谓语的常见用法 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
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谓语的常见用法
Ⅰ．概说
A．英语句子结构相对简单
1．5种类型的谓语
1326 在一个完整的句子中，主语之外的部分称为谓语，共有5种类型的谓语。
第一类包含一个不及物动词（Ⅳ）：
He came．
My wife cried．
第二类包含一个及物动词及其宾语（TV＋O）：
John likes me．
His uncle wrote letters．
第三类包含一个双宾动词、一个间接宾语和一个直接宾语（DV+IO+DO）：
They teach me English．
I bought Mary sugar．
第四类包含一个系动词及主语补语（LV＋C）：
He is a teacher．
She looks sad．
第五类包含一个宾补动词、宾语及宾语补语（FV＋O＋C）：
We made him king．
She left the house dirty．
2．动词的短语形式
1327 不过动词、宾语及补语的意义还应当广一些，上面例句中的及物动词、不及物动词或其他动词都是一个单词，但有时可以是一个起同样作用的短语或成语。例如“及物动词+名词”可以看作是一种不及物动词：
He lost heart．（他灰心了。）
This habit has struck root．（这种习惯已根深蒂固）
下面句子中的动词成语则可以看作是一种及物动词：
I looked for my lost dictionary．（我在找我弄失的字典。）
He paid attention to his lesson．（他很注意他的功课。）
He gave up drinking．（他戒酒了。）
He is afraid of blood．（他怕血。）
He can't get along with anyone．（他和谁都处不好。）
下面句中的动词成语可以看作一种宾补动词：
I waited for him to come．（我等他来。）
详见 1182—1206节。
3．宾语的9种形式
1328 此外，也不只是名词或代词可用作宾语，共有9种东西可用作及物动词、双宾动词及宾补动词的宾语。由于它们是名词或起名词的作用，可以称作名词等同体（Noun－Equivalent），名词等同体，可用作动词的宾语：
I know John（名词）．
She kept the floor dirty．
I will teach John Chinese．
I know him（代词）．
She kept it clean．
That depends upon them．
He threw out an apple of discord（名词短语）．
I have just visited the Board of Trade．
I am not fond of wild goose chase．
This matter interests the rich and the poor（the +形容词或分词）．
The general visited the dying and the wounded．I know the long and（the） short of this case．
He wants to go to college（不定式）．
She refuses to marry me．
I asked to see a friend in prison．
He is fond of swimming in the morning（动名词）．
He avoids meeting any of his friends．
I postponed going to the doctor．
I know that she loves me（that引起的从句）．
I am sure that you will succeed．
Is he afraid that he will be defeated？
I wonder what he wants（疑问词引起的从句）．
I asked where he had been．
I don't know which way I should go．
I don't know what to do（疑问词引起的不定式）．
I am doubtful how to settle this problem．
I do not care where to eat dinner．
4．补语的15种形式
1329 不只是名词和形容词可用作补语，上面所提的9种名词等同体以及下面例句中的6种形容词等同体（Adjective－Equiva－lent）都可用作系动词或宾补动词的补语。
名词及名词等同体作补语：
He is a king（名词）．
We chose him chairman．
It is me（代词）．
He became a fish out of water（名词短语）．
I find it a moot point．
The victims are always the poor（the +形容词）．
To respect others is to be respected（不定式）．
Seeing is believing（动名词）．
His purpose is that all children should be educated（that引起的从句）．
The problem is who is to blame（疑问词引起的从句）．
My problem is how to learn（疑问词引起的不定式）．
形容词及形容词等同体作补语：
He seems happy（形容词）．
You look young．
He makes me angry．
He is out（地点副词）．
The show is over．
Time is up．
He is at home（介词短语）．
We are on good terms．
He leaves his desk out of order．
It seems interesting（现在分词）．
The situation grows encouraging．
I saw Mary smoking．
I am astonished（过去分词）．
He looked frightened．
I had my clothes washed．
He is to blame（不定式）．
It is to be thrown away．
He wants his daughter to marry a rich man．
5．再复杂的句子也可简化
1330 因此我们可以把许多词看成一个词，把许多不同形式看作同类东西，从而使句子的结构变得简单化。例如我们可以把I know that he does not like to live in this country．中的10个斜体词和I know John．中的一个斜体词看作是有同一语法作用的东西，因为两者都是及物动词的宾语。我们也可把He begged to see a friend in prison．中的 6个斜体词和He begged pardon．中的一个斜体词看作是作用相等，因为两者都是宾语。
同样，我们也可把He is to come to the office at eight．中的7个斜体词和He is punctual．中的一个斜体词看作相等的东西，因为两者都是补语。另外下面4个句子中的斜体词，形式不一，我们却可看作一类东西，都是及物动词或是起及物动词作用的词组：
He likes chocolate．（他喜欢巧克力。）
He is fond of teaching．（他爱教书。）
John pays attention to his business．（约翰关心他的买卖。）
I am sure that he will be a good husband．（我肯定他会是一个好丈夫。）
此外，在上面单元中，我们已谈到名词、名词成语、不定式、从句等等，尽管形式不同，字数不等，却都起同样作用，担任句子的主语。这样，不管多复杂的句子都可简化，而简化是语法的目的。
B．何种谓语类型用何种动词
1．47种谓语类型
1331 我们一方面有不同形式的动词，另一方面有不同形式的宾语及补语。把它们结合起来，再加上一些其他因素，我们可以得出47种基本的谓语类型，这几乎代表了英语中的各种可能的谓语。我们可能读到的或写出的任何谓语，几乎都可以（而且应当）纳入这些类型。这47种类型可列举如下：
IV 有3种类型
TV＋O 有15种类型
DV＋IO＋DO 有5种类型
LV＋C 有13种类型
FV＋O＋C 有11种类型
5类谓语 共有47种类型
2．一个特定动词只能用在几个特定的谓语类型中
1332 为了更好了解这些谓语类型，先看看下面句子：
a．I know him to work hard．
b．We want him to come．
c．She let us to use her car．
d．They suppose all of us to obey．
e．John saw Mary to walk with a boy．
所有这些句子的谓语都属于第42种类型，即“宾补动词+名词+不定式”，但只有b．句的谓语是正确的，因为只有want这一动词可用于这个类型，其他动词都不能这样用。再看下面句子：
a．I tried advising her．
b．I asked seeing the boss．
c．He thinks going with you．
d．We wish moving to another place．
e．They refused helping us．
上面所有谓语都属于第13种类型，即“及物动词+动名词”，但只有a．句是正确的，因为动词tried可用于这种类型，而其他动词不可这样用。
从上面10个例句我们可以看出，一个特定动词只能用在某一特定的类型中，在一特定类型中，一个特定的动词能用还是不能用，完全是一个习惯用法的问题。
1333 从下面句子中可以看出know可用在多少类型的谓语中：
I know John．（及物动词+名词）（正确）
I know John to come tomorrow．（宾补动词+名词+不定式）（错误）
I know that John comes tomorrow．（及物动词+that引起的从句）（正确）
I know to answer this question．（及物动词+不定式）（错误）
I know the work easy．（宾补动词+名词+形容词）（错误）
I know how to answer this question．（及物动词+疑问词引起的不定式）（正确）
I know the work to be easy．（宾补动词+名词+to be+形容词）（正确）
I know John coming（宾补动词+名词+现在分词）．（错误）
I know organizing a political party（及物动词+动名词）．（错误）
从上面例句我们可以看出某些动词只能用在47种类型的某些类型中，不能在许多类型中使用。
3．一个特定的谓语类型中只能用某些特定的动词
1334 有些类型中可以使用很多动词，另一些却只能使用少量动词。例如在“系动词+that引起的从句”这种类型中只能用be这一个动词。在“不及物动词+介词+疑问词引起的从句”这种类型中约可用20个动词，在“及物动词+不定式或动名词”这类类型中，约可用50个动词，而在“及物动词+that引起的从句”这种类型中，约可用150个动词。每种类型中能用的动词，在本单元中将几乎全部列出并加上例句，以便读者了解并掌握什么动词在何种类型中使用。不过某些谓语类型中可用的动词极多（可说是成百上千）。在这种情况下只能给出一小部分动词。
C．谓语类型与句型
1335 关于上面提到的类型有几点值得注意：
1．动词只须与主语在人称和数上一致，因此它们之间的关系相对比较简单。而动词和宾语及补语的关系比较复杂，这在下面47种谓语类型中可清楚看出。如果对主语不加考虑，这47种谓语类型也就是47种句型。事实上在下面讨论中，谓语类型的公式都采用“S＋TV＋N”，“S+DV＋N＋N”，“S＋FV＋N＋A”这类形式，里面包含了主语（S），因此也就代表了句型。
2．一个句型可以包含一个简单句：
John knows how to play football．
He avoided meeting her at some party．
3．它也可以包含一个带有宾语从句的复合句：
He knows what you are doing．
I asked where he got it．
4．但并列句中至少需有两个句型：
I have decided to go（一个句型）and he will go too（一个句型），but she decides to remain at home（一个句型）．（共包含三个句型）
D．修饰语与独立成分
1336 句型指一个完整句子的骨架，它可包含任何数量的修饰语（即形容词、副词及起同样作用的其他词语）。这些修饰语可能在意思上很重要，但在语法上却是可以删除的，在我们考虑句型，也就是句子的基本结构时，可以对它们不加考虑。所有下面句子都属于同一句型，即“主语+及物动词+名词”，但却可包含不同类型的修饰语（斜体部分）。最后包含25个词的句子和第一个包含4个词的句子同属一个句型：
I saw a house．
I saw a big house．
I saw a big house on the opposite side．
I saw a big house on the opposite side，which was said to be haunted by a ghost．
Yesterday I saw a big house…．
Yesterday when I sailed down the river I saw a big house…．
修饰语在后面将作详细讨论。句型还可以包含一个独立成分，但基本结构不变。
所有下面句子都属于同一句型，即“主语+系动词+补语”：
That man is crazy．
Oh！that man is crazy．
Oh！that man is crazy，I am sure．
Oh！that man is crazy，you may be sure，Mary．
E．句型的用法
1337 在下面讨论中，所列出能用于某句型的动词的数目只是大致估计。列出的目的只是说明某一句型使用范围大致有多广。一般说来，数目越小，越难使用，因为如果这个句型只限于用少数动词，则用错的机会更多。
1338 偶尔也会有些例外的句子无法归入这47种句型的任何一个。但如果把某些不规则的动词短语适当转换为规则的动词短语，则它们大部分仍可归入某些句型：
I have a good mind（=intend）to punish you．（have a good mind可能换为intend，则句型将是“主语+及物动词+不定式”。）
He will have it（=insists） that I have cheated him．（主语+及物动词+that引起的从句）
“Who has taken my pen？”“John（has taken your pen）．”
（I）Beg（your）pardon．
（It was）No sooner said than（it was） done．
（You） Live and let（others）live．
（I wish you）Good luck！
1339 确定一个句子属于哪个句型是有好处的。下面的句子都是错的，因为它们不代表47种句型中的任何一个：
1．I hear about that John has arrived．（主语+不及物动词+介词+that引起的从句）
2．I paid attention what he was doing．（主语+及物动词+名词+疑问词引起的从句）
3．He is afraid of that he will be assassinated．（主语+系动词+形容词+介词+that引起的从句）
