语法复习专题主谓一致 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)

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语法复习专题主谓一致
一、 考点聚焦
1、语法形式上的一致
主语为单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语动词也用复数形式。 The number of students in our school_________1,700.
Mary and Kelly________ alike.
2、意义上一致
(1)主语形式虽为单数,但意义为复数,谓语动词用复数。
The crowd ______ runing for their lives.
单数形式代表复数内容的词有people、police、cattle等。
(2)主语形式为复数,而意义上却是单数,谓语动词用单数。
The news is very exciting.
形复意单的单词有new、works(工厂)、means和以ics结尾的学科名称physics、poli-tics、economics等。
3、就近原则。即谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。如果连词or、either … or、neither … nor、not only … but also等连接的并列主语,如果一个是单数,一个是复数,谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。
Eg.Either you or I________ mad.
4、应注意的若干问题
(1)名词作主语。
①某些集体名词如family、team等作主语时,如果作为一个整体看待,谓语用单数,反之用复数。 My family_________going out for a trip.
The whole family _________ watching TV.
这类词常有audience、class club、committee、company、crew、crowd、enemy、government、group、party、public、team等。
Population和“a group(crowd)of + 复数名词”也适用于这种情况,强调整体用单数,强调各个部分用复数。
②某些集体名词如people、police、cattle、oxen只当复数看待,谓语动词必须用复数。
③单、复数同形的名词作主语时,谓语动词应根据意义决定单、复数。
A sheep ________over there. Some sheep________over there.
④名词所有格之后的名词被省略,这种情况一般只指商店、工场、住宅等;作主语时,动词一般用单数。 My uncle’s________not for from here.
常见的省略名词有the baker’s 、the barbar’s、the Zhang’s等。
表示店铺的名词一般作集体名词看待,但用作主语时,谓语动词往往用复数。如:
Richardson’s_________a lot of old goods to sell.
⑤当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时,往往可以根据意义一致的原则,把这些复数名词看作一个整体,谓语用单数。
Thirty years ________ passed. Five minutes _______enough to finish the task.
⑥不定代词each、every、no所修饰的名词即使以and或逗号连接成多主语时,谓语动词仍用单数形式。如:
Each boy and each girl in my class ________a dictionary.
⑦如果主语有more than one … 或many a … 构成,尽管从意义上看是复数内容,它的谓语动词用单数形式。 More than one student _____ seen the play.
Many a boy________ bought that kind of toy.
但是,“more + 复数名词 + than one”结构之后,谓语用复数。
⑧一些由两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时,谓语通常用复数形式。如glasses、clothes、trousers、shoes、compasses、chopsticks、scissors等。
但如果主语用a kind of、a pair of、a series of等加名词构成时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。 A pair of shoes ________ on the desk.
⑨this kind of book = a book of this kind(这种书),其谓语动词;短语this kind of men = men of this kind = these kind of men(口语)(这一类人),但this kind of men的谓语用单数,men of this kind和these kind of men的谓语用复数,all kinds of后跟复数名词,谓语用复数形式。如:
This kind of men _______dangerous. Men of theis kind/sort ________dangerous.
⑩复数形式的单、复数同形名词作主语时,按意义一致的原则,用作单数意义时,谓语用单数,反之,谓语用复数。这类名词有means、works、species(种类)、Chinese、Japanese等。当它们的前面有 a、such a、this、that修饰时,谓语用单数;有all、such、these、those修饰时,谓语用复数。
(11)如果名词词组中心词是all、most、half、rest等词语,所指是复数意义,谓语动词用复数形式,反之用单数。
All of my students work hard. All of the oil _______gone.
(12)在主谓倒装的句子中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如:
Between the two windows __________an oil painting.(hang)
(2)由连接词连接的名词作主语。
①用and或both … and 连接并列主语,谓语动词通常用复数形式。但如果并列主语指的是同一个人,同一事物或同一概念时,谓语动词用单数形式,这时and后面的名词没有冠词。
Truth and honesty ________the best policy.
