这里的prison没加任何冠词，指抽象含义，加上冠词the，指具体的建筑物或地方，像这样的名词还有school,bed,sea,hospital,town,church,class,college,university,market,work。
e.g.1.King was put in prison,saying,“We have waited 340 years for our rights!”
金被关进监狱，他说，“我们已经为我们的权利等待了340年！”
e.g.2.In 1948 he left college to be a minister in the church.
1948年他大学毕业，成了基督教堂的牧师。
e.g.3.Did you attend church last Sunday?上个星期天你去做礼拜了没有？
Listening
While listening to the tape you will hear that…are repeated a few times…
听磁带的时候，你会听到……被重复几次。
点拨：这里的while listening为省略句，完整结构应为:While you are listening to…在时间或条件状语从句中，如果主语与主句的主语相同或者从句的主语是it，且从句中有be动词的各种形式，这样从句的主语和be动词可以省略。
e.g.1.You must be careful when (you are) crossing the street.
过马路时你务必小心。
e.g.2.When (she was) told the news,she got very excited.
当得知这个消息时，她很激动。
e.g.3.We can go there if (it is) necessary.
如果有必要，我们可以去那里。
e.g.4.Give him a hand if (it is) possible.如果可能的话，帮一帮他。
点拨：a few times 几次。time既可以作可数名词用，也可作不可数名词。用法如下:
1.[U] 时间
e.g.1.We have no time to lose.我们不能耽误时间了。
e.g.2.I spent most of my time in sightseeing.
我大部分时间都用在观光游览上了。
e.g.3.My youngest daughter has just learnt to tell the time.
我最小的女儿刚学会看表。
2.[C] 次数，次，回
e.g.1.He failed his driving test five times.他考驾驶执照五次都没及格。
e.g.2.My doctor told me to take the medicine three times a day.
医生告诉我一天服用三次药。
3.[C] 常用复数。时代，时期。
e.g.The story happened in Stuart times/in the times of the Stuarts.
这个故事发生在斯图亚特王朝时代。
4.times 倍:用来表示某物被乘或除的次数
e.g.1.This tree is three times taller than that one.这棵树比那棵树高三倍。
e.g.2.My library is many times smaller than hers.我的藏书比她的少好几倍。
5.time还可以用作动词,选择（某事）的时机，安排……的时间
e.g.1.You’ve timed your holiday cleverly—the weather’s at its best.
你真会选度假时间——正是天气最好的时候。
e.g.2.His remark was well timed.他说的话正合时宜。
6.为……计时，记录……的时间;测定完成某一过程的最终时间。
e.g.1.This egg is hard—you didn’t time it properly.
这鸡蛋煮老了——你没掌握好火候。
e.g.2.Now,let me time you.来， 我来为你记时。
time的常用短语:
time and space 时间和空间
hard times 艰苦时代
for the first time 第一次
It’s time for lunch. 午饭时间到了。
time a runner 记录赛跑者的时间
against time 以最快的速度,争分夺秒地
ahead of one’s time 跑在时代前头
ahead of the times 跑在时代前头
ahead of time 提前
all the time 一直;始终;老是
as time goes on 随着时代的推移
at a time 一次;同时;一下子;每次
(at)any time 随时;无论何时
at no time 永不……,在任何时候都不
at one time (过去)有个时期;曾经,一度
at the same time在同时;一面……一面又
at one’s time of life 在这个年纪
at the time 当时,在那个时候
at times 有时,偶尔,不时
from time to time 时常;有时
have a good time 尽情愉快地玩;玩得愉快
(It is) high time 是……的时候,正是应该……的时候
kill time 消磨时间;浪费时间
My four children will one day live in a…where they will not be judged by the…
有一天我的四个孩子将生活在……在那里人们不会根据肤色来评判他们……
点拨：judge是本单元学习的一个重要词汇，词义多，用法灵活，现总结如下:
1.judge vt. & vi. judged,judging审判；审理;裁判;评论；评判；判断
e.g.1.Who will judge the next case?谁将审理下一个案子?
e.g.2.Who’s judging the races?谁是比赛的裁判？
e.g.3.Can you judge which shoes are best?你能鉴定哪双鞋子最好吗?
e.g.4.As far as I can judge,they are all to blame.据我判断，他们都有责任。
2.judge用作名词，意为“法官，审判官，裁判员，评判员，鉴赏家，鉴定家”。
e.g.The case came before Judge Cooper last week.该案上周呈交库珀法官审理。
请同学们注意在用分词表达“由……而判断”这一用法时，judge用现在分词的形式，属于垂悬结构。
e.g.Judging from/by previous experience,he will be late.
