高三英语复习与训练十、十一——独立主格、动词的时态 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
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高三英语复习与训练十、十一——独立主格、动词的时态

10．独立主格
10.1 独立主格
独立主格结构的构成：名词（代词）+现在分词、过去分词；
名词（代词）+形容词；
名词（代词）+副词；
名词（代词）+不定式；
名词（代词） +介词短语构成。　
独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
　　 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。
　　 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
　　例如：
　　The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。
　　The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
　　Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.　天气允许，我们明天去看你。
　　This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。
　　The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.　 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。
　　He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻得红通通的。
　　He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆
　
10.2 with的复合结构作独立主格
　　表示伴随情况时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构：with +名词（代词）+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。例如：
　　 He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise.他举手着站在那儿。
典型例题
　　The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
A. being tied　 B. having tied　　C. to be tied　　D. tied　　
　　答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.　　
注意:
1） 独立主格结构使用介词的问题： 当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制。例如：A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.（hand前不能加his）劫匪冲进房间，手里拿着刀。
　　2） 当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词。例如：
He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
他躺在那儿，牙紧咬，双手握拳，两眼直勾勾看着上面。
典型例题：
　 Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
　 A permitted　 B permitting　 C permits　 D for permitting
　 答案B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构，其结构为：名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许'，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。
　 如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。

11. 动词的时态
11.1 一般现在时的用法
1） 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every…, sometimes,　at…, on Sunday。例如：
　　 I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。
2） 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如：
　 The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。
　 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。
3） 表示格言或警句。例如：
　 Pride goes before a fall.　骄者必败。
　 注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。
4） 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如：
　 I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。
　 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。
比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。
　　　 I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。
　　第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。

11.2 一般过去时的用法
1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如：
　 Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了？
2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如：
　 When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。　　　　　
3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth　 "到……时间了"　 "该……了"。例如：It is time for you to go to bed.　 你该睡觉了。
　 It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了"　 "早该……了" ，例如It is time you went to bed.　　　你早该睡觉了。
　 　 would （had） rather sb. did sth.　表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。
4） wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。例如：I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含义：她已不在人间。）
　　 Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含义：她现在还活着）
　　 Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。）
　　 Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去）
注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。
1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如：
　　　 Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗？
　　　 I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。
2）情态动词 could, would。例如：
　　　 Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车，能借用一些吗？

11.3 used to / be used to
　　used to + do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。例如：
　　Mother used not to be so forgetful.　老妈过去没那么健忘。
　　Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。
　　be used to + doing： 对……已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。例如：
　　He is used to a vegetarian diet.　　
　　Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。
典型例题　　　
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It's 69568442.　　　　　　
A. didn't　　B. couldn't　C. don't　D. can't
　　答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。

11.4 一般将来时
1）　shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如：
　　 Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先读哪一段呢？
　　 Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗？
2）　be going to +不定式，表示将来。
　 a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？
　 b. 计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。
　 c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。
　3）　be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如：
　　 We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。
4）　 be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。例如：
　　 He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。
　 注意：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。

11.5 be going to / will 用于条件句时，be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如：
　　If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
　　Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.

11.6 be to和be going to
　　 be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如：
　 I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.　　明天下午我去踢球。（客观安排）
　 I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。（主观安排）

11.7 一般现在时表将来
1）下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如：
　　　The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。
　　　When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开？十分钟后。
2）以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。例如：
　　　 Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。
　　　 There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。
3）在时间或条件句中。例如：
　　　 When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后，让他等我。
　　　 I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就写信给你。
4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如：
　　　 I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。
　　　 Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前，务必把窗户关了。

11.8 用现在进行时表示将来
　 下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如：
　 I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
　 Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗？

11.9 现在完成时
　　现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have （has） +过去分词。

11.10 比较一般过去时与现在完成时
1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆为具体的时间状语。
现在完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不确定的时间状语。
共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
　 一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如：
I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了）
I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了）
Why did you get up so early? （强调起床的动作已发生过了）
Who hasn't handed in his paper? （强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争）
He has been in the League for three years. （在团内的状态可延续）
He has been a League member for three years. （是团员的状态可持续）
　　 句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

11.11 用于现在完成时的句型
1）It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如：
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。
This is the first time （that） I've heard him sing.　这是我第一次听他唱歌。
注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is +形容词最高级+that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。例如：
　 This is the best film that I've （ever） seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。　
典型例题
（1） ---Do you know our town at all?　
　 ---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was　 B. have been　 C. came　 D. am coming
　 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。
（2） ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
　 ---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come　 B. even, have come　　C. ever, come　 D. ever, have come
　 答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。
　 注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
（错）I have received his letter for a month.
（对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.

