高一英语重点词语用法《3》(新课标版高一英语教案教学设计)

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1.in和within的用法区别
in后接表示时间长度的名词,意为“过多少时间”或“在多少时间内”,有“不少于”之含意;within后可接表示时间长度或距离的名词,表示在“这一范围内”,有“不到”或“不超过”之意。如:
①The students will have mid-term exams in a few days' time.
过几天学生将要期中考试。
②He will be hack in a week. 他过一星期回来。
③ He finished drawing the horse in/within five minutes.
他五分钟内画完了那匹马。
④My uncle lives within ten minutes' walk.
我叔叔住在离这儿步行五分钟的地方。(不用in)
⑤Keep the dictionary within your reach.
把词典放在你够得着的地方。(不用in)
▲in表示“过多少时间”时,通常和一般将来时连用,如句①②:表示某一动作“在多少时间内”完成时通常用within,和一般将来时,一般现在时或一般过去时连用。
▲句①中 in a few days'time = in a few days. 如要说某一活动或事情离现在还有多少时间,一般说 in…time或 away。如:
⑥ Bob's birthday is in five days' time.=Bob's birthday is five days away.
过5天就是鲍勃的生日了。
2.on,over和above的用法区别 1)on表示在一物体上,强调两物相接触,over也表示在一物体上,但强调覆盖这一物体。试比较:
① She put her coat on the bed. 她把大衣放在床上。
② She put her coat over the sleeping baby.
她把大衣盖在那正在睡觉的孩子身上。
③There's a magazine lying open on the table.桌上有本杂志翻开着。
④There's a cloth over the table. 桌上摊着一块台布。
⑤ The woman lifted a big jar on her head.
那位妇女头上顶着一只大坛子。
⑥ She put her hands over her face. 她用手遮住脸。
▲ over表示“越过”某一高度,具有动态之意,on仅表示“处于……之上”,是静态。试比较:
⑦ They dragged heavy stones with ropes over their shoulders.
他们肩背绳索拖拽巨石。(绳在肩膀两边弯下去,不用on。)
⑧ To my horror, I saw, over my father's shoulder, a gorilla, the worst enemy of the soldier in Africa. 使我感到恐怖的是,从我父亲的肩膀上看过去,我发现非洲士兵最危险的敌人--------一只大猩猩。(视线越过肩膀后,一直向前方延伸,不用on. )
⑨ The farmers walked to their fields with hoes on their shoulders. 农民们肩上扛着锄头,向田地走去。(仅表示锄头所处的位置。是静态,用on,不用over. )
2)over和above都可以用来表示“高于”,相当于“higher than”。例如:
① The water came up over/above our knees.
水已涨至我们膝盖之上。
② Can you see the birds flying above/over the pear trees?
你看到那一片梨树上空飞翔的鸟吗?
▲如果要表示“覆盖”或“越过”,则用over。如:
③ There's thick cloud over the south of England.
英格兰南部地区一片乌云。
④ Electricity cables went over the fields.
电缆线越过田野。(这句也可以用across)
▲指数量时,我们一般用 over(=more than)表示“超过”,但如果指上下垂直的度量以及海拔高度时,要用above。试比较:
⑤ You have to be over 18 to see this film.
你得超过十八岁才能看这部电影。(不用above)
⑥ The temperature is three degrees above zero.
温度在零上三度。(不用over)
⑦ The mountain is over(=more than)4,000 metres above (higher than) sealevel.
那座山海拔有四千多米高。
▲over表示在某人或某物的正上方,反义词是under。above表示位置高于某人或某物。但不一定是正上方,反义词是below.
3.助动词do可用来加强语气
助动词do可用于一般现在时和一般过去时的肯定陈述句中,与动词
原形连用,以加强语气,在句中要重读。如:
① You do look nice today. 你今天看起来确实很漂亮。
②She does talk a lot, doesn't she? 她的确爱说话,不是吗?
③I did think he was right. 我确实认为他是对的。
④ She does speak well. 她的确讲得很好。
⑤ I don't take much exercise now, but I did play football quite a bit when I wasyounger. 我现在不怎么运动了,但是我年轻时的确很喜欢踢足球。
⑥ Do tell me what happened. 请务必告诉我发生了什么事。
⑦ Do have another photo! 请再来一份照片吧!
4.介词through和across的用法与区别
1)through为介词,既可指时间,也可指地点。指时间时表示“在(整整一段时间)中”,指地点时表示“通过,穿过经过”(常有较活的译法)。例如:
① Sometimes they have to work through the weekend.
有时候整个周末他们都得工作。
② All through the night, he waited for news from the front.
整整一夜他等候着前线的消息。
③ She walked rapidly through the rice-fields. 她快步穿过稻田。 ④ The sunlight was coming in through the window.