根据以往经验来看，他会迟到。
Martin Luther King,Jr dreamt of the day when…
小马丁•路德•金梦想着这么一天，在那时……
点拨：1.dream可以用作名词
(1)sth.which one seems to see or experience during sleep 梦
e.g.1.Good night—sweet dreams! 晚安——祝你做个好梦！
e.g.2.I had a strange dream last night.昨天晚上我做了一个奇怪的梦。
(2)mental picture(s) of future理想，梦想
e.g.1.The boy had dreams of becoming a hero.这个男孩梦想成为英雄。
e.g.2.To spend holidays by the sea was his dream.在海滨度假是他想往的事。
(3)beautiful or pleasing person,thing,experience,etc.美丽或美好的人或事物
e.g.1.She looked like a perfect dream.她长得真美。
e.g.2.Their new house is a real dream.他们的新房子真是棒极了。
2.dream用作动词（dreamed 或 dreamt,dreaming）。意为“做梦；梦见；幻想；梦想”。常用“dream of/about sth./of doing sth.”的形式。
e.g.1.I dreamt about my teacher last night.昨天夜里我梦见我的老师了。
e.g.2.I dream of being the best footballer in the town.
我梦想成为全城最好的足球队员。
e.g.3.I never said that!You must have been dreaming!
我从未说过那话，你一定是在做梦。
3.常用短语
dream up 凭空想出；凭空臆造
dream on 痴心妄想
dream a happy dream 做了一个快乐的梦
dream away one’s life 虚度一生
beyond sb.’s dream 超过某人的期望
be/live in a dream 像做梦一样;梦一样的过日子
Speaking
He worked as a farmer.他的工作是一名农场主。
点拨：as一词用法非常灵活，现将高中阶段习惯用法总结如下:
1.adv.（副词）
同等地，一样地:同一限度或程度地
e.g.This dress is twice as expensive as that.这件连衣裙比那件贵一倍。
2.conj.（连接词）
(1)像，如同:同等的程度或量，常用作关联词置于so 或as之后。
e.g.The situation is not so bad as you suggest.
情形不像你说的那样糟。
(2)in the same manner or way that:以同样方式，以同样方法
e.g.1.Do as I say and sit down.照我说的，坐下。
e.g.2.Leave it as it is.保持原状,不要动它。
(3)(at the same time that;while) 同时；当……时
e.g.1.I slipped on the ice as I ran home.我跑回家时在冰上滑了一跤。
e.g.2.He dropped the glass as he stood up.他站起来时，把杯子摔了。
(4)(for the reason that;because) 由于；因为
e.g.I went to bed early,as I was exhausted.
我睡得早，因为我筋疲力尽了。
(5)（although）尽管；即使；虽然。用于形容词或副词之后，引导让步状语从句。
e.g.1.Young as I am,I already know what career I want to follow.
我虽然还小，可是对要从事的职业已胸有成竹了。
e.g.2.Try as he would,he couldn’t open the door.
他试过多次了，却仍打不开那门。
(6)(with the result that) 结果
e.g.He was so foolish as to lie.他太傻才会撒谎。
3.pron.（代词）相当于that;which;who。用在same 或 such 后，引导定语从句。
e.g.I received the same grade as you did.
我和你得分一样。
4.prep.（介词）
(1)(in the role,capacity,or function of) 以……的身份，作为:充当角色、身份或功能。
e.g.They entered the building dressed up as cleaners.
