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1.manners 与manner的用法
1）复数形式manners意思是“礼貌；礼节；规矩；风俗”。如：
His good manners were praised by his teachers. 他的彬彬有利受到了老师的称赞。He has no manners at all.他一点也不讲礼貌。
2）manner的意思是“方式；方法；举止；态度”。如：
He spoke in such a manner as to hurt their feeling. 他讲话的态度伤害了他们的感情。She has a very easy manner. 她的举止落落大方。
2. for the first time“第一次”
l)for the first time 是介词短语，意为“第一次”，在句中作状语。如
On that day the old scientist took us to the physics lab for the first time. 那一天，那位老科学家第一次带我们去物理实验室。
2）the first time也可相当于一个连词，引导时间状语从句，也表示“第一次”。如：
The first time we met, he answered a lot of question. 我们第一次见面时，他回答了许多问题。
3)"This is/was the first ( second, third. . .) time that"句型中，that从句要用完成时，表示“这是第一（二、三……）次做—…•了”。如：
This is the first time that I have been here.这是我第一次来这里。
3.Knowing them will help you make a good impression. 懂得他们有助于你留下一个好印象。
Knowing them 为动名词短语，在句中作主语。用动名词作主语时，我们要注章以下两点：
1）动名词与不定式作主语的不同。
动名词作主语表示习惯性，泛指经常性、不具体的动作。而不定式作主语表示一次，特指未来、具体的动作。如：
Swimming will do good to you.游泳对你有好处。 Reading builds the mind. 读书可以发展智力。
To remember these words today is our main task. 今天记住这些单词是我们的主要任务。
To go to town tomorrow is necessary. 明天进城是必要的。
2）动名词作主语时所使用的句型
在“There is no +主语”和“It's no use ( no good, useless) +主语”中，要用动名词作主语，而不用不定式。如：There is no stopping him. 无法阻止他。It' s no use quarrelling about the question. 争吵这个问题没有用。
4. The knife and fork that are closest to your plate are a little bit bigger than the ones beside them. 离你的盘子最近的刀叉比在它们旁边的刀叉稍大一点。
a little bit在此为程度状语，修饰比较级 bigger。比较等级前的修饰语还有：
1）修饰原级用：fairly, pretty, quite, rather, so, too, very 等。如：The test is fairly easy. 测验相当容易。
2) 对比较级的修饰语：a little ( bit ),slightly, any, some“一点点，稍微”many, much, a lot, far, by far“…得多”even, still “更（甚）…”如：
I think maths is much less interesting than art.我认为数学远没有美术有趣．
3）修饰最高级用：by far, much, almost, nearly或序数词。He is by far the tallest among us. 他在我们这些人中间个子最高。
注意：by far修饰最高级时置于最高级之前，但是却要位于比较级之后（比较级 前有定冠词时则置于比较级之前），且不与than连用。如：This one is better by far.这个要好得多。
5.start 和 start with以及 to start with 的区别。
1)意为“开始”，后跟名词、动名词和不定式.如： He's just started a new job 他刚刚开始一项新工作。She started making money for herself.她开始为自己赚钱。When did you started to learn English. 你是什么时候开始学英语的？
2)start with由意为“以…为开始，先从…做起”。如：He advised me to start with something easy. 他建议我从容易的事做起。
The first word of a sentence should start with a capital letter. 句子的第一个单词应以大写字母开始。
3) to start with 意为“起初、首先、第一”，在句中作状语，后不跟任何宾语。如：
Our group had five members to start with.我们小组开始时只有五个人。
To start with, we haven' t enough money, and secondly we' re too busy. 一来我们的钱不够，二来我们没有时间。
To start with, we had many difficulties, but later on, we had help from the teachers.开始，我们困难重重，但后来我们得到了老师的帮助。
6. for a moment, for the moment, in a moment, at any moment, at the moment 的区别。
1)for a moment “片刻，一会儿”。如：
He was silent for a moment. 他沉默了一会儿。Won't you come in for a moment? 你不进来呆会吗？
2)for the moment “暂时，一时”。如：
I can't recall his name for the moment. 我一时想不起他的名字。Stop writing for the moment, please. 请暂时不要写了。
3)in a moment “立刻”、“马上”、“很快”。如：
Hurry up, the lecture will start in a moment. 快点，报告马上就要开始了。He will come in a moment.他一会就到。
4)at any moment “随时”、“任何时候”。如：
You can ask him for help at any moment. 我们随时都可以请他帮忙。They are ready to start at any moment. 他们随时准备出发。
5)at the / this moment“目前、此刻”。如：
I can't afford a house at the moment.我目前还买不起一座房子。They are reading at this moment.他们此刻正在读书。
7.... but only one bowl of soup and never ask for a second serving…但仅仅一碗汤，千万别要第二碗。
序数词前用定冠词只表示一层意思，即“第几”。如：This is the fifth English class of this term.这是本学期第五节英语课。
而序数词前用不定冠词则有两层意思：除表示“第几”，还表示“再”、“又”，即在原有基础上的再增加。如：
You can have a second try if you fail the first time 如果你第一次失败了，你可以再试一次。
请再比较以下句子：
He cast his net a second time, and draw in an old basket full of sand. He cast it a third time, and draw in a lot of stones. 他又撒了第二网，收回来的是一个塞满沙子的破篮子。他再撒了第三网，收回来好多石头。
8. It is polite to finish eating everything on your plate...…吃完你盘子里的所有东西是有礼貌的。
It在句中作形式主语，真正的主语为to finish eating everything on your plate。作主语的不定式较长时，常用作形式主语，而将真正作主语的不定式短语移到句尾，以保持句子结构平衡。这种以it代替不定式作形式主语的常见句型有以下四种：
1)It be + adj./n. to do sth.