阳光从窗口照射进来。
⑤ The wind was cutting through his thin prison uniform like a knife.
寒风象一把刀子透过他薄薄的囚服刺入骨髓。
2)across 与 through 的区别:
这两个介词都有“穿过”的意思,但用法却有所不同。across的含义与on有关,表示动作在某一物体的表面进行,常指从宽度意义上讲的“横穿/跨”。through的含义与 in有关,表示动作在某物体的空间进行。例如:
① He hurried across the bridge to Waterloo. 他匆匆过桥到滑铁泸去了。
② The river flows through the city from west to east.
这条河从西向东流过这座城市。
5.love的用法
love是一个及物动词,意为“爱,热爱,喜欢”。其后通常可跟名词、代词、不定式、动词-ing形式作宾语。例如:
① We love our motherland. 我们热爱祖国。
② Love me, love my dog. (谚语)爱屋及乌。
③ He loves to go swimming. 他喜欢游泳。
④ Do you love playing table tennis? 你喜欢打乒乓球吗?
【注意】love后跟不定式作宾语,指一时,一次的动作,表示某一具体的行为。而跟动词-ing形式作宾语时,指经常性的动作,表示一般或抽象的行为。这类动词有:like,prefer,hate等。例如:
① He likes swimming, but he doesn't like to swim this afternoon.
他喜欢游泳,但今天下午他不想去了。
② I hate to trouble the old man today because I hate troubling old people.
我今天不愿打扰那位老人,因为我一向不愿打扰老年人。
▲另外,would/should love to= would like to。如:
③ I'd love to attend the meeting, but I'm too busy now.
我很愿意参加会议,但我现在太忙啦!
6.when用作并列连词
when用在并列连词,意为“这时突然;正在……时”。(=and then;andjust at that time),它所引导的并列句表示的动作发生在另一并列句中动词表示的动作之后。注意不能将when所引导的句子放在句首。例如:
① An Arab was walking along in the desert when he met two men.
一个阿拉伯人正独自在沙漠中走,这时他碰见两个人。
② I was just coming to see you when I ran into Wilson.
我正要去看你,这时我碰到威尔逊。
③ Peter was on his way home when two boys stopped him.
彼得正往家走,突然两个男孩拦住了他。
7.fly的用法
fly为不规则动词,其不规形式为flew,flown,flying。fly over,意为“越过,超越”。例如:
① The plane was flying over Denmark. 飞机正在飞越丹麦。
②He will fly to England next month. 下个月他将飞往英国。
8.请注意理解和掌握如下几个介词的用法
1)except表示“除……之外”,含有排他的涵义;besides表示“除……之外还有……”,有“附加”的涵义。如:
① He gets up early every day except Sunday.
他每天早起,除了星期天例外。
② He gets up early besides Sunday.
除了星期天外,其他日子他也早起。
2)except for和 except不同之处是:前者“除开”的部分和论述的部分通常不是同一类事物,而后者则为同一类事物。试比较:
① This article is easy to understand except for some idiomatic expressions.
这篇文章除了几处习惯用语外,是很容易懂的。
② Except this one, the other articles are easy to understand.
除了这篇文章,其他的文章都好懂。
3)except for含有“除……之外,其他都……”,“如果没有……那就”这样一层意思,而except单纯指“除……之外”。
此外 except that有“除……”之意,that后面所引导的从句通常作介
词except的宾语。例如:
① It's a very satisfactory hat, except that it doesn't fit me. 那顶帽子再好也没有了,就是大小对我不合适。
4)介词 but与 except同义,意为“除……之外”(not including),常放在any,every,no以及含有这些词的复合不定代词如 anybody,anyone,anything,anywhere,everybody,everyone,everything,everywhere,nobody,nothing,nowhere和no one,none,all等词后。例如:
① Nobody but Li Lei knew something about the result of the discussion.
除了李雷没有别人知道讨论的结果。 ② He has nothing in the handbag but a copy of dictionary.
他手提包里没有别的什么,只有一本字典。
5)but几乎是惟一可接带to的动词不定式作宾语的介词。注意:当句中的主要动词是属于to do一类动词时,则but后面用不带to的不定式,即:
“介词but前有个do,后面动词不定式不带to;介词but前没有do,后面的动词不定式带to”。例如:
① I couldn't do anything but sit there and hope.
除了坐等之外,我毫无办法。
② Then it has no choice but to lie down and sleep.
那么它就别无选择,只有躺下来睡觉。
9.形容词no对名词的否定及用法
1)no(形)+可数名词= not a或not any +可数名词。例如:
① There is no telephone in the building.
这座大楼里没有电话。
(There is not a telephone in the building.)
试比较:
2)no(形)+不可数名词或复数普通名词。例如:
① There is (He has) no water (hope, etc.).