他们化装成清洁工人的模样进入大楼。
(2)（when or while sb. is…）当某人是（某身份）的时候
e.g.1.As a child she was sent to six different schools.
她儿时前后上过六所学校。
e.g.2.As a child,he lived in America.他小时候住在美国。
5.常用短语:
so as not to 以便不,免得
so as to 这(那)样……以致
so long as 只要
as for 至于;就……方面说来
as if/though 好像……似的;仿佛……一样
as it is 事实上,实际上;照现在的样子
as they are 事实上,实际上;照现在的样子
as it were 仿佛,好像,可以说
as many (much) as 到……程度;多达;和……一样多
as to谈到;关于；至于
as well 同样;也
as well as 也;又
…a law was made to forbid people to help runaway slaves
制定了一部法律来禁止人们帮助出逃的奴隶。
点拨：forbid 是一个不规则动词(forbad/forbade,forbidden)，其词义为order (sb.) not to do sth.;order that sth.should not be done;not allow 禁止；不许。forbid的常见用法有:
(1)forbid后跟复合结构。
e.g.1.My parents forbid me to stay out at night.我的父母不许我在外面过夜。
e.g.2.The doctor forbade him to smoke.医生禁止他抽烟。
(2)forbid后跟名词或代词作宾语。
e.g.The government decided to forbid the meeting.
政府决定禁止这次集会。
(3)forbid后跟动名词作宾语。
e.g.1.The manager forbids smoking during office hours.
经理不许上班时间抽烟。
e.g.2.They forbid walking on this grass.他们禁止践踏草坪。
(4)常见短语有:Forbidden City 紫禁城；forbidden fruit 禁果;forbidden zone禁区
Joined an action group to help runaway slaves in 1850.
1850年加入一个帮助出逃奴隶的行动小组。
点拨：join 一词作“加入”讲时，常用于以下结构:
(1)join sb.与某人在一起、会面或相见。
e.g.1.I’ll join you in a minute.我马上就来找你。
e.g.2.Ask him to join us for lunch.请他和我们一起吃饭。
e.g.3.Mary has just joined her family in Australia.
玛丽不久前刚和家人在澳大利亚团聚。
(2)join sth.参加(某组织)，加入(某处任职)。
e.g.join the army 参军 join a club 参加一个俱乐部
join the party 入党join a union参加工会
join in sth.参加(活动)，相当于take part in。
e.g.1.Can I join in the game?我参加这个游戏行吗？
e.g.2.They all joined us in singing the Christmas carols.
他们和我们一起唱圣诞颂歌。
Active in the women’s rights movement after the war.
战后积极参与女权运动。
点拨：be active in 积极参与……活动；热心于……活动
e.g.Though he’s quite old he’s still very active in the international movements for the rights of women.
他虽然老了，可仍然热心于国际妇女权益运动。
点拨：the women’s rights “妇女权益”，一般来说，名词作定语通常只用单数形式,如:child dancers 儿童舞蹈演员,animal rights 动物权利。但如果作定语的名词为man或woman则要作相应的改变，如:a man doctor 一位男医生,ten women teachers 十位女老师。
Reading
…Martin Luther King,Jr gave a speech to thousands of black people who marched on…
小马丁•路德•金向成千上万的游行的人们发表了一份演说……
点拨：1.speech可以作可数名词，意为“演说”(talk or address given in public)。
e.g.1.make/deliver/give a speech 发言，演说
e.g.2.He made a very boring after-dinner speech.
他在宴会后的讲话很枯燥。
2.speech作不可数名词用时，意为“语言，说话的能力，方式”等（power,manner,act of speaking）。
e.g.1.Our thoughts are expressed by speech.
我们的思想是用语言来表达的。
e.g.2.It is said that speech is silver while silence is gold.
人们说言语是银，沉默是金。
…blacks were not treated as equal citizens.
……黑人们没有被当作平等公民对待。
点拨：treat vt.(act or behave towards) 对待，待遇；（consider）视为，以为；（give medical or surgical care to ）治疗
e.g.1.Don’t treat me as a child (as if I were a child).不要把我当作小孩看待。
e.g.2.We had better treat it as a joke.我们最好把它当作笑话。
e.g.3.Which doctor is treating you for this trouble?
