| 名词
`````````(新目标版九年级英语上册教学论文) |
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1. 名词 名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词，专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类： 1）个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。 2）集体名词：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。 3）物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。 4）抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。 个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词，物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词。归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示： 名词 专有名词 不可数名词 普通名词 物质名词 抽象名词 集体名词 可数名词 个体名词 1.1 名词复数的规则变化 情况 构成方法 读音 例词 一般情况 加 -s 清辅音后读/s/ map-maps 浊辅音和元音后读 /z/ bag-bags /car-cars 以s, sh, ch, x等结尾 加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses/ watch-watches 以ce, se, ze,等结尾 加 -s 读 /iz/ license-licenses 以辅音字母+y结尾 变y 为i再加es 读 /z/ baby---babies 1.2 其它名词复数的规则变化 1） 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数。例如： two Marys the Henrys monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays 2） 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时： a. 加s，如： photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos； b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes c. 上述a和b两种方法均可，如zero---zeros / zeroes。 3） 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时： a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs safe---safes gulf---gulfs； b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves； c. 上述a和b两种方法均可，如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves。 1.3 名词复数的不规则变化 1） child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice man---men woman---women 注意：由一个词加 man 或 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women，如an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。 2） 单复同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin等。但除人民币的元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。 people police cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用，如The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。 4） 以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如： a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，一般是不可数名词，为单数。 b. news 为不可数名词。 c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。 The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。 d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。例如： "The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。 5） 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses （眼镜） trousers, clothes等，若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair（对，双）; suit（套）; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。 6） 另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼。 1.4 不可数名词量的表示 1）物质名词 a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数。 比较：Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。 （不可数） These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 （可数） b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，可数。例如： This factory produces steel. （不可数） We need various steels. （可数） c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。例如： Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。 Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。 2） 抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数。例如： four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四个现代化 物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量，如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice 一则建议。 5. 定语名词的复数 名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。 1) 用复数作定语。例如： sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室 talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系 2） man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。例如： men workers women teachers gentlemen officials 3） 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。例如： goods train （货车） arms produce 武器生产 customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush 衣刷 4） 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如： two-dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路 two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan. 一个五年计划 1.6 不同国籍人的单复数 国籍 总称（谓语用复数） 单数 复数 中国人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese 瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss 澳大利亚人 the Australians an Australian two Australians 俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians 意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians 希腊人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks 法国人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen 日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese 美国人 the Americans an American two Americans 印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians 加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians 德国人 the Germans a Germans two Germans 英国人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen 瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes 1.7 名词的格 英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下： 1） 单数名词词尾加"'s"，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加"'s"，如the boy's bag 男孩的书包，men's room 男厕所。 2） 若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加" ' "，如：the workers' struggle 工人的斗争。 3） 凡不能加"'s"的名词，都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。 4） 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barber's 理发店。 5） 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示"分别有"；只有一个's，则表示'共有'。例如： John's and Mary's rooms（两间） John and Mary's room（一间） 1.8 练习 0. He was eager to make some extra money, since during these years he could hardly live on his_______. a． little wage b. few wage c. wage d. wages 1. Most of the houses in the village were burnt to ______ during the war. a. an ash b. the ash c. ash d. ashes 2. The students at colleges or universities are making ______ for the coming New Year. a.many preparations b. much preparation c. preparations d. preparation 3. Painting in _____ is one of their spare-time activities. a. oil b. an oil c. oils d. the oil 4. In the view of the foreign experts, there wasn’t ____ oil here. a. much b. lots of c. a great deal of d. many 5. The large houses are being painted, but ______. a. of great expense b. at a great expense c. in a lot of expenses d. by high expense 6. The room was small and contained far too ______. a.much new furniture c. much new furnitures b.many new furniture d. many new furnitures 7. Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the ______. a. rooms number b. room number c. room’s numbers d. room numbers 9.Computers can do ______ work in a short time, but a man can not do ______ by himself. a great many…many c. much…a great deal b. a great deal of…much d. many…a great many 9. She didn’t know _____ he had been given. a. how many information c. how many informations b. the number of information d. how much information 10. He invited all of his ______ to join his wedding party. a. comrade-in-arms c. comrades-in-arm b. comrades-in-arms d. comrade-in-arm 11. All the ______ in the hospital got a rise last month. a. women doctors c. woman doctors b. women doctor d. woman doctor 13.After ten years, all these youngsters became_____. a. growns-ups c. growns-up b. grown-up d. grown-ups 14.The police investigated those _____ about the accident. a. stander-by c. standers-by b. stander-bys d. standers-bys 15.The Nazi kept those ______ in their concentration camp. a.prisoner-of-wars c. prisoners-of-war b.prisoners-of-wars d. prisoner-of-war 16.The manager was greatly appreciate that _____ made by Linda lately. a. new reel b. news reel c. new-reels d. news reels 17.Mary’s dress is similar in appearance to her ______. a. elder sister b. elder sister’s c. elder sisters d. elder sisters dress 18.All the people at the conference are ______. a. mathematic teachers c. mathematics teacher b.mathematics teachers d. mathematic’s teachers 19.Professor Mackay told us that ______ of lead are its softness and its resistance. a. some property c. properties b. some properties d. property 20.Physics _____ with matter and motion. a. deal b. deals c. dealing d. are 21.He has written several books, but his last works _____ well known among his friends. a. have b. have been c. is d. are 22.After he checked up my ______ heart, the doctor advised him to rest for a few days. a. father-in-law’s c. father’s-in-law b. father-in-law d. father’s-in-law’s 23.He told me _____ would come to his birthday party. a. many Jack friends c. many Jack’s friend b. Jack’s many friends d. many friends of Jack’s 24.I had my hair cut at the _____ around the corner. a.barber b. barbers c. barber’s d. barbers’ 25.Yesterday evening we had a lovely evening at ______. a. Peter and Helen’s c. Peter and Helen b. Peter and Helens d. Peter’s and Helen’s 26.______ receives only a small portion of the total amount of the sun’s energy. a. The earth’s surface c. The surface of earth b. The surface earth d. The earth surface 27.Numerous materials are available to ______. a. today of designers c. today’s of designers b. today’s designers d. today designers 28.Why did you speak to Peter that way? Don’t you know he is an old friend of ______? a. my brother b. my brothers c. my brother’s d. my brother’s friend 29.______ is a well-informed man. He can tell you anything you want to know. a. This John’s old friend c. That’s Jahn’s old friend b. This old friend of John d. This old friend of John’s 30.______ is too much for a little boy to carry. a.A bike’s weight c. The weight of a bike b.The weights of a bike d. Bile’s weight 31.Generally there are ______ television programs for children on Saturday. a.little b. much c. a large number of d. a large amount of 32.When they got to the lecture-room, there were ______ left. a.only few seats b. a very few seats c. only a few seats d. so a few seats 33.______ travels faster when the zip code is indicated on the envelope. a. A little mail b. A piece of mail c. A mail d. A small mail 34.The Department purchased ______ to improve the working conditions there. a. a new equipment c. new equipments b. a new piece of equipment d. new pieces of equipments 35.The boy tried hard but there has been ______ in his work. a.little improvement c. many improvements b. a little improvement d. few improvements 36.Today’s modern TV cameras require ______ light as compared with the earlier models. a. only a few b. only few c. only a little d. only little 37.No country can afford to neglect ______. a.an education b. educations c. education d. the education 38.Please write the answers to the questions at the end of ______. a. eighth chapter b. chapter eight c. eight chapter d. chapter the eight 39.______ is only surpassed by that of monkeys’ and apes’. a.The intelligent dog c. The intelligence of dogs b.The dogs whose intelligence d. The dogs being intelligent 40.All ______ must take the graduate Management Admission Test. a. business student b. business’s students c. business students d. business’s student 41.______ anywhere in the United States costs less than a dollar when you dial it yourself. a.Three minutes call c. A three-minutes call b.Three-minute call d. A three-minute call 42.The ______ about nuclear energy revolves around the waste problem. a.public’s chief concern c. chief public concern b.public chief concern d. chief concern of public’s 43.______ the first and largest ethnic group to work on the construction of the transcontinental railroad. a. Chinese were b. The Chinese was c. Chinese was d. The Chinese were 44.______ can get a better view of the game than the participants. a.Looker-on b. Lookers-on c. Looker-ons c. Lookers-ons 45.A group of spectators was dispersed by the police who ______ at the scene of the accidents within minutes. a. were b. have been c. was d. has been 46.Our livestock ______ not as numerous as they used to be. a.is b. are c. be d. been 47.One of the most surprising things is that ______ may come from petroleum. a. much of tomorrow food c. many of tomorrow’s food b. much of the food of tomorrow d. much of tomorrow’s food 48.Scott is an orphan but he received ______. a.very good education c. a very good education b.very good educations d. many good educations 49.After several day’s hardworking, we have made ______ on the design. a. much improvement c. many improvement b. several improvements d. some improvement 50.The boy was very happy that his mother bought him a new pair of shoes at a ______ yesterday. a.shoes shop b. shoe shop c. shoes’s shop d. shoe’s 51.Eggs, though nourishing, have ______ of fat content. a.large number b. a large number c. a high amount d. the high amount 52.He has done some ______ on that subject from various angles over the past ten years. a.research b. a research c. researches d. the researches 53.Recently, he has lost all his ______. a.wage and saving at card c. wages and saving at card b.wages and savings at card d. wages and savings at cards 54.The country’s wealth comes chiefly from its many ______. a.herd of cattle b. heard of cattles c. herds of cattle d. herds of cattles 55.In Britain the ______ are all painted red. a.letter boxes b. letters box c. letters boxes d. letters’s box 56.Ten years had passed. I found she had ______. a.a little white hair c. a few white hair b.some white hair d. much white hair 57.All his ______ far from satisfaction a. conduct is b. conduct are c. conducts is d. conducts will be 58.Although the town had been attacked by the storm several times, ______ was done. a. a few damages b. few damages c. little damage d. a little damage 59.He was ______ what to do. a. at his wit end b. at his wits end c. at his wit’s end d. at his wits’s end 60.Would you like to have a cup of tea and ______ with me? a two toasts b. two pieces of toast c. two piece of toasts d. tow pieces of toasts 61.Accurate ______ covering the fact are