4．He is afraid being assassinated．（主语+系动词+形容词+动名词）
5．I know that who has broken the window．（主语+及物动词+that+疑问词引起的从句）
6．We want peaceful．（主语+及物动词+形容词）
这些句型应改正如下：
正确句型 正确句子
1．主语+及物动词+that引 I hear that John has ar-
起的从句 rived．
2．主语+及物动词+名词+ I paid attention to what
介词+疑问词引起的从句 he was doing．
3．主语+系动词+形容词+ He is afraid that he will
that引起的从句 be assassinated．
4．主语+系动词+形容词+ He is afraid of being as-
介词+动名词 sassinated．
5．主语+及物动词+疑问词 I know who has broken
引起的从句 the window．
6．主语+及物动词+名词 We want peace．
其次，应确定使用的动词是否适合用于某个谓语类型。
F．47种句型的公式
1340 每种句型都可以用一个公式来代表，例如：“S＋IV”，“S＋TV＋N”，“S＋LV＋AP”，“S ＋FV＋N + PaP”，“S＋DV＋N＋that－Cl”．下面列出了代表某些词的缩写形式：
S= Subject（主语） PaP ＝Past Participle（过
O= Object（宾语） 去分词）
C= Complement（补语） N= Noun or Pronoun（名
IO= Indirect Object（间接 词或代词）
宾语） R= Reflexive Pronoun（反
DO= Direct Object（直接 身代词）
宾语） A= Adjective（形容词）
IV= Intransitive Verb（不 P= Preposition（介词）
及物动词） AP＝Adverb of Place，or
TV＝Transitive Verb（及 Adverbial Particle，as
物动词） in，out，up，away
DV= Dative Verb（双宾动 （地点副词或副词性小
词） 品词）
LV＝Linking Verb（系动
词） W－Cl = Interrogative-
FV= Factitive Verb（宾补 Clause，（疑问词引起的动词）
从 句，由whether，
I= Infinitive（不定式） what，which，who，
G= Gerund（动名词） whom，whose，where，
PrP = Present Participle when，why，how引
（现在分词） 起）
That-Cl= Noun-Clause inn．＝innumreable＝hun-
（that引起的名词从 dreds or thousands（无
句） 数，成百上千）
“•”表示它前后的词构成成语，如IV．P，LV．A．P．，TV．N．P，LV．PaP，它们包含2个或3个词。
1341 一个“+”号表示这个句型包含2个基本成分，即主语及不及物动词，如：
S+IV S+IV．AP
2个“+”号表示这个句型包含有3个基本成分，即主语，及物动词及宾语，如：
S+TV+N S+IV．P+ that－Cl
S+LV．A．P+G
或指另外3个成分，如主语、系动词及补语：
S+LV+A S+LV+ that-Cl
S+LV+P．N
3个“+”号表示这个句型包含4个成分：主语、双宾动词、间接宾语及直接宾语，如：
S+DV+N+N S+DV+N+W-Cl
S+DV+N+ that-Cl
也可以是另外4个成分，如主语、宾补动词、宾语及（宾语）补语：
S+FV+N+A S+FV +N +PaP
S+IV．P+N+I
这里我们可以了解一个十分重要的事实，即英语句子是很简单的，它少则包含两个成分，多则包含四个成分。
了解了公式及图解的意义，现在就可开始藉助它们研究47种谓语类型或句型。注意：句子末尾的星号表示这个句子将在每一类句型讲完之后进行图解。
Ⅱ．47种谓语类型（附公式及图解）
A．各种不及物动词
1．S+IV（John laughed．）
1342 不及物动词不跟有宾语或补语，其数量不可胜数：
They smiled．John died．Mary walked slowly．Fire burns．
I dreamed last night．He wept bitterly．You must dress for dinner．That depends．It does not pay．
1343 通常跟有宾语的及物动词，如果宾语可以猜出，着重点不是宾语，而是动词（动作）时，可以把宾语省略，用作不及物动词：
A tractor can cut，push，pull，dig，lift，pump，carry and spray．The blind do not see．We must eat．I will change （my dress）．The knife cuts well．I will consider．If time permits．He can read．Don't trouble（yourself）．The stain shows（itself）．They married（each other）．
1344 有些动词用在表示数量的名词前，看起来像及物动词，实际上却是不及物动词：
The thermometer rose（or fell）two degrees．
He waited ten minutes．The wedding lasted three days．
I walked five miles．
1345 图解：
2．S+IV．AP（John moved in．）
1346 无数的不及物动词可以跟有特定的地点副词，与之构成成语。但在多数情况下，这些副词并不表示地点，而有其他意思，因此可以称作副词性小品词（Adverbial Particle）．
a．Don't answer back（=answer rudely）when a superior speaks to you．He backs away（=draws back）from her because he has made her angry．Don't worry，I will never back out（=fail to fulfil a promise）．In order to survive， we must band together（=unite）．He barged in（＝inter－ rupted rudely） while we were talking．The storm will soon blow over（=pass away without injurious effect）．The dynamite placed beneath the bridge blew up（=exploded）．He blows up（=loses his temper）at every small incident．Quick！The soup is boiling over（=over－flowing the side of a pan）．Brace up（=take courage）if you really want to get married．Many prisoners broke away（=suddenly escaped）．Our car suddenly broke down（=failed to function）on our way home．A fire broke out（＝started suddenly and violently）on Sixth Street．Tears burst forth（=suddenly appeared）．
b．She colours up（=blushes）if we mention her love．An accident like this comes about（=happens）every day．My wife and I come together（＝are reconciled）after ten years of quarrel．The seeds have come up（=shot up above the ground）．When we were talking，a young man came up （=approached）．Three days after the quarrel，I cooled down（=became calm）．She was shocked at the bill，but she had to cough up（=pay，perhaps unwillingly）．Hardly a week had he learned computer science when he cracked up（= suffered a mental breakdown）．An error may creep in（=steal in unnoticed）．This old empire crumbled away （=disintegrated gradually）because of misrule．I should not take much sugar，but I cannot cut down（=lessen）．
c．All members of my family dine out（=eat away from home）every Sunday．They drink liquor every day and can－ not do without（=dispense with it）．We dressed up（= put on formal clothes）for a banquet．I will drop by（=call casually）when I am free．The production of rice dropped off（=decreased）last year．He dropped out（=left school before finishing his courses）at fifteen．The well has dried up（＝become dry）．The road is rough，we should ease down（=lessen speed）．Let us ease down（＝work less，make less effort）．His reputation faded out（=gradually disappeared）after his death．The country fell apart（= fell to pieces）because of civil war．I never fall back（=re－treat）before difficulties．Our country falls behind（= drops behind）in science and technology．Let us fall to（= begin to eat or to work．）
d．We were unable to get by（=pass）because the road was blocked．She got down（=dismounted）from her horse．The train got in．We got off（＝started a journey）．How are you getting on？I get up at six in the morning．At last I have to give in（=yield）．Rice is going down（= becoming cheaper）．A rumour went forth（＝became public）．The gun went off（=exploded）suddenly．Our work went on（=continued）．The candle has gone out（= ceased to burn）．I won't hold back（=keep behind）if every one goes forward．Since I have started，I can't leave off（=stop）．Look in（=Pay a short visit）as you pass．While all are busy，don't look on（=be a mere spectator）．Look out（=Take precaution），here comes a truck！I moved in（=moved into a house）after he moved out．All trouble will pass away（=cease to exist）．She passed away（=died）a month ago．
e．The clock ran down（=stopped running，because the battery had exhausted itself）．She ran on（=talked incessantly）．Supplies have run out（=become exhausted）．Bad weather set in（=began）．We set out（=set off）on February 16．He settled down（=established himself） at a small village． I don't want to listen any more，so shut up！ He stood aside（or apart，aloof） while we were quarrelling．Some stood back（＝retreated），some stood out （＝refused to yield）．The proposal will stand over（=be postponed）till next Friday．At the bad news I stepped back from surprise．The tyrant should step down（=re-sign）．Many volunteers stepped forward（=offered help）．My brothers quarrelled，but my father never stepped in（=interfered）．He stowed away（=hid in a ship or plane to get a free ride）．The band struck up（＝began to play）．He summed up（=summarized）after a debate．The son tagged behind（or along）（＝followed closely）wherever his mom went．Before I think ahead（=anticipate），I think back（=recall）．Our business is just ticking over（= getting on in a routine way）．We touched down（=landed after a flight）at 6 p．m．Many workers walked out（=re- fused to work）．
1347 图解：
3．S+ IVp（This cloth wore well．）
1348 约有九十个不及物动词用于主动形式却有被动意义，它们通常和表示无生命东西的主语连用：