哪位医生在为你治疗这个病？
点拨：equal adj. n.& v.
(1)adj.(the same in size,amount,number,degree,etc.) (大小、数量、数目、程度等)相等的，同样的。常与to 或with连用。
e.g.1.All men are not equal in ability.人的能力并非都是一样的。
e.g.2.There should be equal pay for equal work.同工应同酬。
(2)n.(person or thing equal to another) 相等的人或物，匹敌，相等物。
e.g.1.Is he your equal in strength?他的力气和你一样大吗？
e.g.2.Let x be the equal of 6,then 3x is 18.设x与6相等，那么3x与18相等。
e.g.3.Mix with your equals or betters.与同你相等或比你好的人相交。
(2)vt.be equal to 等于，使相等。
e.g.1.He equals me in strength but not in intelligence.
他和我力气相等，但智力不等。
e.g.2.If x equals 7,then 4x equals 28.设x 等于7，那么4x等于28。
There were separate sections for blacks in ships,restaurants,hospitals,and on buses and trains.
在商店、餐厅、医院、公共汽车和火车上都有专为黑人设置的隔离区。
点拨：在本句中separate为形容词，意思是“单独的，分开的”。
e.g.1.The children sleep in separate beds.孩子都睡在各自的床上。
e.g.2.They lead separate lives.他们各自单独生活。
separate还可用作动词，意思是“(使事物或人与人)分离，分开”，常与介词from搭配。
e.g.1.This patient should be separated from the others.
这个病人应该隔离。
e.g.2.The branch has separated from the trunk of the tree.
这个树枝已从树干上脱落了。
e.g.3.England is separated from France by the Channel.
英国和法国之间隔着英吉利海峡。
Often the blacks were not allowed into hotels,schools or libraries at all.
通常黑人根本就不允许进入旅馆、学校和图书馆。
点拨：allow sb.in 意为“允许某人进入”。
e.g.She won’t allow the children in(to the house) until they’ve wiped their shoes.
孩子们不把鞋擦干净，她就不让他们进(屋)。
类似用法还有:allow sb.out 允许某人离开;allow sb.up 允许某人起来
e.g.The patient was allowed up after 10 days.病人十天以后才允许起来。
King fought for political rights for black people in the USA.By doing this he set an example to the rest of the world.
金为美国黑人的政治权利而斗争，从而为世界其他地区树立了榜样。
点拨：set an example to 或 set sb.an example 为……树立榜样
e.g.1.The headmaster likes to arrive early at school to set the other teachers an example.
那位校长愿意早早到校，以身作则(是为其他老师树立榜样)。
e.g.2.Don’t do that;you’ll set a bad example to the children.
别那样做。你会给孩子树立一个坏榜样的。
example的常用短语:
for example 例如
follow sb.’s example 仿效他人的做法
He believed that he could achieve that goal by peaceful actions,not by violence.
他相信，可以通过和平革命达到社会变革的目的，而不通过暴力方式。
点拨：achieve:complete,reach by effort完成，达到。它的名词是achievement成就，功绩。
e.g.1.He will never achieve anything.他永远不会有成就。
e.g.2.The inventor was rewarded for his scientific achievements.
该发明家由于在科学方面的成就而受到奖励。
This ‘Wait’ has almost always meant ‘Never’.
这种‘等候’几乎总是意味着‘永远不’。
点拨：mean表示“有……意图、打算”，后面可以跟名词、代词、不定式以及不定式的复合结构。例如:
（1）mean+sth.
e.g.1.Anybody can see that he meant no harm.
任何人都能看出来他没有恶意。
e.g.2.What does this sentence mean?这句子是什么意思？
（2）mean to do sth.打算做某事。相当于plan to do,intend to do。
e.g.I didn’t mean to be rude to you.我没打算对你无礼。
（3）mean sb.to do sth.打算让某人做某事。
e.g.I didn’t mean you to read the letter.我没打算让你读这封信。
（4）mean doing sth.意味着
e.g.This new order will mean working overtime.