not obtainable. a. datum b. datums c. data d. datas 62.On Monday morning some teachers exchanged a few ______. a. how-are-yous c. how-are-you’s b. of how-are-you’s d. of how are you 63.Albert said he met the girl ______ a. at his uncle’s Smith room c. at his uncle Smith’s room b. at Smith’s his uncle’s room d. at the room of his uncle’s Smith’s 64.It is four months since I last saw Keats ______. a. at Mrt Smith’s ,the book seller c. at my aunt’s, a book seller b. at my aunt’s, Mrs Palmer’s d. at Mrs Palmer’s, the book seller’s 65.This room is ______. a. the editor’s-in-chief’s office c. the editor-in-chief’s office b. the editor-in-chief office d. the editor’s-in-chief office 66.My old classmate, Comrade Sun ,works at ______. a. a teacher college c. a teacher’s college b. a teachers’s college d. a college of a teacher’s 67.The policemen put the criminal ______. a. in a iron b. into a iron c. in irons d. into a pair of iron 68.Our teacher gave me ______. a. an advice b. the advice c. many advice d. much advice 69.My mother cut the cloth with ______ scissors. a. a b. two c. a couple of d. a pair of 70.My house is within ______ from the railway station. a. a stone’s throw b. a throw of a stone c. stone’s throw d. the stone’s throw 附：介词练习 1. She is such an irritating woman, I don’t know how you can ______ her. a. put up b. stand up to c. stand with d. put up with 2. To get my traveler’s check I had to ______ a special check to the bank for the total amount. a. make for b. make out c. make off d. make up 3. Little boys are easily ______. a. taken in b. taken away c. taken out d. taken over 4. The company is going to hand ______ the free samples tomorrow. a. up b. out c. on d. down 5. It was purely ______ chance that the mistake was discovered. a. in b. for c. by d. from 6. The magician picked several persons ______ from the audience and asked them to help him with the performance. a. by accident b. on occasion c. on average d. at random 7. I left for the office earlier than usual this morning ______ traffic jam. a. in case of b. in line with c. for the sake of d. at the risk of 8. Some areas, _______ their severe weather conditions, are hardly populated. a. but for b. in spite of c. due to d. with regard to 9. Visitors are asked to comply ______ the regulations. a. at b. in c. with d. on 10. He ______ so much work that he couldn’t really do it efficiently. a. put on b. took on c. brought on d. turned on 11.In order to save time, I ______ my shopping to once a week. a. cut off b. cut out c. cut up d. cut down 12.The idea has ______ that science cannot be wrong. a. piled up b. picked up c. grown up d. put up 13.he did everything he could to prevent if from ______ into fighting. a. breaking off b. breaking up c. breaking out d. breaking of 14.The construction of the new building will cost ______ 1,000,000 dollars, and it’s not easy to get so much money. a. at last b. at most c. at least d. at large 15.The thief ran away as fast as he could ______ the policeman. a. in sight b. within the sight of c. within sight d. at the sight of 16.For too long, European can makers have fought to ______ old ways and old privileges. a. hang on to b. have access to c. refer to d. see to 17.Whoever ______ a full night’s sleep will be more than rewarded in heightened productivity, creativity and focus. a. invests at b. invests in c. invests by d. invests with 18.Prior ______ his departure, he wrote a letter to his mother. a. of b. from c. to d. in 19.The company is very famous ______ the high quality of its products. a. in b. for c. by d. with 20.Once he was given a chance to improve his position in the firm, he seized it ______ both hands and is now on his way to the top. a. on b. at c. in d. with 21.These misfortunes almost deprived him ______ his future career. a. with b. of c. from d. beyond 22.I don’t ______ the expense; I want the party to be a real success. a. care for b. care about c. be in care of d. take care of 23.We must get the roof mended before the wet weather sets ______. a. about b. on c. up d. in 24.The car pulled ______ beside me and the driver asked me to way to the Great Wall. a. down b. off c. up d. out 25.After the war, many warships were laid ______ as they were not needed any longer. a. up b. aside c. down d. over 26.When the rebellion died ______ things quickly returned to normal. a. out b. away c. down d. through 27.I’ll pick you ______ at your college gate and take you straight to the station. a. on b. off c. out d. up 28.Will you please see ______ our luggage when I am away? a. to b. in c. with d. for 29.______ they reached the small village before dusk. a. Towards the end b. By the end c. In the end d. At the end 30.Mary has left the book on the table ______ purpose so that you can read it. a. with b. on c. in d. out of 31.That noise is getting louder because the engineers are ______ the engine to see if the plane is ready to fly. a. doing with b. running up c. turning in d. trying for 32.The government is looking ______ new methods of raising money without increasing taxes. a. down on b. upon c. out for d. around 33.Man is superior to the animals ______ he sues language to convey his thoughts. a. and that b. in that c. so that d. in order that 34.Not long ago, a person who I know every well was ______ an accident. a. related to b. included in c. involved in d. subject to 35.I ______ to him for the error. a. excused b. pardoned c. forgave d. apologized 36.Though we have no interests ______ common, we are good friends. a. on b. in c. for d. at 37.The purse has returned to the original owner ______. a. in a long time b. in a long run c. in no time d. at no time 38.We can’t hope to catch up with that car ______ us. a. in advance of b. in the front of c. at the frontier of d. ahead of 39.Some animals will modify their behavior to ______ their environment. a. adapt to b. adopt to c. suit to d. conform to 40.Don't ______ going abroad this summer, we may not have enough money. a. count on b. come on c. attend upon d. frown upon 41.Don’t suspect your daughter ______ dishonesty. a. of b. for c. with d. to 42.At the head of the valley we turned right and ______ the summit. a. set up b. took up c. made for d. went for 43.Her type of women can ______ life much more easily. a. cope with b. take advantage of c. take care of d. look after 44.The manager accused one of the hotel servants ______ stealing the money. a. for b. with c. of d. about 45.It is difficult to _____ the implication between the lines. a. get to b. get into c. get over d. get at 46.While living there, she ______ the local accent. a. picked on b. picked at c. picked up d. picked out 47.We adopted the new method _____ raising our efficiency. a. in the event of b. on account of c. with a view of d. with regard to 48.