a．This play acts excellently．The figures will not add up．The bread bakes well．The door blew open．The candle blew out．This bottle does not break．The dust won't brush off the hat．The luggage carries easily．David's raincoat caught on the nail．Some of the documents don't seem to check with the facts．This cannot compare （favourably）with that．Some of the sentences won't construe．Potatoes will cook slowly．Every minute counts．These people mostly count for nothing．The potatoes cropped well last year，but I think will crop badly this year．This light wood cuts like butter．The pineapple doesn't cut easily．This piece of cloth will cut up into two suits．Instinct derives from ancestors．Milk digests easily．Thie wine drinks well．The tooth draws easily．The frog eats like chicken．
b．This dress fastens down the back．The toilet does not flush．The eggs hatch out easily．This rice won't grind fine．Water heats readily．This cloth irons easily．This house lets well．The door will not lock．These books pack easily．My watch pawns for two dollars．These potatoes peel easily．She photographs（takes） well．The land ploughs hard．The film does not print well．This story reads ill（or well）．The photo reproduces well．
c．His house rents at＄800 a month．This poem does not rhyme．A shame does．not rub off．This plastic scratches easily．The play screen badly（=is unfit for filming）．The book sells well．This door won't shut．This cigarette smokes better than others．This wood split straight．This material stains easily．The ship steers with ease．The match will not strike．This paper will not tear．His de－ scent traced back to a king．This poem translates easily．The TV set won't turn on．This board will never warp．This material washes easily．Such shoes wear badly．The plan worked out well．The photo washes out a little．
d．Drums are beating（=are being beaten）．The book is binding（=is being bound）．Some trouble is brewing．Young people are always brimming with new ideas．The house is building．The bridge is completing now．The meal is digesting well．What is doing now？The task is finishing．Guns are firing．Friendship is forming．The theatre is rapidly filling up with people．The fish is frying．The house is leasing．The cows are milking．One boy is missing（or wanting）．He paid what was owing．Music was playing．Something is preparing．My application is processing．The problem is settling this way．A new film is showing．The boy is shaping well．The seeds of trouble are sowing．The fruits are spoiling quickly．Measures are taking．
1349 图解：
B．各种及物动词＋各种宾语
4．S+TV+N或 S+TV．N（John learned Japanese．）
1350 无数的及物动词可以用名词或代词作宾语：
John has a plan．Do you like him？What an interesting book
I am reading！ He speaks English．I love cats．
1351 不及物动词有时和后面跟的名词构成成语。整个成语，如果被化作一个整体，可以看成是一个不及物动词：
He lost hope（=despaired）．He gave ground（=retreated） The accident took place（=happened）this morning．
He made the grade（=succeeded）．We made our way（= advanced）to the jungle．
在某些成语中，名词前没有冠词，也没有物主代词：
a．He will bear witness．Her beauty beggars description（= makes words poor）．Don't borrow trouble（=worry about trouble that won't come）．We broke ground（=ploughed，untilled ground，began an undertaking）．Our boat cast anchor．I often caught cold．He caught fever（or infection）．Her house caught fire．He changed colour（=be－ came pale）．His personality commands esteem（or respect）．He never did evil（or ill，wrong）．None of us care whether they do right or wrong，good or harm．We did（=produced）Romeo and Juliet．Jan did（=acted） Juliet．I did（=prepared）omelette（or breakfast）．Tom did（=wrote） poetry．His brother did（=translated） French into English．I did（=studied） electricity．They cry wolf（=give a false warning）just for arms aid．
b．One must exercise patience and caution when one exercises authority and discipline．He felt regret，but not satisfaction．He found time（or leisure） to study．He has finished college．After he took the lead，we followed suit．They gained time by giving me ambiguous answers．My watch gained time．We have gained ground（=got an advantage）．We will soon gain power，if we are patient enough．He gave evidence in the law－court．He gave ear（or heed，credit）to the rumour．He gave judgement （or advice，notice，warning，trouble）．I've had it（= can't suffer any more）．You hit it（=said the right thing）．This theory doesn't hold water（=isn't valid）．The criminal jumped（or skipped）bail（=gave up the bail money and ran away to avoid trial）．
c．My mother kept house and kept books．Being hospitable he kept open house（= provided hospitability for any comer）．He cannot keep body and soul together（=keep away hunger）．He kept bad company（=associated with bad people）．My watch does not keep（good）time，so I am late．He killed time by reading novels or doing another thing interesting．
d．He left school last year．We may lose ground but will never lose hope．I never lost courage（or heart）after I fail．Be quick，don't lose time．He lost self-contrcl（or himself）in moments of stress．
e．Mother makes dinner．It seemed late，but he made good time（= travelled fast and arrived on time）．He doesn't work hard，but he makes good salary．Make haste（or speed）．He can make money（or profit），but spend much．After so many years of war we must make peace．I made tea（or hay）．We made way（＝stood aside） for others to pass through．We made way（or headway）（= advanced）in the face of difficulty．He marked time（= spent idle hours）while waiting for his wife．
f．The soldiers mounted（or kept，relieved，stood） guard．He moved heaven and earth（=did everything）to attack his opponent．They opened fire（=started shooting）and killed three of us．The children often play havoc（=do great damage）．He plays politics（＝attains political aims by hook or by crook）．He had broken the window，so he played possum（kept quiet to avoid attention）He played second fiddle（=held a subordinate place）．He failed be－ cause he had often played truant．
g．We raised money for a great project．I can read character from handwriting．He can read music．I must say goodbye now．We said grace（＝said a prayer of thanks before or after a meal）．We set（or made，struck）sail（=began a voyage）in February，1969．He refused to yield，he showed fight．He showed courage（or fear）．He sowed discord among his enemies．He struck oil（=had good luck in some enterprise）．He suffered（or sustained） defeat．
h．Don't take alarm if I tell you some bad news．He has to take breath after climbing upstairs．He took cold and could not work．He takes drink and drugs．Take heart，don't be afraid．The law will soon take effect（＝be effective）．Take exercise every morning and keep healthy．He took flight after murdering a woman．He took medicine（or poison）．Don't take offence（=be offended）．Something strange took place（=happened）in this old house．Let's take rest．We take stock every week．The evil has taken root（=become established）．My dream will take shape （=materialize）next year．He took trouble to help me．
i．Don't tempt providence（=take an unnecessary risk）．He has touched bottom（=is begining to prosper after his worst days）．The boat turned turtle（=turned upside down）．
在某些成语中名词前有不定冠词，或作复数：