It is important to read the instruction before you use the machine. 使用这台机器前，看说明书是很重要的。
It is a great pleasure to talk with him. 和他谈话是一件非常高兴的事。
2) It be + adj. + for sb. to do sth.
这一句型中的形容词是表示客观情况的easy, difficult, hard, cheap, expensive , dangerous, important, impossible, interesting, necessary, useful等。如：
It' s not hard for one to do a bit of good.一个人做点好事并不难。It's necessary for you to buy a new car.你必须买一辆新车。
3) It is + adj. of sb. to do sth.
此句型中的形容词是表示人的特征、状态或性质的 foolish, silly, stupid, clever, wise, kind, nice, lazy, polite, impolite, careless, honest, brave, proud 等。如：It' s kind of you to help me with my English. 你帮我学英语真是太好了。
It is unwise of him to go there alone, 他一个人去那里是不明智。
4) It takes sb. some time to do sth. It costs sb. some money to do sth. 如：
It took her three hours to mend her bike. 她修自行车花了三个小时。It will cost you S 50 to fly to Paris. 飞往巴黎的票价为50美元。
9. besides, except 的区别 besides, except 都可作“除……之外”讲，但含义不同。
1)besides表示“除……以外，还有”，含义是肯定的。如：
Besides English, I also know French and German.除了英语，我还懂法语和德语。
What did you do yesterday besides reading some books? 你昨天除了读书还做了什么？
besides 还可以用作副词，意为“除此之外”，“此外”，“而且”。如：
Those shoes are very expensive, and besides, they're too small.那些鞋子太贵了，此外，还太小了。
It's too late to go to the movie. Besides, it's raining. 现在去看电影太晚了，何况天还在下雨。
2)except表示“从整体中除去一部分”，含义是否定的。如：
The teacher answered all the questions except the last one. 除了最后一个问题外，老师回答了所有的问题。
I had nothing to put on except a dirty coat. 除了一件肮脏的上衣外，我没什么可穿了。
10. Foreigners joining a Chinese dinner party should know and follow Chinese table manners.出席中国宴会的外宾应该懂得并遵守中国的餐桌礼貌。
joining a Chinese dinner party 为现在分词作定语，它与所修饰的词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系，相当于一个主动语态的定语从句(who joins a Chinese dinner) 如：
Light coming (which comes) from the stars is bent as it passes the sun. 来自恒星的光经过太阳时是弯曲的。
Who is the boy standing (that is standing) at the gate? 站在门口的男孩是谁？
11. ...before the meal is served在饭端上来之前
l)serve在此意为“招待；端上；摆出”。如：What may I serve you with?（营业员问顾客用语）您要些什么？
Dinner is served. 饭已准备好了。The restaurant serves nice food.这家饭馆供应的饭不错。
2)serve还有“为…服务”之意，注意其后不能加介词for。由它派生的名词后面往往加介词to。
Make the past serve the present and foreign things serve China. 古为今用。洋为中用。
We should learn from his spirit of wholehearted service to the people.我们应该学习他全心全意为人民服务的精神。
12.... you were feeling very tired. 你感到非常累。
feel在此意为“感到”，它和look，smell，sound，taste一样，为表了感觉的系动词。它们的共同点是：后跟形容词作表语，以主动形式表示被动含义。又如：What 's wrong with you? You don't look well today. 你怎么啦？你今天看起来脸色不好。
The room facing to the west feels hot in summer and cold in winter. 面向西的那个房间夏天感到热，冬天感到冷。
【语法点评］
非限制性定语从句
一、经常使用非限制性定语从句的场合
1．先行词为独一无二的物体时。如：The sun, which rises in the east, gives us heat and light.太阳从东边升起，给我们发出光和热。
2．先行词是指物的专有名词时。如：
The Great Wall, which is called in Chinese "The Ten = Thousand Li Great Wall" , is actually more than 6,000 kilometers long.