(他)一点儿水(希望等)也没有。
② No seats are left. 没剩下座位。这类句子的强调说法是:
③ Not a seat is left. 一个座位也没有。
10.take的基本用法
1)作give的反义词,意为“拿走”。例如:
① They took the book from him. 他们从他那儿拿走那本书。
② Who's taken my raincoat? 谁拿走了我的雨衣?
【注意】 要表示从某地方拿走某物时,常与介词from,out of,off等连用;要表示从某人那里拿走某物时,要用介词from. 例如:
③ She came in to take the umbrella off the wall.
她走进来把雨伞从墙上取了下来。
④ Mr Zhang put on his glasses and took the letter from my hand.张先生戴上眼镜,把信从我手中接了过去。
2)作put的反义词,意为“拿,摘”。例如:
① Tom took a ring out of his pocket and put it on his girl friend's finger.汤姆从口袋里拿出一枚戒指,戴在他的女友手上。
3)作bring的反义词,意为“带到”。例如:
① They took me somewhere else.
他们带我到了别的地方。
② He gave me some tapes to take home.
他给了我们一些磁带让我带回家。
11.travel,journey与 trip 用法比较
1)travel泛指旅行,是不可数名词。例如:
① Travel is much easier now than it used to be.
现在旅行比过去容易多了。
2)journey是指“某一次旅行”。例如:
①I hope you have a good journey. 我希望你旅途愉快。
3)trip往往是指带有某种特殊目的短期旅行。例如:
① He's away on a business trip this week.
这个星期他外出办事去了。
重要词组短语
1.see sb. off意为“为某人送行”。例如:
① I saw him off for Beijing yesterday.
我昨天送他动身到北京去。
②Mary saw him off at the bus station.
玛丽把他送到汽车站。
2.注意下列短语的用法
by bus 乘汽车
by train 乘火车
by air 乘飞机
by boat 乘船
by land 陆路
by sea 水路
on foot 步行
在上述短语中,名词前不用冠词,但在ride in a bus/car(乘坐汽车)和take a bus/taxi短语中则要用冠词。
3.say“Hi”to的含义
say“Hi”to相当于say hello to,是一种常用的问候语。其构成形式为动词+名词+介词。
另外类似的还有:
say good-bye to向……告别
say sorry to向……致歉
say yes/OK to同意……
say no to不同意
take care of关心,照料
pay attention to注意
例如:
① Let's drive over there in the afternoon and say hello to him.
我们下午开车去向他问好。
② You must pay attention to what you hear on the tape.
你一定要注意你听到的录音。
4.see sb. doing sth. 意为“看见某人做某事”
see 为感官动词,通常可跟动词-ing形式或不带to的不定式作宾语。常见的感官动词还有:hear,watch,notice,observe等。例如:
① I saw him walk up the hill.
我看着他继续上山(动作的全过程)。
② I saw him walking up the hill.
我看见他正在上山。(动作正在进行)
【注意】 若see变为被动语态,那么不定式应带to。例如:
③He is often seen to walk up the hill. 经常看见他在上山。
④The lost child was last seen playing in the garden.
被丢失的孩子最后被看见是在花园里玩耍。
5.“be about to +不定式”结构表示即刻就要发生/做的事。例如:
①We are about to attend a meeting. 我们将要参加会议。
② They are about to finish their homework.
他们立刻就能完成他们的家庭作业。
【注意】 在这种结构中,不能用表示时间的副词来修饰,若说成:I am aboutto leave next week. 则是错误的,应去掉修饰词 next week。
6.take off是常用的短语动词,意为“下车;脱掉(衣服等);起飞”。例如:
① We are going to take off at the next stop. 我们下站下车。
② He took off his cap and sat down. 他脱掉帽子,坐了下来。
③ The plane took off at 7 a. m. 飞机早晨七点起飞。
7.for miles and miles 是由介词加名词构成的个词短语,在句中作状语用。再如:
①for days and days“一连好几天”
②for weeks and weeks“一连好几周”
③for months and months“一连好几个月”
④for years and years“一连好几年”
8.nothing except =nothing but =only 意为“除……之外没有”,“仅有……”。
例如:
①Under the soil there is nothing but sand. 土壤下只有沙子。
②I had nothing in the world but a million-pound note.
除了一张一百万英镑的钞票外,我是一无所有。
9.happen to的两种用法
1)happen to sb. /sth. 一般用来强调某事发生的偶然性,如要表示事先安排或有准备的事件,则用 take place。happen 和 take place都不能用于被动。如:
① What has happened to him?
(=What's wrong/the matter with him?) 他怎么了?
② What's happening to the forest?
这一片森林正发生着什么情况?
③ The accident happened to him at three this afternoon.