To love and to be loved _______the great happiness.
Going to bed early and getting up early _______a good habit.
A knife and fork_________ on the table.
②当主语后面跟有as well as、as much as、no less than、along with、with、like、rather than、together with、but、except、besides、including、in addition to等引导的词组时,采取“就远原则”。
③以or、either … or、neigher … nor、not only … but also等连接的词作主语时,采取“就近原则”。
(3)代词作主语。
①名词型物主代词连接的动词,既可以用单数,也可以用复数,这取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数。 Ours (Our Party) ________a great Party.
Your shoes ________ white, mine (= my shoes)_______ black.
②such、the same起指示代词作用时,应根据其所指的内容来决定单、复数。
Such ________our plan. Such _________ his last words.
③关系代词who、that、which等在定语从句中作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。
④疑问词who、what、which作主语时,谓语动词可根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单、复数。 Who lives next door? It________Xiao Liu.
Who lives next door? It __________Wang and Li.
⑤不定代词any、either、neither、none、all、some、more等作主语时,要注意下列情况:
(A)单独作主语时,视其在文中的意义,动词可用单数或复数形式。Now all has been changed. All are present.
(B)其后接of时,若of的宾语为不可数名词,动词用单数形式;若of的宾语为复数名词或代词时,动词可以是单数,也可以是复数;在正式文体中,单数形式的动词更常用。
Do (es) any of you know about the accident? None of us has(have) seen the film.
(4)分数、量词作主语。
①“分数或百分数 + 名词”构成的短语以及由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, a heap of, heaps of, half of + 名词”构成的短语作主语时,其谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致,这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词,而短语中前面的量词是修饰语。如:
Lots of damage_________caused by flood.
A number of students ________ gone to the countryside.
A large quantity of people _________needed here.
Quantities of food (nuts) ________ still on the table.
②a great deal of、a large amount of修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数;large amounts of修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数。
③表示数量的one and a half后,名词要用复数形式,但是其短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
One and a half apples________ left on the table.(be)
④half of、(a)part of修饰可数名词单数及不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数,修饰可数名词复数时,谓语动词用复数。
(5)名词化的形容词作主语。
如果主语由“the + 形容词(或分词)”结构担任时,谓语通常用复数。这类词有the rich、the poor、the brave、the injured、the living、the wounded等。如表抽象的也可以用单数,如the unknown、the beautiful等。
(6)从句作主语。
①由what引导的主语从句,谓语动词通常用单数,但所指的具体内容是复数意义时,谓语动词一般用复数形式。
What we need _________more money.
What we need__________ more people/teachers.
②在“one of + 复数名词 + who/that/which”引导的从句结构中,关系代词who/that/which的先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是one,因此从句中的谓语动词也应该是复数形式。如one前有the only则用单数形式。
This________one of the most interesting stories that ______been told by my father.
She_________the only one of the girls who_________late for class today.
(7)不定式、名动词(短语)作主语用单数形式;There be句型中be的单复数取决于be后的第一个词的数。
There ______a book, two pens on the desk.
There ______two pens, a book on the desk.
二、精典名题导解
选择填空
1.—Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, _________to go to university.
—So do I .(上海 1998) A.hope B.hopes C.hoping D.hoped
解析:答案为B。本题考查主谓一致中的意义一致原则,不定代词either、neither、each、one、the other、another以及所有的复合不定代词作主语时,谓语动词应根据意义一致的原则采用单数形式,排除A。选项C是非谓语动词的一种,不能单独作谓语,亦应排除。根据答语中的时态又可排除选项D。
2.The number of people invited _________ fifty, but a number of them __________ absent for different reasons.(NMET 1996)
A.were; was B.was; was C.was; were D.were; were
解析:答案为C。本题考查the number of和a number of 的区别。“the number of + 复数名词/代词”结构中的中心词是number,“a number of + 复数名词/代词”结构中的中心词是of后的复数名词或代词,故谓语动词分别用单、复数。解题关键在于仔细区分哪个是真正的主语。
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