非谓语动词专题
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非谓语动词专题 不定式的用法: 1.作主语;不定式短语作主语时,往往放在谓语之后,用it作形式主语。 To see is to believe. It’s right to give up smoking. 2.作表语;My job is to help the patient. 3. 作宾语;有些动词后只能用动词不定式作宾语,如:afford, agree, ask, decide, desire, expect, fail, hope, manage, promise, pretend, plan, intend, refuse, wish等。 4.作宾补;动词不定式作动词feel, hear, see, watch, notice, observe等感官动词以及have, let, make等使役动词后面的宾语补足语时,不定式to符号要省略。但如果这些句子变成被动结构时,就必须带to符号。如: I often hear him sing the song. He is often heard to sing the song. 注意: 动词不定式在介词but后面时, 如果介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么,这些介词后的不定式不带to,否则要带to。另外,在can’t choose but和can’t help but等后面的不定式也省略to。如; We could do nothing but wait. We have no choice but to wait. 5.作定语;1). 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点,工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词。如: There is nothing to worry about. The Browns have a comfortable house to live in. Please give me a knife to cut with. 但是,不定式所修饰的名词如果是time,place或way时,不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。如: He had no and no place to live. We found a way to solve this problem. 2). 当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时,不定式既可以用主动语态,也可用被动语态,但其含义有所不同。试比较: Have you anything to send? / Have you anything to be sent? 3). 不定式作定语的几种情况: a.作后置定语可表将来:The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important. b.用来修饰被序数词,最高级等限定的中心词: He was the best man to do the job. She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games. c.用来修饰的词是抽象名词时,常见的有:ability, chance, idea, fact, answer, reply, attempt等。如: Do you have the ability to read and write English? I have no chance to go sightseing. 6.作状语;表目的,原因,结果或条件。如: I came here to see you.(目的) He hurried to the school to find nobody there.(结果) To look at him, you would like him.(条件) 在某些形容词作表语,表示喜,怒,哀,乐后跟不定式表原因。如: We were very excited to hear the news. 在带有enough或too的句子里,也常用不定式作状语,表示程度。 He is old enough to go to school. She is too tired to do the job. 注意:目的状语还可以用in order to或so as to来表示但so as to不能置于句首。 7.作独立成分;如: To be honest, I know nothing about it. 不定式与疑问词who, which, when, where, how, what等连用,在句中起名词作用,可充当主语,表语,宾语等。如: He didn’t know what to say.(宾语) When and where to hold the meeting is not known yet.(主语) My question was how to get so many books.(表语) 注意句型:Why not do sth.? Why do sth.? 不定式的主动(to do )和被动(to be done) 判断不定式是主动还是被动,关键看不定式中的动词与主句的主语之间的关系,主动即用“to do”,被动即用“to be done”; 如果与主句主语之间没有关系,则看其与逻辑主语之间的关系,如果是被动,则用“to be done”.试比较: 1) I have some clothes to wash, so I can’t go out now.(自己洗衣服) 2) Are you free now? I have some clothes to be washed.(叫别人洗衣服) 3) There are five pairs (for you) to choose from. (暗含主语you) 不定式的时态 to do/to be doing/ to have done He pretended to be reading a book when she went in. (动作正在进行) I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.(不定式动作发生在谓语动词之前) 不定式符号to的保留问题 有时为了避免重复,可以用来代替前面的不定式,这种情况常出现在下列动词后:expect, prefer, care, mean, forget, want, wish, hope, try以及be glad/happy;would like/love等后。 I have’t been to Hong Kong, but I wish to. ---- Are you on holiday? ---- No, but I’d like to be. ---- I didn’t tell him the news. ---- Oh, you ought to have. 动词-ing形式的用法(过去分词): 1. 动词-ing形式作主语 Seeing is believeing. Tom’s coming is what we have expected. -ing或不定式都可以在句中作主语,但在下列句型中常用-ing作主语 It’s no use/good+doing sth./ It’s of little use/good+doing sth. It is no use crying over spilt milk. It is of little good staying up too late every day. 2.动词-ing形式作表语 Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. 3.动词-ing形式作宾语 以下动词或动词词组后面只接动名词作宾语:admit, appreciate, avoid, consider(考虑), delay, enjoy, imagine, suggest, finish, mind, practise, resist, give up, feel like, keep on, insist on, look forward to, stick to, get down to等。 注意:1). 有些动词或动词词组既可以跟动名词作宾语,也可以跟不定式作宾语,但意义上有区别,要特别注意。如: forget to do/doing; remember; regret; try; mean; stop; go on; can’t help等。 2). 在动词等动词后直接跟动词形式作宾语,如果后面有名词或代词作宾语,其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。如: allow/advise/forbid/permit doing sth./ sb to do sth. 3). need, want, require其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语,表示事情需要做。如: Sth. need/requie/want doing=to be done Sth. be worth doing Sth. be worthy of being done=be worthy to be done 4.动词-ing形式作定语(过去分词作定语) 前置定语:He asked an embarrassing queation. 后置定语:A little child learning to walk often falls. = A little child who learns to walk often falls. 注意:动词-ing和过去分词的区别---现在分词表示主动含义或动作正在进行,过去分词表示被动含义或动作已经完成。如: falling leaves/fallen leaves boiling water/boiled water a puzzling look/a puzzled look Those inviting me to attend the meeting are my friends. =Those who invite me to attend the meeting are my friends. Those invited to the meeting are all the top leaders from different countries. =Those who are invited to the meeting are all the top leaders from different countries. 5.动词-ing形式作状语(过去分词作状语) 分词作状语时,分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。 分词或分词短语作状语时,可以表时间,原因,结果,条件,让步,行为方式,伴随状况等。表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词while或when引出。如: Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. Followed by some officials, the leader inspected his army. Following their teacher, the students went into the classroom. Being sick, I stayed at home. Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake. He sat in the armchair, reading the newspaper. Not hearing from him, I give him a phone call. When leaving the airport, they waved to us constantly. 现在分词和过去分词的时态与语态 一般式doing/done 完成式having done/ having been done 进行式being done 否定式是not+分词短语 独立成分作状语 有些分词短语,其形式的选择不受上下文的影响,称作独立成分。常见的有: Generally speaking, Frankly speaking, Judging from/by, Considering, Given, 责任编辑:李芳芳 |
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