第七章 动词时态和语态 (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)
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第七章 动词时态和语态
英语的动词不同时间里发生的行为或存在的状态，要用不同的形式来表示，这种不同的形式叫做动词的时态。
英语常用的时态有八种，分别是：一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去进行时、过去完成时和过去将来时。
英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。例如：
He wrote a novel.（主语he 是动作wrote 的执行者，是主动语态。）
The classroom was cleaned by him yesterday.（主语the classroom 是动作的承受者，是被动语态）
高考重点要求：
1、通过上下文或所设定的语境，正确判断和运用各种时态
2、在书面表达中能根据动作发生的时间关系，正确使用动词时态
3、根据主语与谓语的逻辑关系，正确判断和运用主动语态和被动语态
第一节 知识点概述
一、动词时态
英语的动词在表示不同时间里发生的行为或存在的状态时，要用不同的形式来表示。英语的时态从时间上来看，可分为“现在”，“过去”，“将来“和”过去将来“四大类。动词共有十六种不同时态，但常用的时态有八种。
（一） 一般现在时
一般现在时表示经常发生的动作（习惯性的动作）或存在的状态，句中常用always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never, every day等时间状语。
例如：
1） He goes to school at seven o’clock every day.
2） The sun rises in the east.
（二） 一般过去时
一般过去时主要用于表示过去的动作、行为或状态，句中常有yesterday, ago, in 1989, once, last week (month, year), at that time, just now 等时间状语。
例如：
1） He was born in 1989.
2） I used to play football when I was young.
（三）一般将来时
英语动词表示将来时间有多种形式，其共同特点是句中常有表示将来时间的状语，如：tomorrow, next week, in a week等
例如：
1） We will visit the science museum next week.
2） We are going to discuss the problem tomorrow.
（四）现在进行时
现在进行时表示现在时刻正在进行的动作或表示现阶段正在做的事情，句中常与now, at this moment等时间状语连用。
例如：
1） The boy is playing video games.
2） His father is writing a novel these days.
（五）现在完成时
现在完成时表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态，或还要延续下去，句中常用since, for, yet, already等表示一段时间的状语。
例如：
1） Great changes have taken place in China since 1980.
2） He has been in this factory for five years.
（六）过去进行时
过去进行时表示在过去某个时候正在进行的动作或过去某个阶段正在做的事情。
例如：
1） He was reading an interesting book this time yesterday.
2） When I came in, they were having supper.
（七）过去完成时
表示在过去某个时刻前已经发生的动作或状态，或者从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到过去另一时刻的动作或状态。
例如：
1） By the end of last year, we had learned more than 2,000 English words.
2） My teacher had taught in that school for ten years before she came here.
（八）过去将来时
过去将来时表示从过去的观点来预计以后要发生的动作或存在的状态，这种时态常用于宾语从句当中，主句中的谓语动词一般是过去时。
例如：
1） He said that he would study harder than before.
2） He didn’t tell me when he would go.
二、被动语态
（一）被动语态的构成
英语动词的被动语态由助动词be+及物动词的过去分词构成。助动词be必须与主语的人称和数保持一致，并有时态的变化。例如：
The man was fooled by the two boys.
The book has been translated into several languages.
（二）被动语态的用法
（1）动作的执行者不知道是谁或难以说明时常用被动语态。例如：
Street lights are often turned on at six in winter.
The new test book will be used next term.
（2）当动作的承受者比起动作的执行者来说更能引起人们的关心而需要加以强调时，要用被动语态。例如：
This kind of bicycle is not sold in our shop.
The thief was caught by a policeman yesterday.
（3）含有双宾语的句子，主动句中的间接宾语或者直接宾语都可变为被动语态中的主语，另一个保留不变。变为主语的若是主动句中的直接宾语，间接宾语前则需加介词to 或for。
例如：The pianist gave the pupils some advice.
间接宾语 直接宾语
→The pupils were given some advice by the pianist.
→Some advice was given to the pupils by the pianist.