长城，中国人称作“万里长城”，实际上 6，000多公里。
3．先行词指物且被指示代词或人称代词所修饰时。如：This is her house, which was built last year. 这是她的房子，是去年建的。
4.定语从句修饰整个主句时。如：He is from America, which I know from his accent. 他是美国人，这一点我从他的口音可以断定。
二、非限制性定语从句引导词的选择
1．关系代词的选择
1）非限制性定语从句的关系代词不能用that。指人时，如引导词做主语用who、作宾语用whom；指物时要用which.注意卿使引导词作宾语也不能省略。如：
Mr. Zhang, who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of my father's. 张先生昨天来看我，他是我父亲的一位老朋友。（作主语）
Miss Howe, whom you met at the station, is from America. 豪小姐是美国人，你在车站见过她。（作宾语）
The Great Wall of China, which was built by ancient Chinese people, is regarded as one of the few wonders of the world. 长城是古代中国人民修建的，它被看作是世界上为数不多的奇迹之一。
2）as和which的选择
as和which都可用来引导非限制性定语从句，来指代整个主句的内容。非限制性定语从句位于句末、且as或 which在从句中作主语、宾语或表语时，两者常可互换。如：
She failed in the exam, which/ as was natural.他考试没及格，这很自然。（作主语）
He is an honest boy, which/ as anybody can see. 任何人都能看得出来，他是个诚实的孩子。（作宾语）
The man seemed a German, which/ as in fact he was. 那个人似乎是个德国人，实事上他就是德国人。（作表语）
但要注意以下区别：
①如非限制性定语从句位于主句之前或插在主句之中时，只能用as。如。
As we have seen, oceans cover more than 70 percent of the earth. 我们已经看到，海洋占地球面积的百分之七十多。
This kind of computer, as is well-known, is out of date. 众所周知，这种计算机现在已经过时了。
②as在从句中作主语，后面常跟行为动词的被动式； which在从句中作主语，后常跟行为动词的主动式。如：
She has been late again, as was expected. 她又迟到了，这在预料之中。
It rained hard yesterday, which prevented me from going to the park. . 昨天雨下得很大，使我无法去公园。
Kate always tells a lie, which her parents find strange. 凯特总是说谎，她父母觉得这很奇怪。
③当从句和主句语义一致时用 as，表“正如”；反之用which。如：
The thief came again, as was expected. 小偷又一次来了，这是预料之中的。（语义一致）
The elephant is like a snake, which is not right. 大象像一条蛇，这是不对的。（语义不一致）
④as用常用在as often happens, as was pointed out, as was said above, as I remember, as I understand等结构中。如：
Jack has won the first prize, as often happens .像往常一样，杰克获得了一等奖。
2．关系代词和关系副词的选择
在非限定性定语从句中，关系代词和关系副词的选择方法和限制性定语从句一样：引导词在从句中作主语或宾语时，用关系代词；作状语时用关系副词。如：
I want to buy the house, which has a garden. . 我想买那个房子，那个房子有一个花园。（作主语）
The place, which I visited before, has changed greatly. 这地方我以前来过，现在变化很大。（作宾语）
The story in the book takes place in Canada, where Doctor Bethune was born.书中故事发生在加大拿，白求恩大夫就是在那里出生的。（作状语）
3．关系副词和人称代词、指示代词的选择
选关系代词还是人称代词，关键是分清句子结构。如是非限制性定语从句（两句中间以逗号隔开，且无连词），用关系代词；如是并列句（全句中有连词、两句中间为句号或分号），用人称代词或指示代词。请试填：
① He has three sons, none of ____ is a doctor. ② He has three sons, ____ are doctors.
③ He has three sons, but none of ____ is a doctor. ④ He has three sons;____ are doctors.
A. whom B. them C. they D. who
题解：①、②两题中间为逗号且无连词，说明后句为非限制性定语从句③、④题为并列句。答案：ADBC .

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