______ the light of what you have told me, I will say that it is he who came here yesterday. a. By b. In c. Of d. Under 49.They will place China in the front ranks of countries of the world ______ the output of major industrial products. a. in support of b. in connection with c. in terms of d. by means of 50.When they had finished playing, the children were made to ______ all the toys they had taken out. a. put off b. put away c. put up d. put out 51.He failed to supply the facts relevant ______ the case in question. a. for b. with c. of d. to 52.In Britain, and on the Continent too, the Japanese are viewed _______ a threat to domestic industries. a. like b. as c. with d. for 53.When Jack was eighteen he ______ going around with a strange set of people and staying out very late. a. took up b. took for c. took to d. took on 54.While in London, we paid a visit to the hospital founded ______ the nurse Florence Nightingale. a. in line with b. in favor of c. in place d. in honor of 55.A poor man has to ______ many thing which a rich man regards as almost necessaries in life. a. go through b. go without c. go over d. go about 56.Digital computers are practical ______ their high speed of operation. a. instead of b. because of c. regardless of d. in spite of 57._____ the many hours of study that he devoted to the subject, he still found the subject matter difficult. a. After b. Due to c. Despite d. As for 58.The early part of the concert ______ comparatively satisfactorily. a. went after b. went down c. went off d. went up 59.Mary is _______ her face ready for the party. a. clearing up b. holding up c. keeping up d. making up 60. _______ a prolonged spell of fine weather, they were able to complete the film within the month. a. As to b. Thanks to c. In relation to d. With respect to 61.One day people will be able to go to the moon _____ holiday. a. on b. during c. for d. in 62.How did it come _____ that you made a lot of mistakes in your homework? a. about b. after c. with d. to 63.Whatever the rule is, you may be sure he will keep _____ it. a. on b. in c. off d. to 64.In one firm alone over three hundred people were laid _____ during the last month. a. in b. out c. on d. off 65.The safety of shops ______ sea depends much on the warnings given by lighthouses. a. in b. across c. on d. at 66.The mass of an object is multiplied by the speed of light squared, _____ other words , the speed of light is multiplied by itself. a. by b. for c. in d. with 67.The new system encourages companies to compete with each other ______ equal terms. a. on b. in c. with d. for 68.You should stick _____ the point in debate. a. to b. at c. in d. for 69.Tom has been sad recently, for his plan to go to college _____ at the last moment. a. fell out b. fell behind c. fell in d. fell through 70.David likes country life and has decided to ______ farming. a. go in for b. go into c. go through d. go after 71.The police haven’t caught the murder alive yet, but they are convinced that the really important facts of the case will soon ________ . a. come into force b. come into contact c. come into light d. come down to earth 72.The teacher expects us to do all the exercises, to study the spelling list and to get our paper ______ time. a. in b. on c. at d. by 73.Having been told bad weather was on the way, the climbers decided to ______ their attempt on Mount Tai until the following week. a. give up b. deny to c. put off d. refuse to 74.Bill did not hear the telephone because he was completely ______ his reading. a. absorbed for b. absorbed by c. absorbed on d. absorbed in 75.Unwanted tickets can be given ______ at the theatre office window up to half an hour before the performance. a. in b. out c. off d. over 76.Science was ______ regarded as a part of philosophy. a. at time b. at all time c. at a time d. at one time 77.The newly designed machines are high ______ quality. a. on b. in c. for d. with 78.Some quite artistic, yet inexpensive fabrics are now being _____ from British mills. a. turned over b. turned out c. turned up d. turned off 79.The mother scolded the boy ______ not cleaning up his room. a. to b. with c. at d. for 80.______ my car is being made ready for a long journey. a. In the moment b. For the moment c. At the moment d. By the moment 81.I’m bad ______ remembering faces. a. at b. in c. with d. on 82.Oil drilling in that area has now stopped because the company has ______ money. a. come out of b. come off c. run out of d. run down 83.The doctor was always ______ the poor and the sick, often giving them free medical services. a. reminded of b. absorbed in c. tended by d. concerned about 84.The company will send a representative to ______ their business in that region. a. attend to b. attempt at c. associate with d. approve of 85.Milk is ______ memories of home and mother so people away from home drink more milk. a. bound to b. kept to c. referred to d. tied to 86.Despite the traffic lights ahead, the car continued ______ full speed. a. with b. in on d. at 87.Something strange seems to be _____ me since I have been taking this drug. a. running into b. coming across c. happening to d. falling on 88.The shopkeeper was ______ inside his own shop, and all the day’s money was stolen. a. held over b. held up c. held out d. held off 89.Earth-like planets are extremely common in the Universe, ______ the latest computer simulation of the formation of the Solar System. a. according to b. in addition to c. in regard to d. thanks to 90.In Brazil, spending on science and technology ______ just 0.6 percent of gross national product. a. makes for b. makes up for c. accounts for d. stands for 91.______, wherever he lives, a man belongs to some society. a. For short b. In short c. Of short d. On short 92.A man who could ______ such treatment was a man of remarkable physical courage and moral strength. a. bear upon b. insist on c. stand up to d. persist in 93.Is his action consistent ______ his principles? a. with b. in c. of d. by 94.He is by far the best player ______ the team. a. for b. on c. in d. to 95.A foreign firm has bought more than half of the shares in his company and ______. a. got over it b. overtaken it c. taken it over d. overcome it 96.After a heated bargaining they agreed ______ the price for the car. a. to b. with c. on d. in 97._______ all the difficulties and discomforts, they went on working at the design. a. Because of b. In proportion with c. As a result of d. In spite of 98.all questions left ______ by history must be settled one by one. a. alone b. off c. out d. over 99.It is just three o’clock p.m. The plane just _____ five minutes ago. a. took off b. took up c. took out d. took in 100.The government warned the people living in the forest to be ______ fire. a. with regard to b. on guard c. on guard against d. in regard to 101.During sleep blood pressure is normally ______ its lowest. a. in b. for c. at d. by 102.The parents and the children will have to leave the country ______ good. a. with c. over