(4)在主动语态句中动词make、have、let、see、watch、hear、feel等后接动词不定式作宾语补足语，动词不定式不加to。但变成被动语态时后面的不定式都须加上to。
例如：The boss made them work ten hours a day.
→They were made to work ten hours a day by the boss.
A boy saw him enter the house.
→He was seen to enter the house.
（三）被动语态的时态
（1） 一般现在时
构成：助动词am/ is/are + 动词的过去分词
例如：This kind of car is made in Shanghai.
English is spoken in many countries.
(2) 一般过去时
构成：助动词was/were + 动词的过去分词
例如：The bridge was built in 1992.
Was this novel written by his father?
(3) 一般将来时
构成：will be 或be going to + be + 动词的过去分词
例如：These books are going to be posted tomorrow.
The baby will be taken good care of in the hospital.
(4) 现在完成时
构成：助动词have/has + been + 动词的过去分词
例如：Has his work been finished?
We haven’t been invited to the party.
(5) 现在进行时
构成：be + being + 动词的过去分词
例如：A new bridge is being built in my hometown.
The problem is being discussed by the students.
补充说明：带有情态动词的被动语态
构成：情态动词 + be + 动词的过去分词
例如：Can this walkman be repaired here?
Your composition must be handed in tomorrow.
第二节 实战演练
一、复习时需注意的要点
1、有些表示状态、情感、感觉的动词没有进行时。例如：be , like , want , love , hear, wish , hope等。
例如：I hope he will come back soon.
2、现在完成时与一般过去时都表示动作发生于过去，但现在完成时强调结果， 一般过去时强调动作。
例如：—Have you been to the Great Wall ?
—Yes , I have .
3、某些动词在表示主语特征和性质时为不及物动词，但在表示动作时为及物动词。常见的此类动词有：wash , write , sell , read , open , cut , lock , shut 等。
The clothes he bought yesterday washes well.
4、不及物动词及部分由不及物动词构成的短语不用于被动语态。常见的词和短语有：appear, rise , die , happen , occur , lie , belong to , break out , take place等。
例如：This book belongs to him.
A fire broke out last night.
5、get常与marry, beat, break, tear, hurt, repair, dress, pay等动词的过去分词连用，构成被动语态，一般指动作的结果。
例如：These workers got paid by the hour.
The little baby got quickly dressed.
二、历届高考试题分析
例1、More than a dozen students in that school ____ abroad to study medicine last year.
A. sent B. were sent C. had sent D. had been sent
答案：B
【解析】 be sent abroad 被派往国外。
例2、By the end of last year, another new gymnasium_________ in Beijing.
A. would be completed B. was being completed
C. has been completed D. had been completed
答案为D。
【解析】如：by意为“到……为止”。by后加过去时间，主句用过去完成时，如by后加现在时间，用现在完成时，如by后加将来时，主句要用将来完成时。by the end of last year常与过去完成时连用。表示到过去某个时候前已完成的动作。
例3、When and where to go for the on-salary-holiday_________ yet.
A. are not decided B. have not been decided
C. is not being decided D. has not been decided
答案为D。
【解析】 根据副词yet可确定用现在完成时，可排除A、C；不定式，动名词及从句作主语，谓语动词按单数处理，when and where to do sth.表示单数，要用has not been decided。
例4、He will have learned English for eight years by the time he _______from the university next year.
A. will graduate B. will have graduated
C. graduates D. is to graduate
答案为C。
【解析】 “by the time”后接定语从句，省略了关系副词when。在这种定语从句中要用一般现在时表示将来。译文：到明年他毕业之前，已经学了八年英语。
例5、Rainforests _______and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future.
A. cut B. are cut C. are being cut D. had been cut
答案为C。
【解析】 这句话的意思是“雨林正在以那么快的速度被砍伐和烧掉以至于在不久的将来它们将会消失。”从句子的语境they will disappear from the earth in the near future可以判断，要用被动语态的现在进行时。表示现在正在发生的事对将来可能造成的影响。
例6、How I wish every family _______ a large house with a beautiful garden!