j．He often acted a double part （=was deceitful）．Since I criticized him，he has borne a grudge（=nursed a grievance）．The enemy beat a　retreat（=retreated in a hurry）．Thomas Edison blazed a torch（=started some－ thing new）in various fields．Don't breathe a word（=say a word） about this secret．When angry，he calls names（= call somebody by abusive names）．I would like to cross swords（=argue）with this boaster．You have done a good job（=done something well）．I drew a blank（=failed to get any information）when I returned to the office．We must draw a line（=distinguish）between right and wrong．We down tools（=stop work）at six．
k．My sister fixed a date for the celebration．This evening I have a date（or an engagement）（=have a social meeting） with her．I have a job（or a time）（=have trouble）writing this first love letter．（但：I have myself a time ［＝ have a good time］writing it．）As they didn't lift a finger （or a hand）（=didn't give help），I lent（or gave） a hand（=gave help） to the old lady．
1．I made an appointment（=had an engagement to meet some one）for 3 p．m．He made a boast，but who believed him？He made a call over the phone．He made a face（= twisted his face），and then we were no more angry．Don't make a fuss（=get excited about a trifle）．John made a hit（=gave a good impression）at the exhibition of his works．Shall we make a move（=start）right now？Dick made a public appearance after nine years in prison．Thomas makes a quick buck（＝earns money quickly）．We make a row（or a scene）（=started a violent quarrel） from time to time．As soon as we arrived we made reservations for hotel rooms．I must make tracks（=set off）before it is late．William made waves（=created a sensation to impress others）at the party．
m．A big boss behind pulls strings（=secretly exerts influence）．Don't run a risk（=put yourself in danger）．The patient ran a temperature（=had a fever）．The criminal has served a sentence（or time）（=passed term of imprisonment）．I smell a danger in this desolate area．We struck a happy medium（=found an answer between two extremes）．As you committed mistakes for the first time，we might stretch（or strain）a point（=allow an exception to the rules）．
n．I would willingly take a back seat（=occupy an unimportant position）．We take a coffee break（=drink coffee and rest a short while）after two hours of work．He took（or drew）a long breath before he spoke．The situation took a turn（=changed） for the better．He wouldn't turn an honest penny（=make money by honest means）．
在另一些成语中名词前有定冠词或有物主代词：
o．Act your age（=Don't be childish）．My warning merely beat the air（= made useless efforts）．I must bide my time （=wait for a good chance）．Someone blacked his eye（= gave him a blow）．He blew his own trumpet（=praised himself）．He has blown his mind（=becomes wildly enthusiastic because of drugs）．He bossed the show（＝con- trolled everything）．She boxed his ear（＝smacked him on the ear）．I have to break（or cancel，change，postpone） the appointment．After half an hour of silence，I broke the ice（＝overcome reserve）．The news broke her heart．He broke his word（=failed to keep his promise）．I broke the news（=announced the news） to her．They broke the peace（= quarrelled）．He burned his fingers（=suffered a loss through a rash action）．We buried the hatchet（= made peace）．I am not buying it（=am not to be deceived）．
p．He calls the roll（=calls the names to check who are absent）．Dick carried the ball（or the can）（=did the hardest part of the work）．I carried（or gained）my point（= succeeded）．We carried（or gained）the day（=won）．I caught my breath（=rest after hard breathing）after running．He tried to catch the train but missed it．This advertisement catches my eye．He changed his coat（=became a turncoat）．Don't change your mind．He changed his tune （＝changed his policy）．He cleared his reputation（=free his name from reproach）．He cracked the whip（=suddenly became bossy）to impress me．We crossed the Rubicon （=took a decisive step forward）．When nobody could settle the problem，he cut the Gordian knot（=settle it in an unusual rapid way）．
q．I did the sights（or the travel）（=went sightseeing or took a trip）．The little girl can do（=make clean and tidy） her hair，her teeth，her nails，even the laundry，the bed- room，the dishes．She does（=learns）her lessons well，and can do（=solve）any sum（or problem）．She does her bit（＝does her share of duty）splendidly．He dogged my footsteps（=constantly followed me）because he suspected I was a spy working for foreigners．He drags his feet（or heels）（=hesitates）when asked to work．We drew the swords（=were ready to fight）．He has to eat his words （=take back his words）．Although small，this table fills the bill（=is just right）．I have to face the music（＝face trouble）．He is feeling his way（=proceeding carefully but slowly）．Although they were cripples，they fought the way up the hill．We all follow the crowd．Don't worry，I'll foot the bill（=pay all the expenses）．This number of persons will not form the majority．
r．He got the sack（=was dismissed）．He got the upper hand （=gained control）．He has the courage of his convictions （=acts bravely according to his belief）．This car has had its day（=fallen into disuse）．This small affair hits the headlines（=becomes important news）in this small town．The music hits the public taste．He hits his stride（＝exhibits his best ability）when he tells a story．We will hold the fort（=defend the position）to the last．Hold your temper（=Don't get angry）．I have to hold my tongue（or my peace）（＝keep silent）．I must hold my own（=keep what I have）．We must hold（or keep，maintain）our ground（=keep what we have）．He has always husbanded his resources（=been frugal against an emergency）．
s．I jogged his memory（=reminded him）．He jumped the gun（=started to run before the starter's gun），and jumped the traces（=didn't obey the rules）．The train jumped the rails（or the track）（=suddenly，left the rails） and many were killed．Dick slipped but kept his feet（= kept standing）．He knows his way about（or around）（= understands the ways of the world）．He knows the ropes （or the score）（=knows the special rules）in the export business．He will lead the way（=be a guide） to the old castle．I left the beaten track（＝did not follow the crowd）．He lost his reason（=became mad）．
t．He made the grade（＝succeeded）in business．The doctor makes（or goes）the rounds（=goes from place to place to inspect）every morning．We made our way（＝advanced） through the forest．He mended his fences（＝made peace with people who dislike him）．You missed the boat（＝ missed the opportunity）．The company opened its doors （＝started doing business）in 1950 and closed its doors（= stopped doing business）in 1983．This exhibition opened our eyes（=made us see the truth）．I picked my way（= proceeded）up a steep hill．I must play the game（=do what is right）．You played your cards well（=acted cleverly）．Dick played the market（=bought and sold stocks） and lost lots of money．Jim pocketed his dignity（=laid a- side his pride）and even pocketed an insult（＝accepted it）．He has poisoned your ear（or mind）so that you can't be fair．