c. on d. for 103.Neither their parents nor their friends have approved ______ their marriage yet. a. for b. of c. to d. with 104.Classroom testing, if well done, most certainly ______ a stimulus to study and real learning. a. acts for b. acts on c. acts as d. acts to 105.In the experiment we kept a watchful eye ______ the developments and recorded every detail. a. in b. at c. for d. on 106.The French pianist who had been praised very highly ______ to be a great disappointment. a. turned up b. turned in c. turned out d. turned down 107.In the advanced course students must take performance tests ______ monthly intervals. a. in b. over c. at d. between 108.We regret to inform you that the materials you ordered are ______. a. out of work b. out of reach c. out of practice d. out of stock 109.In the United States professors have many other duties ______ teaching, such as administrative or research work. a. besides b. except c. but d. with 110.he attempted ______ to set up a company of his own. a. with vain b. on vain c. in vain d. of vain 111.On hearing the news that her father died, she ______ tears. a. burst out b. burst in c. burst into d. burst forth 112.She was annoyed at his comment, thinking that he visitor _____ her. a. looked down b. looked highly of c. looked low at d. looked down upon 113.______ comparison to my boyhood, my undergraduate years in Oklahoma were paradise. a. In b. With c. By d. For 114.The United States is a major consumer of coffee, yet it does not have the climate to grow any ______ its own. a. on b. for c. of d. to 115.The accounts have always been handled ______ the banks policies. a. in accordance with c. in connection with c. in contrast with d. in line with 116.His inability to learn foreign languages was an obstacle ______ his career. a. of b. to c. for d. as 117.The purpose of the official inquiry is to ______ the true facts leading to the loss of the ship at sea. a. come at b. come for c. come into d. come over 118.Business picked up in the stores during December, but ______ again after Christmas. a. dropped off b. dropped out c. dropped over d. dropped on 119.Many words associated with life in the West are Spanish ______ origin. a. on b. in c. at d. from 120.The custom of visiting friends, relatives and neighbors on New Year’s Day is one the Old World traditions that has ______ a new form in the United States. a. taken up b. taken on c. taken over d. taken off 121.Some workers fear the loss of social identity that can ______ not having a job. a. result in b. result from c. bring up d. bring on 122.Most of the leading food shops have promised to ______ prices until after the new year. a. keep off b. keep down c. keep out d. keep back 123.______ classical music, which follows formal European traditions, jazz is a spontaneous and free form. a. In comparison with b. In connection with c. In contrast to d. In regard to 124.Alice ______ when a crowd from a train rushed through the gate. a. looked after b. looked in c. looked over d. looked up 125.The news of important events is broadcast often _______ over television. a. on the average b. on the contrary c. on the spot d. on the whole 2. 冠词和数词 2.1 不定冠词的用法 冠词本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词，另一种是不定冠词，还有一种是零冠词。 不定冠词a （an）与数词one 同源，是"一个"的意思。a用于辅音音素前，一般读作[e]，而an则用于元音音素前，一般读做[en]。 1） 表示"一个"，意为one；指某人或某物，意为a certain。例如： A Mr. Ling is waiting for you. 有位姓凌的先生在等你。 2） 代表一类人或物。例如： A knife is a tool for cutting with. 刀是切割的工具。 Mr. Smith is an engineer. 史密斯先生是工程师。 3） 组成词组或成语，如a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try /keep an eye on / all of a sudden等。 2.2 定冠词的用法 定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有"那（这）个"的意思，但意义较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。 1）特指双方都明白的人或物。例如： Take the medicine. 把药吃了。 2）上文提到过的人或事。例如： He bought a house. I've been to the house. 他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。 3）指世上独一物二的事物，如the sun， the sky， the moon， the earth等。 4）与单数名词连用表示一类事物，如the dollar 美元; the fox 狐狸；或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich 富人; the living 生者。 5）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only，very，same等前面。例如： Where do you live? I live on the second floor. 你住在哪？我住在二层。 That's the very thing I've been looking for. 那正是我要找的东西。 6）与复数名词连用，指整个群体。例如： They are the teachers of this school.（指全体教师） They are teachers of this school. （指部分教师） 7）表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前。例如： She caught me by the arm.. 她抓住了我的手臂。 8）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前。例如： the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国 9）用在表示乐器的名词之前。例如： She plays the piano. 她会弹钢琴。 10） 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人。例如： the Greens 格林一家人 （或格林夫妇） 11） 用在惯用语中。例如： in the day, in the morning （afternoon，evening）, the day after tomorrow the day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky （water，field，country） in the dark, in the rain, in the distance, in the middle （of）, in the end, on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre 2.3 零冠词的用法 1） 国名，人名前通常不用定冠词：England，Mary。 2）泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词。例如： They are teachers. 他们是教师。 3）抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词。例如： Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。 4）物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词。例如： Man cannot live without water. 离开水人就无法生存。 5）在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词。例如： We go to school from Monday to Friday. 我们从星期一到星期五都上课。 6）在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词。例如： The guards took the American to General Lee. 士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。 7）在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词，如have breakfast，play chess。 8）当两个或两个以上名词并用时，常省去冠词。例如： I can't write without pen or pencil. 没有钢笔和铅笔，我就写不了字。 9）当by 与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时，中间无冠词，如by bus，by train。 10）有些个体名词不用冠词，如school，college，prison，market，hospital，bed，table，class，town，church，court 等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义。例如： go to hospital 去医院看病 go to the hospital 去医院 （并不是去看病，而是有其他目的） 11）不用冠词的序数词； a. 序数词前有物主代词时。 b. 序数词作副词。例如：He came first in the race. 他跑步得了第一。 c. 在固定词组中，如at（the）first, first of all, from first to last等。 2.4 冠词与形容词+名词结构 1） 两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同的人或物。例如： He raises a black and a white cat. 他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。 The black and the white cats are hers. 这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。 2） 如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一人或一物。例如： He raises a black and white cat. 他养了一只花猫。 2.5 冠词位置 1） 不定冠词位置 不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意： a. 位于such，what，many，half等形容词之后。例如： I have never seen such an animal. 我从来没见过这样的动物。 Many a man is fit for the job. 许多人适合这岗位。 b. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后。