这一新订单意味着得加班加点。
It was during the“March on Washington DC”in 1963 that he gave the speech“I Have a Dream”,…
他是在1963年“华盛顿游行”时发表了那篇演讲《我有一个梦想》，……
点拨：本句为强调句，强调句的基本结构为:It is/was+强调部分+that/who/whom+其他部分。
e.g.1.It was twenty years ago that I met him for the first time.
我第一次遇到他是在二十年前。
e.g.2.It is Li Lei who comes to school early every day.
每天早到学校的是李雷。
e.g.3.It is him whom you should make an apology to.
你应该向他道歉。
Writing
…,your arguments have to make sense.你的论点要能够讲得通。
点拨：make sense的意思是:
(1)有意义，有道理，讲得通
e.g.What you say makes no sense.你说的话没有道理。
(2)明智的，合情理的
e.g.1.It doesn’t make sense to buy that expensive coat when these cheaper ones are just as good.
这些便宜的大衣也很好，何必非买那件贵的不可。
e.g.2.It would make sense to leave early.还是早点儿走好。
注意区别make sense 和make sense of。make sense of 的意思是“理解或弄懂困难的事物”。
e.g.1.This sentence doesn’t make any sense.这个句子说不通。
e.g.2.I can’t make sense of this sentence.我看不懂这句话。
Then,when you are sorting your arguments,pros and cons,….
然后，当你在整理你的论点，赞成和反对的意见时，……
点拨：本句中sort用作动词，意思是“将事物分类；整理”。
e.g.1.He was sorting his foreign stamps.他正在整理外国邮票。
e.g.2.We must sort out the good apples from the bad.
我们得把好苹果拣出来，同坏的分开。
sort还可用作名词，意思是“种类，类型”。
e.g.1.all sorts of 各种各样的
e.g.2.What sort of paint are you using?你用是哪种颜料？
Writing
写作指导:
这是一封书信，写作时请注意英文书信的格式。
下面词组会帮助你完成此文
thank you for… have been reading the book
final exam get good marks
go to college go to New York
hope to meet friends
Grammar
语法:The Passive Voice
(一)英语有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者，其构成为be+过去分词。
e.g.1.She typed a letter.(主动)
e.g.2.A letter was typed by her.(被动)
e.g.3.Granny takes care of the girl.(主动)
e.g.4.The girl is taken care of by Granny.(被动)
(二)被动语态各种时态形式表:
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态
现在


过去

had been asked
将来

过去
将来

(三)主动形式表示被动意义的几种情况
1.某些感官动词和系动词加形容词可以表示被动意义，如look,smell,taste,feel,prove, wear,
sound等。
e.g.1.The flower smells sweet.花闻起来很香。
e.g.2.The dish tastes delicious.菜吃起来非常可口。
e.g.3.The cloth feels very soft.这种布摸着很柔软。
2.某些及物动词后加副词也可以表示被动意义，如wash,write,sell,read,open,cut,clean, raw,
tear等。
e.g.1.This type of record sells well.这种型号的录音机销路很好。
e.g.2.That kind of shirt washes very well.这种衬衫很经洗。
e.g.3.Nylon dries quickly.尼龙织物干得快。
3.want,need,require 和be worth等词的后面可以用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。
e.g.1.The book is worth reading.这本书值得一读。
e.g.2.The coat requires mending.大衣需要补了。
e.g.3.My hair wants cutting.我的头发该剪了。
e.g.4.The children need looking after.孩子们需要照看。
注意:上述句型中例2,3，4还可以改为被动形式。
e.g.1.The coat requires to be mended.
e.g.2.My hair wants to be cut.
e.g.3.The children need to be looked after.
4.某些作表语的形容词后，用不定式主动形式表示被动意义。
e.g.1.The fish is not fit to eat.这种鱼不适于食用。
e.g.2.This kind of man is hard to work with.这种人很难共事。
e.g.3.The passage is difficult to read.这篇文章很难读懂。

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