今天下午三时他出了事。
④If anything happens to the machine, do let me know.
如果机器出了什么毛病,务请通知我。
⑤Great changes have taken place in our country in the past/last fifteen years.
十五年我们国家发生了巨大变化。(不用happen)
⑥ The sports meeting took place(=was held)in our school last week.
上周我校举行了一次运动会。(不用 happen)
2)happen to do 表不“碰巧……”,如:
①I happened to be out when he called.
=It happened that I was out when he called.
他来访时我碰巧出去了。
②I happened to have read the article when he asked me about it.
=It happened that I had read…
当他问我有关那篇文章的问题时,我碰巧读过。
▲简单句改为复合句时须注意不定式动词转换成谓语动词的时态变化。
▲在It happened that…句型中,It为引导词,不能用人称代词。请注意其否定句中的否定词位置的转移,如“我碰巧身上没带钱”可有以下几种 表达法:
③I happened not to have any money with me.
=I didn't happen to have any money with me.
=I happened to have no money with me.
= It happened that I had no money with me.
= It happened that I didn't have any money with me.
10.be made from,be made of 和 be made into
1)be made of和be made from 都是“用……制成”的意思,介词of和from都可以表示一件制成的东西所用的原料,但两者在用法上是有区别的。
be made of 表示制成成品后,仍可看出原材料是什么,保留原材料的质地形状,制作过程仅发生了物理变化。be made from 表示制成的东西完全失去了原材料的外形或特征,或原材料在制作过程中发生了化学变化,在成品中已无法辨认。试比较:
① The desks and chairs are made of wood. 这些课桌椅是木材制成的。
②The ink bottles are made of glass. 墨水瓶是玻璃制成的。
③ Salt is made from sea water. 盐是用海水制成的。
④ This kind of wine is made from wheat. 这种酒是用小麦制成的。
⑤ Books are made of paper and paper is made from wood. 书是纸制成的,而纸是用木材制成的。
2)be made into意思是“被制成……”,是被动形式,也可用主动 make…into…“把……制成……”。例如:
① Glass can be made into many kinds of things. 玻璃可制成许多种东西。
=We can make glass into many kinds of things.
我们可以把玻璃制成各种东西。
②Wood can be made into paper. 木材可制成纸。
=paper can be made from wood. 纸可以用木材制造。
=We can make wood into paper. 我们可以把木材制成纸。
3)be made in意思是“在……制作的”,in表示制造的地方。
①This kind of car is made in Shanghai. 这种汽车是在上海制造的。
②Watches made in Shanghai last long. 上海造的表经久耐用。
4)还有一个词组 be made up of,意思是“由……组成”。例如:
①The team is made up of three doctors and six nurses.
这个队是由三名医生和六名护士组成的。
常用句型结构
1.How about…? (=What about…?)意思是“……怎么样?”,为口语中的常用句型。
常用来询问消息,征求同意,提出请示,了解看法;其后可接名词,代词,动词- ing形式等。如:
① How(What) about the volleyball match? 排球赛的情况怎么样?
②What about a cup of tea? 喝杯茶怎么样?
③ How(What) about a game of chess?下盘棋怎么样?
④ How (What) about helping me off with the damp clothes?
帮我把湿衣服脱掉怎么样?
⑤How (What) about his lecture? 他的演讲怎么样?
2.It is/was +adj.+inf.可作为一个句型来学习。例如:
①It is lucky to meet you here. 有幸在这儿见到你。
②It is not easy to get him to change his mind.
要他改变主意是不容易的。
③It is important for us to learn English well. 我们学好英语很重要。
④It is difficult for the little boy to carry the heavy box.
对那个小男孩来说,搬起那个重箱子是困难的。
3.感叹句
用来感叹名词,用 what,其句型为:What(a)+名词+主语+谓语!
感叹形容词、副词用how,其句型为:How +形容词/副词+主语+谓语!例如:
① What fine weather it is. 多好的天气啊!(名词不可数)
② What clever students they are! 他们是多么聪明的学生啊!
③ How clean and tidy the room is! 多么干净整洁的房间啊!
④ How dangerous the tiger is! 这老虎太危险啦!
⑤ How heavily it rained! 雨下得真大啊!
4.take与时间短语连用时常用以下两种句型结构
1)“It takes/took(+人)+时间+动词不定式”。例如:
① It took them a whole day to finish the job.
完成那项工作花了他们一整天时间。
② It takes a lot of time to put this article into the computer.
把这篇文章录入电脑要花很多时间。
2)“某活动+take(+人)+时间”。例如:
①The journey took us at least five days.
那次旅行花了我们至少5天时间。
②Doing such a work must take much time.
做这项工作一定要花很多时间。
③The wound took a long time to heal.
这伤口过了很久才痊愈。

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