A. has B. had C. will have D. had had
答案为B。
【解析】 wish后接从句常用虚拟语气，表示这只是说话人的一种愿望。具体用法：如果从句中动作与现在事实相反应用过去式，与将来事实相反用would/could+动词原形；与过去事实相反用过去完成式或would/could+have done。译文：我多么希望每个家庭都住上带有漂亮花园的大房子。
例7、The new suspension bridge ________ by the end of last month.
A. has been designed B. had been designed
C. was designed D. would be designed
答案为B。
【解析】 在含有by引导的表示过去意义的时间状语的句子中，谓语动词要用过去完成时。译文：到上月为止已完成了吊桥设计。
例8、—How are you today?
—Oh , I__________ as ill as I do now for a very long time.
A．didn't feel B．wasn't feeling C．don't feel D．haven't felt
答案为D。
【解析】 现在完成时表示从过去的某个时候开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态。从句子的意思可知，从过去某个时候开始，已经病了很长时间了。
例9、—Hey, look where you are going!
—Oh, I'm terribly sorry. ________.
A. I'm not noticing B. I wasn't noticing
C. I haven't noticed D. I don't notice
答案为B。
【解析】 表示刚才没有注意到，要用过去进行时。一般现在时表示经常性的动作；现在完成时表示过去所做的事对现在造成的影响或从过去某个时候一直延续到现在的动作，即现在也没有注意到；现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作，这三个时态显然不符合句意。
例10、A new cinema _______here. They hope to finish it next month.
A. will be built B. is built C. has been built D. is being built
答案为D。
【解析】 根据They hope to finish it next month.说明电影院还在建设之中，所以从时态上讲是进行时；另外从语态上讲为被动语态。
第三节 巩固练习
Direction: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A. B. C and D. Choose the best answer that completes the sentence.
1. Mary _____ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
2. I don’t really work here. I _____ until the secretary arrives.
A. just help out B. have just helped out C. am just helping out D. will just help out
3. —Can I join the club, Dad?
—You can when you _____ a bit older.
A. get B. will get C. are getting D. will have got
4. —How long _____ each other before they _____ married?
—For about a year
A. have they known; get B. did they know; were going to get
C. do they know; are going to get D. had they known; got
5. I need one more stamp before my collection _____ .
A. has completed B. completes C. has been completed D. is completed
6. Your phone number again? I _____ quite catch it.
A. didn’t B. couldn’t C. don’t D. can’t
7. —Have you moved into the new house?
—Not yet, the rooms _____.
A. are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painting
8. —Peter, why didn’t you come yesterday?
—I _____, but I had an unexpected visitor.
A. had B. would C. was going to D. did
9. If city noises _____ from increasing, people _____ shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now on.
A. are not kept; will have to B. are not kept; have to
C. do not keep; will have to D. do not keep; have to
10. —Who is Jerry Cooper?
—_____? I saw you shaking hands with him at the meeting.
A. Don’t you meet him yet B. Hadn’t met him yet
C. Didn’t you meet him D. Haven’t you met him yet
11. I ___ Mr Smith would give me an early reply, but he didn’t.
A. hope B. really hope C. will hope D. had hoped
12. Harry’s father ___ by the time the doctor arrived.
A. had already died B. has died C. is dying D. died
13. I did not know the reason why he ___ such a big mistake.
A. made B. really made C. had made D. was making
14. The pen I ___ I ___ is on my desk, right under my nose.
A. think; lost B. thought; had lost C. think; had lost D. thought; have lost
15. —Do you know our town at all?