u．Every member should pull his weight（＝does his part）．Don't pull my leg（=fool me）．Once you succeed，never push your luck（=expect to continue to be lucky）．He has to run the gauntlet（=receive a series of ill treatment）．He ruled the roost（=lorded it over）．We must save the situation（=do something to improve the situation）．Anew method will see the light（=be disclosed）．This serves my turn（or purpose）．I have served my apprenticeship for seven years．She set the table for ten persons．He shows his face after ten years of absence．I will show the way．Everyone sings his praises（=praises him strongly）．He sowed his wild oats（=led a dissipated life when young）．I will speak my mind（=speak candidly）．He stole the show（=acted so well that the audience ignored the other performers）．He stole the spotlight（=made people watch him instead of what they should watch）．You stole my thunder（=said before me what I intended to say）．Jim has strained every nerve（=used every effort）．He swallowed the bait（=was offered a big promise and was caught）．
v．Mary took it（=endured it without complaints）though she was ill－treated．You can take your ease（or your own course）（=act your pleasure）．The doctor took my pulse and temperature（＝ascertain them）．Where does this custom take its rise（=originate）？Take your time（=Don't rush）．We must not tie our own hands（=restrain our－ selves from action）．We have to tighten our belts（=eat less and spend less than usual）．Just one vote tipped the balance（or the scale）（=turned the scale，decided some－ thing doubtful）．I would try my hand（=try）．Should I turn the other cheek（=be patient and not hit back） when I am injured or insulted？His success has turned his head （=made him act foolishly）．The dead body turned her stomach（=made her sick）．The reinforcements turned the tide（=change the situation favourably）．He turned his thought to something much more important．He just twiddled his thumbs（=didn't do anything）．
w．She walked the floor（=walked back and forth）all night，she was so worried．He walked the plank（=was forced to resign）．Watch it（=Be careful）．
人们似乎都不喜欢单独用一个不及物动词作谓语，特别是在简单句中。往往不说“ I cook．”“ He laughed．”“We chatted．”“Tom repairs．”“ we acted．”而说“I　do the cooking．”“He gave a laugh．”“We had a chat．”“Tom makes repairs．” “We take action．”也就是把一个词换成了两个词，用一个do 或give这样色彩不重的动词加上一个大多由动词变来的名词。
下面是一些这类短语的例子：
x．I DO the cleaning，the reading，the shopping，the translating，a little sewing；a nap，a try，a brisk walk．
He GAVE a cry，a groan，a jump，a shout，a shrug，a long sigh，a satisfied smile．
We HAD a bath，a dream，a fight，an interview，a quar- rel，a shave，a shower，a smoke，a swim，a talk，a taste，a try，a walk，a wash，a chat，a go，a rest，a sleep．
She TOOK a bath，breath，a nap，a look，notice， objection， recreation，a rest，a solitary stroll，a long walk．
Paul MADE an announcement，an answer，an application，an appointment，an attack，an attempt，a beginning，a bid，a call，a check－up，a comment，a comparison，a copy，criticism，a decision，a declaration，a demand，experiments，an explanation，a guess，inquiries，investigations，notes，payment，preparations，progress，a proposal，a recovery，a remark，a request，repairs．re- searches，a sacrifice，a selection，a slip，a formal statement，another start，a long stay，a deep study，a helpful suggestion，a general survey，several visits．
1352 图解：
5．S+TV+R或 S+TV．R或 S+TV+（R）（John hid him- self behind it．）
1353 无数的及物动词可用反身代词作宾语（ S+TV+R）：She reproached herself．He killed himself．He praised himself．Don't deceive yourself．He cut himself．The dog choked itself．
1354 有些动词和反身代词构成成语，相当于一个不及物动词（S +TV．R）：
He avowed（or declared）himself（=showed his character openly）；collected himself （=regained self－control）；conceal himself（=hid）；enjoyed himself（=had a good time）；exerted himself（=endeavoured）；can't find himself（=provide his own living，or find out his abilities and use them）．I lost myself（＝demeaned myself，lost my way，or became absorbed in something）；pulled myself together（＝became composed）；seated（or settled）myself（=sat down）； washed myself（=bathed）．
1355约有20个及物动词常常或经常跟有反身代词：
I overworked myself，overslept myself，overate myself．
He disported（＝amused）himself．He perjured himself．
He busied himself．He absented himself from school．
Bestir yourself．I bethought myself of it．You must demean （or bear，comport，deport，conduct，acquit，quit）yourself properly．Help yourself（=Serve yourself with food）．He relieved himself（=went to the bathroom）．
1356 约有50个及物动词可跟有反身代词，也可以不跟（ S+TV+（R））：
a．就某些动词来说，使用反身代词时语气更强一些：
The bubble bursts（itself）．The clouds dispersed（themselves）．He dressed（himself）for a party；engaged（himself）in a contest（or a quarrel）．The horse fed（itself）on grass．He guarded（himself）against vice；hid（himself） behind；never intruded（himself）on anybody's company．Can I qualify（myself）for the post？I reformed（my- self）．I rested（myself）on the couch．He set（himself） up as a scholar．He shaved（himself）for a dinner； stripped（himself）for a shower－bath．I could not submit （or surrender）（ myself）to the enemy（or insult）．I trained（myself）for the race．I never troubled（myself） to help anyone．He turned（himself）to me for advice．He washed（himself）．He worried（himself）about nothing．He wrapped（himself）before going out．
b．在下面例句中，动词之后的反身代词常常省略：
No suspicion attaches to John．A chicken develops in the egg．The road extends for miles．His heart fills with sorrow．Don't hurry．Keep quiet．Make sure that the journey is safe．We made merry．Don't misbehave．I cannot refrain from laughing．We removed from place to place．John separated from Mary．I withdraw from society．
c．在下面例句中，动词之后的反身代词可以保留，也可以省略，根据特定的上下文决定：
The child does not behave（himself）（=show good manners）．
He behaved well（or gallantly，properly）．
He drew himself up（=assumed an erect attitude）．
He drew up（=came near）．
He gorged himself with meat．
He gorged on meat．
He indulged himself with wine．
He indulged（himself）in wine．
We have to prepare ourselves．
We have to prepare（ourselves）for the worst（or the exam）．
d．He is recovering himself （=becoming calm）．
He is recovering from illness（or madness，fatigue，shock，fright）．
He set himself to write letters（or to writing letters）（=began to write letters）．
He set to work（=began to work）．
He set out to do it，set about doing it（=began to do it）．
He settled himslef（=became calm）．He settled himself （=sat down）in a chair．
He settled（himself）down（=became established in a new way of life）in London．
It（Thing）will settle．
1357 图解：
6．S＋TV＋N（John lives a happy life．）
1358 约有60个动词，通常用作不及物动词，却可以有同源宾语（Cognate Object），这种宾语几乎和动词的意思相同，通常都有一个形容词或形容词短语修饰它。同源宾语可以和动词同形：
She blushed an innocent blush； bowed a little bow；coughed a terrible cough；danced a silly dance．He died a natural death（or a thousand deaths，the death of a martyr，the death he deserved）； dreamed a sweet dream；laughed a hearty laugh；lived a happy life；look a look of weariness；could not say his say．He sighed a deep sigh（or a sigh of satisfaction）；slept a sound sleep（or the sleep of the just）．It smelled a strange smell．He smiled a sad smile；talked foot－ball talk；thought all good thought．
1359 有些同源宾语可以和动词不同形：