例如： It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. 我从未这么高兴过。 So short a time 如此短的时间 Too long a distance 距离太远了 c. quite，rather与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后。但当rather，quite 前仍有形容词，不定冠词放其前后均可，如：rather a cold day/a rather cold day。 d. 在as，though 引导的让步状语从句中，当表语为形容词修饰的名词时，不定冠词放形容词后。例如：Brave a man though he is，he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他尽管勇敢，可见到蛇还是发抖。 2） 定冠词位置 定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在all， both，double，half，twice，three times等词之后，名词之前。例如：All the students in the class went out. 班里的所有学生都出去了。 2.6 数词 表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。 一、基数词 1）基数词一般可写成如345或three hundred and forty-five。 2）基数词一般是单数形式，但遇下列情况，常用复数： a. 与of 短语连用，表示概数，不能与具体数目连用，如scores of people 指许多人； b. 在一些表示"一排"或"一组"的词组里。例如： They arrived in twos and threes. 他们三三两两的到了。 c. 表示"几十岁"。 d. 表示"年代"，用 in +the +数词复数。 e. 在乘法运算的一种表示法里，如Three fives is（are）fifteen。 二、序数词 序数词的缩写形式如first---1st second---2nd thirty-first---31st等。 三、 数词的用法 1）倍数表示法 a. 主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+ as + adj. + as。例如 I have three times as many as you. 我有你三倍那么多。 b. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ the size （amount，length…） of…。例如： The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球是月球的49倍。 c. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ 形容词（副词）比较级+ than…。例如： The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year. 今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。 d. 还可以用by+倍数，表示增加多少倍。例如： The production of grain has been increased by four times this year. 今年粮食产量增加了4倍。 2）分数表示法的构成：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1时，分子的序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数。例如： 1/3 one-third； 3/37 three and three-sevenths. 2.7 冠词练习 1.When Linda was a child, her mother always let her have ______ bed. a. the breakfast in b. the breakfast in the c. breakfast in d. breakfast in the 2.He has promised to give up ______ hundreds of times. a. a tobacco b. tobacco c. the tobacco d. tobaccos 3.______ usually go to church every Sunday. a. The Brown b. A Brown c. Browns d. The Browns 4.The train is running fifty miles ______. a. an hour b. one hour c. the hour d. a hour 5.He can play almost every kind of music instrument but he is good ______. a. at the flute b. at flute c. at a flute d. at that flute 6.The investigators found that more should be done for ______ in India. a. those poor b. a poor c. poor d. the poor 7.You look in high spirit. You must have ______ during your holiday. a. wonderful time b. a wonderful time c. the wonderful time d. some wonderful time 8.The city assigned a policeman to the school crossing because ______ traffic there was so heavy. a a b. an c. the d. one 9.A new teacher was sent to the village in place of ______ one who had retired. a. a b. the c. an d. its 10.Virtue and vice are before you;______ leads you to happiness,______ to misery. a. the former…latter b. a former…a latter c. the former…the latter d. former…latter 11.The children in the kinder-garden soon took ______ to their teachers. a. quite fancy b. a quite fancy c. quite a fancy d. the quite fancy 12.______ tend to bemoan the lack of character in the young generation. a. The old b. Old c. Elderly d. Older 13.A man suffering from a chock should be given ______. a. hot sweet tea b. a hot sweet tea c. the hot sweet tea d. one hot sweet tea 14.He answered my questions with ______ not to be expected of an ordinary schoolboy. a. his accuracy b. a accuracy c. the accuracy d. an accuracy 15.If you go by train you can have quite ______ comfortable journey. a. the b. one c. a d. that 16.We’re going to ______ with ______ today, aren’t we? a. the tea…the Smiths b. tea…those Smiths c. a tea…a Smith d. tea…the Smiths 17.I want an assistant with ______ knowledge of French and ______ experience of office routine. a. the…the b. a…the c. a…an d. the…an 18.Ann’s habit of riding a motorcycle up and down the road early in the morning annoyed the neighbors and ______ they took her to the court. a. in the end b. at the end c. in an end d. in end 19.It is reported that today ______ president will have lunch with ______ President Omon. a. the…the b. a…a c. the…/ d. /…/ 20.Tianan Men Square and ______ Great Wall are tow of the places everyone should see in ______ People’s Republic of China. a. the…the b. /…/ c. the…/ d. /…the 21.It has long been known that there is an electric field ______. a. inside the earth b. inside earth c. inside an earth d. on earth 22.______ much harder work, the volunteers were able to place the raging forest fire______. a. By the means of…under the control b. By means of…under control c.By means of…under a control d. By a means of…under control 23.No sooner had the man departed than the tree began dropping coffee beans ______. a. by the thousand b. by a thousand c. by thousands d. by thousand 24.He expressed ______ of their having ever been married. a. the doubt b. a doubt c. doubt d. an doubt 25.He saw through the little boy’s tricks ______. a. at glance b. at the glance c. at some glance d. at a glance 26.Their victory is ______,for they’ve lost too many men. a.out of question b. out of the question c. out question d. of question 27.Many a girl wants to become ______. a. some secretary b. a secretary c. secretary d. secretaries 28.He grabbed me ______ and pulled me onto the bus. a. a arm b. an arm c. the arm d. by the arm 29.I’ll come in ______ minute; in fact I’ll come ______ moment I’m through. a./…the b. a…the c. the…a d. /…/ 30.This is one of ______ interesting books on your subject. a.the most b. the most of the c. most d. most of the 31.He enjoys life ______ the “Queen Anne”. a. on a board b . on board c. in the board d. board 32.He lost his fob and ______ his wife left him. a. on that top b. on top of that c. on a top of that d. on the top 33.Most of the representatives think that ______ the meeting was very successful. a. on whole of b. on a whole c. on the whole d. on the whole that 34.Under no circumstances will there be wage control while I am ______ of the government. a.the head b. a head c. head d. that head 35.Like his sister, David needed ______ from some generous person in order to get home. a. a ride b. some ride c. ride d. the ride 36.The brain’s left hemisphere controls logic and language, while ______controls intuitive talents and musical ability. a. the right b. a right c. that right d. right one 37.