11.12 比较since和for
Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如：
　　I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。
　　I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。
　　注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
　　 I worked here for more than twenty years. （我现在已不在这里工作。）
　　 I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作。）
　　注意：用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。
　　1）（对） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
　　2）（错） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
　　　　显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.

11.13 since的四种用法
　 1） since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six）。例如：
　 I have been here since 1989. 1989起，我一直在这儿。
　 2） since +一段时间+ ago。例如：
　 I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿，已经有五个月了。
　 3） since +从句。例如：
　 Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后，变化可大了。
　 Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后，变化可大了。
　 4） It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如：
　 It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。

11.14 延续动词与瞬间动词
1） 用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如：
　　 He has completed the work.　　他已完成了那项工作。 （表结果）
　　 I've known him since then.　　 我从那时起就认识他了。（表经历）
2） 用于till / until从句的差异
　　 延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"。例如：
　　 He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。
He slept until ten o'clock.　 他一直睡到10点。　　　　
典型例题
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.　
A. had met　B. have met　 C. met　D. meet
　 答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。
2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
　 ---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been　 B. had been　 C. was　D. will be
　 答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。

11.15 过去完成时
1） 概念：表示过去的过去
----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前　 那时　现在　　　　　　
2） 用法
　 a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如：
　　 She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。
　 b. 状语从句
　　 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如：
　　 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。
　 c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"。例如：
　　 We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。
3）　过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如：
　 He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。
　 By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。
　 Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
汤姆失望了，因为他到达晚会时，大部分客人已经走了。
典型例题　
　 The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.　
A. had written, left　B，were writing, has left　 C. had written, had left　D. were writing, had left
　 答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前，因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。
注意：　had hardly… when　　还没等…… 就……。例如：
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我刚打开门，他就打了我。
had no sooner…than　　 刚…… 就……。例如：
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车，转眼又卖了。
　
11.16 用一般过去时代替过去完成时
1）　两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。例如：
　　 When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起来。
　　 My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子，我把它丢了。
2 ） 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。例如：
　　 When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3）　叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。例如：
　　 Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.

11.17 将来完成时
　1） 构成will have done
　2） 概念　
a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如：
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。
　　b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如：
　　　You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时，你已经到达上海了。
　　　
11.18 现在进行时
　 现在进行时的基本用法：
　 a. 表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。例如：
　　 We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。
　 b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如：
　　 Mr. Green is writing another novel.　他在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。）
　　c. 表示渐变，这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如：
　　 The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。
　　 It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。
　 d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如：
　　 You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。
典型例题
　 My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.　
　 A. has lost, don't find　　 B. is missing, don't find　C. has lost, haven't found　 D. is missing, haven't found.　　
　 答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。

11.19 不用进行时的动词
1）表示事实状态的动词，如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如：I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟。
　　 This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。
　2）表示心理状态的动词，如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如：I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。
　　 He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。
　3）瞬间动词，如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如：
　　 I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。
　4）系动词，如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如：
　　 You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。

11.20 过去进行时
1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作延续的时候，另一个短动作发生。
3） 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如：
　　 My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.　 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来，受了伤。
　　 It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时，正下着雨。
　　 When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.　我到达山顶时，阳光灿烂。
典型例题
1） Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.　
A. made　 B. is making　 C. was making　 D. makes
　答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同时，when表时间的同时性，"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。
2） As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
A. read；was falling　B. was reading； fell　C. was reading； was falling　D. read；fell
　答案B.句中的as = when, while，意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为 "在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。"句中的 fell（fall的过去时），是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。

11.21 将来进行时
1） 概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。例如：
　　　She'll be coming soon. 她会很快来的。
　　　I'll be meeting him sometime in the future. 将来我一定去见他。
注意：将来进行时不用于表示"意志"，不能说 I'll be having a talk with her.
2）常用的时间状语有soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。例如：By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach. 明天此时，我正躺在海滩上呢。

11.22 一般现在时代替一般将来时
When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case （that）, unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately等引导的时间状语从句，条件句中，用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：
　He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。
典型例题
（1）He said he________me a present unless I_______ in doing the experiment.
　 A. had not given; had not succeeded　　B. would not give; succeeded
　 C. will not give; succeed　　　　　　 D. would not give; will succeed.
　 答案B. 在时间，条件或让步主语从句中一般不用将来时。本题有He said，故为过去式。主句用将来时，故选B. 此处用一般过去式代替了过去将来时。
（2） 表示现在已安排好的未来事项，行程等活动。例如：
　 The museum opens at ten tomorrow.　博物馆明天10点开门。（实际上每天如此。）