It blew a brisk gale．He danced a phantom ballet；did a great deed；fought a brave war（or fight，battle，action）；went a long way（or a dangerous journey）；harvested a good crop；lived a hand－to－mouth existence；played a silly game；played（or acted） a great part；plod a weary way；prayed an earnest prayer；saw a strange sight；ran a long race．The bell rang a merry peal．He sang a beautiful song；struck a deadly blow．
1360 有些动词后的同源宾语常常省略，代之以一个表示情绪或态度等的名词：
He beamed satisfaction（=beamed a beam of satisfaction，showed satisfaction by beaming）； bowed his obedience（or his thanks）（=showed his obedience or thanks by bowing）；danced his joy（=danced his dance of joy，showed his joy by dancing）；gesticulated his love ；giggled agreement；laughed dissent；look inquiry（or his thanks）；nodded his assent（or welcome）；roared approval；shouted applause ；sighed disappointment；smiled his welcome（or his relief，his approval，his thanks）； whistled his contempt，wept tears of joy．
1361 有些同源宾语在最高级形容词后常常省略：
The fire blazed its brightest（blaze）．He breathed his last （breath） ；did his best（deed）；fought his bravest（war）；laughed his loudest；looked his best；ran his fastest；shouted his loudest；sang his sweetest；tried his hardest．
1362 在口语中一个没有意义的it常可用在某些动词后作同源宾语，表现一定的情绪：
He braved（or brazened）it out（＝faced trouble bravely［or shamelessly］）．We'll face it out and fight it out ．As it was getting dark，I had to hotel（or inn）it．She queened it（=domineer）over them．He used to rough it （=live an uncomfortable life）．I'll go it alone（=act independently）．He's starring it in a film．As there's no cab，I've to trudge（or walk，foot）it．
1363 图解：
7．S＋TV．AP＋N or G（John gave up his plan．）
1364 无数及物动词后面跟有一地点副词来构成成语，整个成语相当于一个及物动词。但这些地点副词（Advorb of Ploce）多不表示地点，而表示其他东西，因此这种副词也可称作副词性小品词（Adverbial Particle），可以用AP来代表：
He gave up his plan． I have to think out new methods．
She folded up his coat．We may pass over the details．
The plague swept off many people．He has taken over a business．He gave in the paper．He closed down the store．
The bell bellowed（or pealed）forth the anniversary（or the victory of our army）．
有些“动词＋地点副词”构成的成语可以用作不及物动词，如1340节中句子表示的那样，有些则用作及物动词：
An ammunition dump blew up（=exploded）．（作不及物动词）
The enemy blew up（=destroyed by explosion）the bridge．（作及物动词）
The noisy children cleared off when I came．（作不及物动词）
I have to clear off those noisy children．（作及物动词）
Our conversation broke off as a lady came in．（作不及物动词）
That fellow broke off our conversation．（作及物动词）
He showed off before girls．（作不及物动词）
He showed off his new car．（作及物动词）
如果宾语较短，特别是由人称代词表示时，地点副词可以甚至必须放在宾语后面，在对副词加以强调时尤其如此（可参阅1497节）：
Put the money by ．She called him back．Don't break it off．He dreamed his hours away；slept the clock around；cried his heart out；laughed（or talked）them down．He ate it up；closed it up；packed it up；tied it up．He sent me away，saw her off，called me out，drew us aside．
1365 其它例子：
a．They backed up（=supported）Johnson and his policy．They bailed out their friend．They beat back our attack．I must beat up（=beat severely） those mischievous children．I blew out（=extinguished）the candles．We bolstered up（=supported）this old system．I booked down （=wrote down）the sum．We booked up（=fixed an engagement with）several singers．They boss us about（=order us about）．The news bowled over（=overwhelmed）my family．We broke up（=dispersed）the meeting at 11∶00 p．m．．The mistake brought about（=caused）a lot of trouble．Can you bring down the price？The tax brought in ten million dollars a year．The examples bring out（=explain clearly）the meaning of this word．She brushed off（=jilted）her lover．We must build up our own armed forces．He will buy off（=pay money to get rid of）my interest．
b．This strong measure called forth（=provoked）a revolt．We called in a doctor．We have to call off（=cancel）the picnic，which we have prepared for so many days．Call （=Wake） me up at 6 a．m．．I'll call you up（=telephone to you）．The music carried off（=moved）everyone．He carried off（=won）all the prizes．Let's carry on（=continue）the work，We carried out（=performed）the plan．
c．He can dig up（=discover）some important information．He drew on（=pulled on） his socks after getting up．I drew up（=prepared）a bill（or a list）．The taxi dropped me off（=let me get off） at my hotel．The noise drowned out（=made inaudible）our conversation．
d．The mother fed up（=gave extra food to） her sickly son．We filled in（or out，up）the form．He fenced off（=built by means of a fence）a garden．Figure out（=count）the sum．He fired off many questions，which nobody could answer．They fitted out their son with everything necessary．We fitted up（=installed）the machine．We fixed up（=arranged）a trip．He flagged down（=stopped by waving to it） a passing car．Follow up（=Continue）your success with something more ambitious．
e．He gambled away his last cent，even all he had won be-fore．He will get over（=finish）his job．He gave away （=gave free of charge） his property．He gave away（=betrayed）his friends．We gave in（=handed in） the exercise books．The food gave off（=emitted） a bad smell．He gulped down his coffee．Heat up（=re－heat）the leftovers．He helped me out（=help me get over a difficulty）．She held back（=kept back）her tears．Can we hold down （=keep down）costs？We could not hold off（=keep at a distance）the attackers．
f．The enemy kept up（=maintained） the attack for three months．I knocked off（=ate up quickly）five bowls of rice．I laid aside（or by）（=saved for future needs） some dollars．I laid down（=state clearly） some rules for the office．Our company laid off（=dismissed）five workers．Leave off（=stop）fighting．He left out（=didn't include）Mary in the invitation．Don't let down（=disappoint）your parents．The driver let off（=dropped）a lady at the hotel．The judge let him off（=did not punish him）．I will look you up（=visit you） tomorrow．The manager looked the applicant up and down（=examine him carefully）．A girl will liven up（=make lively） our party．He lived out his years（or days，life）（=lived all his life）in this small village．He will make out（=write out） a cheque．My father can't make out（=see）these small letters，for he is farsighted．
He makes up（=invents）all kinds of lies．The boss marked down（=reduced the price of）all articles．He messed up（=put in disorder）my desk．I nailed up（=closed up with nails）the window．
g．He packed off（=sent away hurriedly）all his children to the country．Partition off（=Divide with partition） your living room．Pass on（=Hand）this notice to other people．We passed over（or up）（=overlooked） the chance．I've paid off（=paid the wages of） the workers．I have to pay off（=pay for safety）the blackmailers．I will pick out （=select）the best necktie for you．He picked up（=found）a cab at the cross-roads．He picked himself up（=got up after a fall）．He picked up（=learned without teachers）English so quickly．I pinned him down（=got him to commit himself）as to the question of socialism．