______ is setting up a research team to see how children react to video games. a. The Japan’s Health Ministry b. Japan’s health Ministry b. A Japan’s health Ministry d. Japan health Ministry 38.Unlike Americans, who seem to prefer coffee,______ a great deal of tea. a. English drink b. The English drink c. English man drink d. the English drinks 39.Hundreds of people are ______ now, so there are about 50 people trying for the same position. a.out of the work b. out work c. out of work d. out of a work 40.His mother taught ______ ,but his father was only a blue-collar worker. a. piano b. an piano c. the piano d. a piano 41.Contrary to what I had expected, he lost for ______. a second time b. a second time c. second times d. the second time 42.Fashions change and people change too, but the old feeling remains ______. a. the same b. same c. that same d. as same 43.We are going to dine tomorrow with ______ to celebrate Christmas Day. a. the Cunning b. Cunnings c. The Cunnings d. Cunning’s 44.This is ______ which is collected before the first rain in Spring. a. one tea b. a tea c. the tea d. that tea 45.______ is known by its note,______ is known by his talk. a. A bird/a man b. One bird/one man c. The bird/the man d. Bird/man 46.Never travel with ______ who leaves you in case of danger. a. the friend b. that friend c. a friend d. friend 47.Do you think it possible for the North Pole to have ______ a few thousand years from now? a. Shanghai b. a Shanghai c. the Shanghai d. one Shanghai 48.I don’t think ______ is a better car than our makes. a. a Ford b. Ford’s c. the Ford d. Ford 49.I didn’t know why he looked angry when I patted him ______. a. on the head b. on head c. on a head d. on his head 50.he never fails to give you ______ when you are in trouble. a. his helping hands b. the helping hand c. helping hands d. a helping hand 51.The historical events of that period are arranged ______. a. in alphabetical order b. in an alphabetical order b. in the alphabetical orders d. in a alphabetical orders 52.The like to take a vacation ______. a. one time the year b. one time in a year c. once a year d. once in a year 53.“What is Todger?” “He is ______.” a. a poet and novelist b. a poet and a novelist b. poet and novelist d. the poet and novelist 54.“How did you pay the workers?” “As a rule, they are paid ______.” a. by an your b. by the hour c. by a hour d. by hours 55.The DMZ extends about two hundred kilometers ______. a. from east to west b. from the east to west c. from the east to the west d. from eastern to western 56.What ______ are you planning to buy? a. make of car b. make of the car c. make of a car d. make of cars 57.______,you can’t fool her. a. The child though Rowena is b. Though child Rowena is b. As child Rowena is d. Child as Rowena is 58.What’s ______ is to get information about the situation first. a. the wisest b. a wisest c. the wiser d. wisest 59.The differences between ______ are gradually being eliminated. a. the town and the country b. town and country b. a town and a country d. a town and the country 60.Scientists hope to send an expedition to Mars during ______. a. the 1990s b. the 1990 c. 1990s d. 1990’s 2.8 数词练习 1.______ martyrs have heroically laid down their lives for the people. a. Thousand upon thousand of b. Thousand and thousands of c. Thousands upon thousands of d. Thousand and thousand of 2.They received ______ of letters about their TV programs. a. dozen b. dozen and dozen c score d. dozens 3.Who is that man,______ in the front row? a. one b. the one c. first d. the first 4.We have produced ______ this year as we did in 1993. a. as much cotton twice b. as twice much cotton c. much as twice cotton d. twice as much cotton 5.The earth is about ______ as the moon. a. as fifty time big b. fifty times as big c. as big fifty time d. fifty as times big 6.The population of many Alaskan cities has ______ in the past three years. a. more than doubled b. more doubled than c. much than doubled d. much doubled than 7.The moon is about _____ in diameter as diameter as the earth. a. one-three as large b. one three as large c. one-third as large d. one third as large 8.Five hundred yuan a month _____ enough to live on. a. is b. are c. is being d. has been 9.______ of the buildings were ruined. a. Three fourth b. Three four c. Three-fourths d. Three-four 10.Consult _____ for questions about earthquakes. a. the six index b. index six c. sixth index d. index numbering six 11.She went to the countryside ______. a. in the morning at nine/on June first,1968 b. on June first,1968/in the morning at nine c. at nine in the morning/on June first,1968 d. on June first,1968/at nine in the morning 12.Three-fourths of the surface of the earth ______ covered with water. a. are b. is c. were d. be 13.This month the production of stainless steel in our steelworks has increased ______ 2,000 tons. a. with b. in c. on d. by 14.With the miniaturization of the structural components the weight of these electric devices has decreased ________ 30 percent. a. as b. with c. in d. by 15.The Olympic Games are held ______. a. every four years b. every four year c. every fourth years d. every four-years 16.As he is not in good health, he goes to his factory only ______ just to learn something about the progress of experiment. a. once a week b. one week c. one time a week d. one a week 17.Three students ______ in this university come from the South. a. of ten b. out of in ten c. out of ten d. in tens 18.Strings of the same thickness made of nylon are ______. a. five times stronger than those b. five time stronger than those c. five times strong than those d. five times stronger as those 19.the wheels of the old wagon are nearly ______ those of a modern car. a. twice the size of b. twice size of c. twice sizes of d. twice the size of 20.One day on the moon is ______. a. two Earth week long b. two Earth weeks long b. two Earth weeks longer d. two Earth weeks length 附：限定词练习 1.My hand was hurt. Could you do ______ typing for me? a. some b. many c. such d. any 2.There were ______ students in the reading room. a. neither b. not c. no d. none 3.If it is of ______ use to you, please take it. a. some b. many c. no d. any 4.I’ve invited five people to tea this afternoon. Out of them, only John and Mary can come,______ can’t. a. other b. the other c. others d. the others 5.Most English people go to Spain for the sea, the sun and all the ______ things associated with a relaxing holiday. a. any b. another c. some d. other 6.______ were ironed by my mother yesterday. a. The all sheets b. all of sheets c. All the sheets d. Sheets of all 7.As usual,______ man was given his individual assignment. a. every b. each c. all d. both 8.They saw ______ girls the day before yesterday. a. both the other two b. the two other both c. the both other two d. the both two other 9.One uses the freezer, the computer and the business school to manufacture ______ dishes in never a tick longer than 100 seconds. a. such others b. other such c. such other d. other such a 10.______ boxer was strong, but ______ had a good build and was light on his feet. a.Either/every b. Neither/each c. Both/both d. All the/all 11.