11.23 一般现在时代替一般过去时
1 ） "书上说"，"报纸上说"等。例如：
　 The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow. 报纸上说明天会很冷的。
　2） 叙述往事，使其生动。例如：
　 Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins.拿破仑的军队正在向前挺进，大战开始了。

11.24 一般现在时代替现在完成时
1） 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时，如hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember等。例如：
　 I hear （= have heard） he will go to London. 我听说了他将去伦敦。
　 I forget （=have forgotten） how old he is. 我忘了他多大了。
2） 用句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …"。例如：
It is （= has been） five years since we last met. 从我们上次见面以来，五年过去了。

11.25 一般现在时代替现在进行时。
在Here comes…/There goes…等句型里，用一般现在时代替现在进行时。例如：
　 There goes the bell. 铃响了。

11.26 现在进行时代替将来时
1） 表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。例如：
　　 Are you staying with us this weekend? 和我们一起度周末好吗?
　　 We are leaving soon.　 我们马上就走。
2） 渐变动词，如get, run, grow, become, begin以及瞬间动词die等。例如：
　　 He is dying. 他要死了。

11.27 时态一致
　 1） 如果从句所叙述的为真理或相对不变的事实，则用现在时。例如：
　 At that time, people did not know that the earth moves. 那时，人们不知道地球是动的。
　 He told me last week that he is eighteen. 上星期他告诉我他十八岁了。
　 2） 宾语从句中的，助动词ought, need, must, dare 的时态是不变的。例如：
　 He thought that I need not tell you the truth. 他认为我不必告诉你真相。