h．I played back the recording，so that what has been recorded about her speech could be heard．He played down（=made less emphatic）the defects of his factory products．Plug in（=Make connection，by means of a plug，with） the radio．He can polish off（=finish off）all these grapes．He pulled on（=put on） his pants and then went out．I pulled up（=stopped）my car at the post office．His brother pushes him about（or around）（=orders him about）．I put aside（or by）（=saved） a few thousand pounds．After five hours of work，I put away（=re－placed）the tools．Put forward your viewpoint．I put in （=spent）five hours repairing this radio－set．He put in （=submitted）an application months ago．We have to put off（=postpone）the trip until next month．Instead of losing weight I put on some weight lately．We put on（=presented）a show．
i．I'll ring you up（=telephone to you）．They roared out a 21－gun salute．Roll up the sleeping bag before we leave．We roped off（=enclosed with a rope） a space for dancing．Round up（ or down）the price（=Bring it to a whole number by raising ［or lowering］it）．
j．We save up some money for future needs．I will see（=ac－company）you back（or home）．She sent away（=dismissed）all her suitors．Send in（=Submit）your photos for the contest．He sent out invitations to his wedding．His departure was set back two weeks．This discontent set off（=caused）a revolt．We set out（=arranged）the goods for sale．We set up（=establish）a small store on the third floor．Can he shake off（=get rid of） his bad habit？She showed off（=displayed to impress people）her hands．He shut himself away（=confined himself）in his attic．
k．He signed away（=sold by signing legal papers） all his houses．He signed his house over to me．Let's size up（=make a judgement of） the situation．This small accident sparked off（=touched off） his temper．He sorted out （=arranged in classes）all the books he had collected．Switch off（=Turn off） the tape recorder．Sum up（=State briefly）your opinion．
l．Take down（=Write down）my speech，please．I will take over the business he decides to give up．I took up（=got interested in） painting last year．This bed takes up（=occupy） too much space．You can take up（=mention and discuss） the matter with the boss．I can talk round（=persuade）anybody who refuses to cooperate．I have to tear down（=take to pieces）the broken machine．He will tear up（=tear to pieces）the contract when it is no more useful to him．He told off（=reproached）his employees．He can think up（=devise）all kinds of lies．He threw on（=put on）his gown．
1366 在上面所有例句中，及物的动词成语都用名词或代词作宾语，但有些也可用动名词作宾语：
He kept on asking me． He put off going to the doctor．
He left off studying French．He gave over（or gave up）smoking．
1367 注意不要把地点副词错误地看作是介词，把及物动词看作不及物动词，换言之，不要把这第七类谓语类型和下面第八类谓语类型混淆。
1368 图解：
这个符号表示，上方所有的词（动名词短语）应看作是一个词类（名词），尽管它们内部各有特定的作用。Asking作为动词，以 me作宾语，而 me和 kept on没有直接关系。
8．S＋IV．P＋N or G或S＋IV．P．N（John laughed at me．）
1369 无数的不及物动词可跟特定的介词构成成语，整个成语起及物动词的作用，可以用名词、代词或动名词作宾语：
a．You must abide by（=keep） your promises．The river abounds with（=has many）fish．I agreed to his view．We aim at success in the examination．This answer amounts to refusal．I must apologize for my fault．I ask for（=demand）nothing luxurious．He depended upon me for advice．He dreamed of his grandfather．He got into politics．Don't gamble on it．He imposed on（=deceived）her．He laughed at（=derided）me．She looks after her child．He looked into（=examined）the matter．He sent for（=summoned）them．I thought of（=considered）this matter．Don't trifle with（=mock）her．
b．He abstained from drinking．His reply amounts to refusing her demand．We began with learning A B C．Happiness consists in being easily pleased．My success depends on my friend helping me．He died from drinking too much．I felt like beating him．He got to drinking．He goes about（=is busy）repairing a car．He heard of his brother having succeeded．We look to moving to a more peaceful country．He objected to being treated like a dog，a slave．He took to reading novels．The paper tells of the enemy having captured th city（=The paper says that the enemy has captured the city）．He thought of going abroad．He wondered at being praised for doing nothing．
1370 无数不及物动词不仅和介词，还可和名词构成成语。这种成语可以看作是不及物动词，因为它们后面既不跟宾语，也不跟补语。
a．这种成语中有些名词前不加冠词：
They burst into laughter（=suddenly laughed）． A steamer came into sight（=appeared）．When did this world come into existence（=come out）？ The new law comes into force （=functions）next September．My son came of age last year．He came to grief（=suffered misfortune）．Your letter has come to hand（=arrived）．He cried over spilt milk．Everything ended in smoke．He fell into poverty．The law has fallen into abeyance（=been no longer observed）．Many slang words have fallen out of use （＝been no longer used）．They got into trouble．We got into hot water（=became involved in difficulty）because of jealousy．I went on sick leave．He has gone through fire and water（=undergone the greatest perils）They go to law（=appeal to court）．The school went to great expense （=spent very much）．I will go to sea（=be a sailor）．He will go to rack and ruin（=perish）．Robbers lay in wait for us．We live from hand to mouth（=can save nothing）．The ship put to sea（=began a voyage） this morning．Don't stand on ceremony（=be formal）．
b．有些名词为复数形式：
She burst into tears（=suddenly cried）．The building burst into flames（=suddenly burned）．He fished in troubled waters（=looked for personal advantage in times of national calamity）．The fence fell into pieces．They fought against odds（=fought with men much more than they）．We should keep within bounds（=act with propriety）．They played at cross purposes（=opposed each other）．They played into the hands of another（=acted so as to give some advantage to another）．Don't play with edged tools（=play with things dangerous）．We took to the boats（=used the lifeboats to escape）．
c．有些名词前加“a”：
We came to a conclusion．His plan came to a bad end（or no good）（= failed）．Business has come to a standstill（=stopped）．The two came to an understanding（=began to understand each other）．We will go for a drive（=go in a car for relaxation）．Your argument goes（or flies）off at a tangent（=changed suddenly in its direction）．His life hung by a thread（=depended dangerously on something small）．Provide against a rainy day（=Prepare for any emergency that may arise）．
d．有些名词加“the”：
These two plans come to the same thing（give the same result）．He erred on the safe side（=chose a course erroneous but safe）．His works have fallen into the shade（=ceased to attract attention）．They fought to the bitter end （or to the death）．He goes by the name of Joo （=is familiarly called Joo）．He will go to the bad（=sink into poverty and disgrace）．The situation is going to the bad（=is becoming worse）．The weak will go to the wall（=be pushed aside as helpless）．He need not go to the trouble of employing a tutor（=trouble himself to employ one）．Don't harp on the same string（=keep saying the same thing）．Keep in the shade．He rose to the occasion（=showed that he was equal to it）．
e．有些名词前需加物主代词：