—No. This is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. come D. was coming
16. You look worried. What ____ to you?
A. happens B. has happened C. happened D. is happening
17. My pen ___ for two weeks. May I borrow yours, please?
A. has lost B. had lost C. had been lost D. has been lost
18. It ___ every day so far this month.
A. is raining B. rained C. rains D. has rained
19. So far solar energy ___ in the world.
A. has not been widely used B. is not widely used
C. was not widely used D. hasn’t used widely
20. Don’t interrupt me . I ___ letters all morning and have written five.
A. write B. have written C. was writing D. have been writing
21. I don’t think Jim saw me, he _____ into space.
A. just stared B. was just staring C. has just stared D. had just stared
22. The key to my door _____. I have looked for it everywhere, but I still _____ it.
A. is missing; can’t find B. has lost; don’t find
C. has lost; haven’t found D. has been gone; haven’t found
23. It won’t be long before such a thing _____ again.
A. happened B. is happened C. will happen D. happens
24. We _____ to the Great Wall three times in 1999.
A. went B. has been C. was visited D. had visited
25. The doctors could do nothing to save the patient and he _____.
A. died B. die C. was dying D. was dead
26. He _____ to meet us at the station but he didn’t see us.
A. did go B. didn’t go C. has gone D. was going
27. I _____ the whole book by the day after tomorrow.
A. shall read B. shall be reading C. will read D. shall have read
28. I won’t be able to watch the program because I _____ my homework at that time.
A. shall have done B. will do C. shall be done D. will be doing
29. _____ English?
A. How long are you studying B. How long do you study
C. How long have you been studying D. How long will you have studied
30. –You haven’t got the textbook for my English class yet.
--I know, and we _____ to get it for the last five weeks.
A. will have been trying B. will be trying C. had tried D. have been trying
31. –Have you bought your new bike yet?
--No, it _____ for a week. So I just stay at home and go nowhere.
A. is raining B. will be raining C. has been raining D. rains
32. She _____ law the moment she has finished middle school.
A. is going to study B. is to study C. is about to study D. will be studying
33. Mary felt both unprepared and nervous about the interview which she _____ next day.
A. was about to face B. is going to face C. will face D. was to face
34. If a man _____ succeed, he must work as hard as he can.
A. will B. is to C. is going to D. should
35. Before he _____ into the water, someone had caught him by the arm.
A. will throw himself B. threw himself
C. throws himself D. was going to throw himself
36. —Can I help you, sir?
—Yes, I bought this radio here yesterday, but it ___.
A. didn’t work B. won’t work C. can’t work D. doesn’t work
37. Sarah, hurry up. I'm afraid you can’t have time to ______ before the party.
A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change
38. Please help me with my maths when you ___ time.
A. have B. will have C. are going to have D. are to have
39. We won’t go unless you ___ soon.
A. coming B. came C. will come D. come
40. I wonder how long ago this university ____.
A. has began B. begins C. began D. had began
41. —Bob has just arrived from London.
—When ___ he ___ back?
A. did; come B. has; come C. does; come D. was; come
42. —Come in, Peter. I want to show you something.
—Oh, how nice of you. I ___ you ___ to bring me a present.
A. never think; are going B. never thought; were going
C. didn’t think; were going D. hadn’t thought; were going
43. We were all surprised when he made it clear that he ___ office soon.
A. leaves B. would leave C. left D. had left
44. As I ___ the next day, I went to bed early on Saturday evening.
A. was leaving B. have to leave C. will leave D. left
45. When Jack arrived he learned Mary ___ for almost an hour.
A. had gone B. had set off C. had left D. had been away
46. The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people _____ to eat more fruit and vegetables.
A. persuade B. will persuade C. be persuaded D. are persuaded
47. Shortly after we _____ , a waiter came over to our table with a smile.
A. seated B. were seated C. sat ourselves D. took place
48. —Help me with the door. It _____.
—It _____ by the monitor.
A. won’t lock…has been locked B. won’t be locked…has locked
C. won’t lock…has locked D. won’t be locked…has been locked
49. In the evening school where I study, computer _____ .
A. is well taught B. is nice C. has many people D. is there
50. The more books you read, _____ it will do you.
A. the better B. the more good C. the well D. better
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