______ was astonished to find himself rooting and shouting in a most undignified manner. a. Many elderly man b. A many elderly men c. Many an elderly man d. Many elderly men 12.I know now, of course, there is ______ as love. a. no such a thing b. not such thing c. not a thing d. no such thing 13.As there were ______ life-boats for everybody,40 lives were lost. a. as little b. so little c. too few d. very few 14.He was brave;_____ soldiers fought so bravely in that battle. a. no others b. no another c. no other d. not other 15.I don’t think we have met before. I’m afraid you’re confusing me with ______. a. some other b. some other person c. other person d. one other 15. 16.Weekends last from Friday evening to Sunday night.______ days are week-days. a. The other b. Another c. Other d. Every other 17.We had ______ good time that we hated to leave the party. a. such a b. such c. so d. pretty 18.Paris is ______ that we can hardly visit all the beautiful parks in two or three days. a. such large a city b. so a large city c. such a large city d. a such large city 19.Deputies to the National People’s Congress are elected_______. a. every four year b. each four years c. every of four years d. every four years 20.There is hardly ______difference between the two libraries. a. no b. any c. much d. some 21.For young people, Carpenter is ______ singer. a. most their popular b. most popular of theirs c.their most popular d. most popular of their 22.______ are about the American Independent War. a. Both book b. Both books c. All the two book d. all of two books 23.When I am in trouble, my friends will give me their hands without ______ hesitation. a. some b. a c. any d. the 24.You’re welcome to my house ______ time you’d like. a. the b. any c. no d. some 25.He was very much disappointed because ______ went to his wedding party. a. no his friends b. all no his friends c. none his friends d. none of his friends 26.You shouldn’t stop your car here since there is a sign ‘______’. a. Not Parking b. No Park c. No Parking d. Not a Park 27.I cannot invited ______ of you, since I’ve got only one extra ticket. a. either b. both c. some d. one 28.______ the idioms are not easy to remember and use. a. Every b. Some c. All d. Each 29.There is a line of trees in ______ side of the river. a. every b. each c. per d. none 30.______ our countries are developing countries. a. Each b. Either c. Every d. Both 31.The scientist wrote a number of books, but ______ books were novels. a. last two his b. his last two c. two his last d. last two of his 32.Have you got ______ copies to go around? a. much c. a large amount of c. enough d. great 33.You can never use my car. ____ time should you touch it. a. At no b. At any c. any d. No 34.My brother is going on the picnic with ______ friends. a. his two little other b. other his two little c. his other little two d. his two other little 35.Those examples are not enough, you should give ______ examples to make your argument convincing. a. some b. any c. some more d. any more 36.______ feels entitled to more in life than just housework. a. Many women b. A lot of woman c. Many a woman d. A few woman 37.You will have to practice ______ times before you can do it. a.many more b. more many c. more often d. more several 38.It is ______ work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it. a. a so unusual b. such an unusual c. so unusual d. such unusual 39.This cake is delicious, but I can’t eat ______. a. some b. no c. any d. much 40.Here are some books by American writers. You can read ______ you like. a. any b. which c. what one d. whichever one 3. 代词 代词是代替名词的词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。 一、人称代词是表示"我"、"你"、"他"、"她"、"它"、"我们"、"你们"、"他们"的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化，见下表： 数 单数 复数 格 主格 宾格 主格 宾格 第一人称 I me we us 第二人称 you you you you 第三人称 he him they them she her they them it it they them 例如：He is my friend. 他是我的朋友。 It's me. 是我。 二、 物主代词是表示所有关系的代词，也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种，其人物和数的变化见下表。 数 单数 复数 人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 形容词性物主代词 my your his/her/its our your their 名词性物主代词 mine yours his/hers/its ours yours theirs 例如： I like his car. 我喜欢他的小汽车。 Our school is here，and theirs is there. 我们的学校在这儿，他们的在那儿。 三、 指示代词表示"那个"、"这个"、"这些"、"那些"等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this，that，these，those等。 例如：That is a good idea. 那是个好主意。 四、 表示"我自己"、"你自己"、"他自己"、"我们自己"、"你们自己"和"他们自己"等的代词，叫做自身代词，也称为 "反身代词"。 例如：She was talking to herself. 她自言自语。 五、 表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词，有each other 和one another两组，但在运用中，这两组词没什么大的区别。 例如：They love each other. 他们彼此相爱。 六、 不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有a11，both，each，every等，以及含有some-，any-，no-等的合成代词，如anybody， something，no one。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词，在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，但none和由some，any，no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语；every和no只能作定语。 例如：--- Do you have a car? --你有一辆小汽车吗？ --- Yes，I have one. --是的，我有一辆。 --- I don't know any of them. 他们，我一个也不认识。 七、 疑问代词有who，whom，whose，what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词，引导名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句） 例如：Tell me who he is. 告诉我他是谁。 八、 关系代词有who，whom，whose，that，which，as等，可用作引导从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、 表语、宾语、定语等；另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词（先行词）。 例如：He is the man whom you have been looking for. 他就是你要找的那个人。 3.1 人称代词的用法 1）人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补语。例如： John waited a while but eventually he went home. 约翰等了一会儿，最后他回家了。 John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she. 约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽，还真是她。 说明：在复合句中，如果主句和从句主语相同，代词主语要用在从句中，名词主语用在主句中。例如： When he arrived, John went straight to the bank. 约翰一到就直接去银行了。 2）人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语，但在口语中也能作主语补语，第一人称在省略句中，还可以作主语。 例如： I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her. 我看到她和他们在一起，至少我认为是她。（her做宾语，them做介词宾语，her做主语补语） a. -- Who broke the vase? --谁打碎了花瓶？ b. -- Me. --我。（me做主语补语= It's me.） 说明：在上面两例句中，her和me分别作主语补语。现代英语中多用宾格，在正式文体中这里应为she和I。 3.2 人称代词之主、宾格的替换 1） 宾格代替主格 a.在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在not 后，多用宾语。 ---- I like English. --我喜欢英语。 ---- Me too. --我也喜欢。 ---- Have more wine? --再来点酒喝吗? ---- Not me. --我可不要了。 b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中，常用宾格代替主格。 但如果比较状语的谓语保留，则主语只能用主格。 He is taller than I/me. He is taller than I am. 2） 主格代替宾格 a. 在介词but，except 后，有时可用主格代替宾格。 b. 在电话用语中常用主格。 ---- I wish to speak to Mary. --我想和玛丽通话。 ---- This is she. --我就是玛丽。 注意：在动词be 或to be 后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。 I thought it was she. 我以为是她。 （主格----主格） I thought it to be her. （宾格----宾格） I was taken to be she. 我被当成了她。 （主格----主格） They took me to be her. 他们把我当成了她。 （宾格----宾格） 3.3 代词的指代问题 1）不定代词 anybody，everybody，nobody，anyone， someone， everyone，no one， 及whoever和person在正式场合使用时，可用he, his, him代替。 例如： Nobody came, did he? 谁也� |
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