Come to your senses（=Stop behaving like a madman）．He fell on his knees（=knelt down）．Poverty fell to his lot （=became his destiny）．He is going about his work（=doing it）．She lies at your mercy（=is subject to your control）．The old widow lives on her own（=lives without help from others）．Do not quarrel with your bread and butter（=do anything harmful to your livelihood）．It rises from its ashes like a phoenix（=live again）．He rose to his feet（=stood up）．The chance slipped through my fingers （＝escaped）．My work will speak for itself（=be visible to all）．He stood on his dignity（=insisted on being treat-ed with proper respect）．He stood to his guns（=defended his rights）．You tread on his toes（=offend him）．He worked on my fears（=caused me to do something for him，by taking advantage of my fears）．
1371 不要错误地以为下面句子的谓语和上面句中的谓语属于同一类型：
He came on Sunday．（S＋IV）
The children are playing by the tree．
1372 图解：
9．S＋IV．AP．P＋N or G（John looked down on me．）
1373 无数不及物动词可与地点副词和介词构成成语。整个成语可以看作一个及物动词，因为它们可用名词、代词或动名词作宾语：
a．The loss added up to（=amounted to） a million dollars．He bows down to（=flatters）nobody．He broke away from（=cut his ties with）all his friends．Carry on with （=continue）your work． Lee cashed in on（=made a profit from）tea．We don't really catch on to（=under－stand） this custom．I can't catch up with（=overtake）the class this year．I checked out of the hotel two days after I checked in（=signed the register on arriving）．The police checked up on（=investigated）the suspect．He came around to（=agreed，after disagreeing，to） my views．The teacher came down on（=reprimand） him．I came down with（=caught）a flu．I came near to death（=almost died）．No result came out of the test．He came out with a question．Last year no plays came up to（= equalled ） the standard．My friend came up with a good idea．We all cried out against（=opposed）favoritism．Most important，you must cut down on（=reduce consumption of）sugar．He cut in with（=insert）a terribly saucy remark while we were discussing．
b．This custom dates（=or goes）back to the early eighteenth century．We should do away with（=get rid of） all social evils．Everyone does well with him（=treats him well）．He dropped in on（=made an unplanned visit to） my family．He dropped off to sleep（=fell asleep）．He dropped out of（=quit）high school．He ended up as（=finally be－came）a manager．He ended up with not a cent in his pocket．I have to face up to（=bravely accept） the situation．We have to fall back upon（=depend upon） his sup－port．He fell out with（= quarrelled with）all his friends．I feel up to（=feel capable of undertaking）this job．He will find out about（=get facts about） this matter．He didn't fit in with（=live in harmony with）those foreigners．How can I get away from（=avoid）her nagging？How are you getting on（or along）with（=living together with）your bride？I cannot get out of（=avoid）this trouble．Have you got through with（=finish）that job？Don't give in to（=yield to）your impulse．He goes along with（=agrees with）our party．He goes（ or plays）around with（=fools around with）all kinds of girls．He went in for（=got interested in）stamp collecting．He will go on to college．This store will soon go out of business（=end a business）．This sweater has gone out of fashion（=is no more fashionable）．He often goes out with that pretty Japanese girl．She held on to（=kept grasping） his arm．
c．She keeps away from（=avoids）him．We should keep in with（=keep friendly with）our neighbors．I can not keep up with（=overtake）my classmates．This small event led up to（=prepared the way for）his death．Live up to（=Act according to）your promise．I often look back on（=recollect）the old days．He looked back over（=reviewed）his record．Don't look down on（=despise）small people．We are looking forward to（=anticipating with pleasure）your visit．Look out for（=Watch out for）the car．He cannot make up for（=compensate）the loss I have suffered．He made off with（=stole and hurried away with）all my money．Does his school work measure up to（=come up to） his hopes？Last year I met up with（=met by chance）Jane，who I hadn't seen for ten years．The child messed about with（=made a mess of）my desk．
d．He played up to（=tried to please）her．I had to put up with（=bear）these terrible noises every day．I must settle up with（=get even with）the man who has insulted me．Many signed up for（=joined in） the contest．The guests sat down to dinner at eight．I can't sit down with（=suffer without complaint）that insult．We should speak up for （=speak in a loud voice for）justice．This policeman stood in with（=was in secret league with）those gangsters．Why don't we stand out against（=oppose）this evil practice？ We should stand up for（=support）this good policy．I always think back to（=recall）my childhood．Think twice about it before you act．Tune in to another radio station．We should wake up to（=realize）the seriousness of our situation．They wait up for me（=They stay awake until I come home）．He walked away with（=easily won） the election．He walked off with（=took away）my umbrella．We walked out of the meeting as an expression of protest．I want out of（=want to be freed from） her nagging．I warmed up to（=became friendly with） my neighbors．We should wise up to（Am．）（=finally under－stand）what is going on．I can't work together with him．
e．He got out of（=avoided）smoking．We moved on to getting married．We stood up for prohibiting narcotics． I never turn aside from（=avoid）doing anything good．He went near to（=narrowly escaped） being killed．
1374
10．S＋TV．N．P＋N or G（John found fault with me．）
1375 无数及物动词和特定的名词和介词构成成语。整个成语可以看作及物动词，因为它们可用名词、代词或动名词作宾语：
a．They caught hold of（=seized） the thief； caught sight of （=spied） a strange star；declared war on（or against）a foreign country； found fault with（=censured）me；gained possession of（=got）a large estate；got notice from the police； gave warning to（=warned）us；had （an）interest in（=liked）music；left word with the office boy；lost sight of（=forgot）their purpose；lost touch with（=could not communicate with）all their friends；made war on（=fought）a foreign country；put confidence in（=trusted）me；put（or lost）faith in everyone；took care of their children；took （a） pride in their work．
b．They asked a favour of you； did a good turn to（=did a service to）me；did an injury to their brother；drew（or formed ） a conclusion from（=inferred from）this fact；entertained a fear for（=worried about） this adventure；extended an invitation to（=invited） all their friends；formed an estimate of（=estimated） his abilities；gave an account of（=related）the accident； gave an order to（=ordered）us； gave a trial to the candidate：had a lesson in （=learned）English．
c．They asked the favour of an early supply；cleared the way for the Queen；got（or had）the start of（=gained an adventage over） their rivals；got the better（or the best）of （=overcame）their competitors；lost the use of their legs；took the consequences of（=submitted to the results of）their folly；took the place of（=replaced）other members．
d．He cleared his mind of prejudice；directed our attention to the vice；did his duty to（or by） his country；found his way to my village；gave his love to his parents；paid his addresses to（=courted）her；raised his voice against（=opposed）the manager；set his mind on（=attended to） his business； shook his head at the news；thrust（or poked ，pushed）his nose into（=meddled officiously in） every－thing；took his eyes off her；took h

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