11.28 时态与时间状语
时态 时间状语
一般现在时 every…, sometimes,　at…, on Sunday等
一般过去时 yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now等
一般将来时 next…, tomorrow, in+一段时间, before+时间点等
现在完成时 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently等
过去完成时 before, by+过去的时间, until, when, after, once等
过去进行时 this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening… when, while等
将来进行时 soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening
11.29 时态、语态练习
1.“I don’t like to travel. ”“Have you ever _____ in an airplane?”
a. flying b. flew c. flowed d. flown
2.The center of gravity of the human body ______ behind his joint.
a. located b. locating c. to locate d. is located
3.“Today is very cold, isn’t it?” “Yes, the river is _____ over.”
a. freezed b. freeze c. frozen d. freezing
4.“What happened in that new area?” “New houses ______ recently over there.”
a. are built b. build c. have built d. have been built
5.“When did you go to work?” “As soon as they came, we ______ to work.”
a. went b. were going c. had gone d. go
6.“Did you wait for him very long?” “Yes, I ______ to bed until five in the morning.”
a.did go b. didn’t go c. had gone d. went
7.Perhaps it will be a long time ______ from abroad.
a. when Tom comes back b. when Tom will come back
c.before Tom comes back d. that Tom comes back
8.Tom ______ mathematics throughout his college life.
a. bored b. bored with c. was bored d. was bored with
9.______ that dress when I first saw you at the station?
a. Were you wearing b. Have you worn c. Did you wear d. do you wear
10.Mr Wu ______ to work by bus every day.
a. has been traveling b. has traveled c. travels d. is traveling
11.Don’t disturb him. He ______ to the weather forecast.
a. listens b. is being listened c. has listened d. is listening
12.My English teacher ______ my test.
a.has not yet graded b. has not yet been graded
c.is not yet to be graded d. is not yet graded
13.We ______ on it for many hours, but we have not yet reached any conclusion.
a. are being worked b. are working c. have been working d. have been worked
14.Shanghai ______ on the Huangpu River.
a. stand b. stands c. is being stand d. has stood
15.“Tell the students to stop shouting. We ______ our essays now.”
a. write b. have been writing c. are writing d. have written
16.“______ your best? It’s not satisfactory. I’m afraid you will have to do it again.”
a.Do you try b. Have you tried c. Are you trying d. Have you been trying
17.Chinese married couple _____ red packets to children and the unmarried during the Chinese new Year.
a. give b. have been giving c. are giving d. have given
18.My uncle, Sam,______ manager of the firm.
a. has just made b. is just being made c. has just been made d. is just made
19.This is the first time the students ______ to Hyde Park.
a. have gone b. have been gone c. have been going d. are being gone
20.She ______ her mother’s work since she was admitted into hospital.
a. is doing b. has been doing c. has done d. has been done
21.I ______ the incident as if it were yesterday.
a. am still to remember b. have still been remembering
c. am being still remembered d. still remember
22.I ______ swimming in the river and I always _____ to swim when I can.
a.am liking/have gone b. am being liked/am going
c.like/go d. have liked/have been going
23.We have sometimes accidents on this line, but no accidents ______ since last winter.
a. occur b. have occurred c. have been occurring d. are occurring
24.He _____ on this essay for twenty minutes but he _____ only a hundred words.
a.has been working/has written b. is working/writes
b.has worked/has been writing d. works/is writing
25.Elections _______ every four years and Congress meets once a year.
a. are taken place b. are to be taken place c. took place d. take place
26.______ careless, or you will make mistakes.
a.Be not b. Not be c. Don’t d. Don’t be
27.The No.8 bus ______ to Chengdu college of Geology, and not to Sichuan University.
a.are gone b. is being gone c. goes d. are going
28.Oil, exported from Iran to Europe, _____ by tankers.
a.used to be transported/have been built up
b.used to being transported/have built up
c.was used to be transported/had been built up
d.was used to being transported/will be built up
29.If it ______,the match will be postponed.
a.has been rained b. does rain c. rains d. is rained
30.As soon as I ______ the tools, I shall begin with the work.
a.have b. am having c. have been having d. have been had
31.Once you ______ the knack of it, you will have no further difficulty.
a. shall have b. had had c. are having d. have
32.Every time he ______ me, he is rude to me.
a. will see b. sees c. is seeing d. is seen
33.John told Mary that he ______ what he was doing during the vacation.
a. was just asked b. was just asking c. had just been asked d. had just asked
34.Now that you _______ , what are you going to do?
a. are bing returned b. have been returning c. have been returned d. have returned
35.I started my teaching career at the school. That was more than twenty years ago, and I ______ there ever since.
a. was b. had been c. will be d. have been
36.Everything on the earth ______ all the time.
a. is changing b. is changed c. has changed d. has been changed
37.We ______ fine weather for the past few days.
a. have b. are having c. have been had d. have been having
38.It ______ every day so far this month.
a. is raining b. rains c. has rained d. has been rained
39.no one can prove that the earth ______ not round.
a. is being b. is to be c. is d. has been
40.“There she ______!We needn’t wait any longer.”
a.comes b. has been come c. has been coming d. is to come
41.The little girl ______ by the drug-pusher to carry drugs into the country.
a.was made use b. was made used c. was made use of d. was made used of
42.I shall tell you what he ______ at three o’clock yesterday afternoon.
a.had done b. would do c. was doing d. had been done
43.By the end of last year they ______ 1,000 machines.
a. turned out b. had turned out c. would turn out d. had been turned out
44.He was sixty-eight. In two years he ______ seventy.
a. would be b. was c. had been d. was being
45.How long ago ______ playing football?
a. had you stopped b. would you stop c. did you stop d. were you stopping
46.Up till then we ______ half the distance.
a. had only covered b. covered c. would only cover d. would be only covered
47.While I ______ television, the door bell ______.
a.watched/would ring b. would watch/had rung
b.was watching/rang d. had been watched/was ringing
48.They ______ with us for the time being.
a. would stay b. will stay c. have been staying d. will be staying
49.I never dreamed I ______ here discussing state affairs with the other deputies.
a. will be sitting b. would be sitting c. will have been sitting d. would have been sitting
50.John told us that by the end of the year they ______ together for thirty years.
a. would have been living b. would have lived
c. would have been lived d. will have been living
51.The new type of machine ______ the year after next.
a.is going to turn out b. is going to being turned out
b.is going to have turned out d. is going to be turned out
52.Large sums of money ______ each year in painting the steelwork of bridges, ships, and other exposed structures.
a. have spent b. have to be spent c. have to spend d. spend
53.The police ______ in what the informer reported.
a. interested b. had interested c. were interesting d. were interested
54.A candidate for the post ______ at the moment.
a. is interviewing b. being interviewing c. interviewing d. is being interviewed
55.By the end of last year the railway ______.
a.was being completed b. would be completed
b.had been completed d. had completed
56.I______ to visit their country before long.
a.have been invited b. am being invited c. had been invited d. shall be invited
57.Theory ______ with practice.
a. must be combining b. must combine c. must have been combined d. must be combined
58.He said such a thing ______ to happen.
a.ought to be not allowed b. ought not to be allowing
b.ought not to have allowed d. ought not to be allowed
59.She told me that her proposal ______.
a.needed to take into consideration b. needed to be taken into consideration
c.needed to be taking into consideration d. needed to have taken into consideration
60.The school authorities and the teachers ______ over the advantages of the demerit system.
a.were always argued b. were always arguing
b.had always had argued d. had always been argued
61.He fulfilled the plan earlier than he ______.
a. had expected b. expecting c. should expect d. would expect
62.______ when the bell rang.
a.Hardly would he reach school b. Hardly had he reached school
c.Hardly he reached school d. Hardly he was reaching school
63.We were determined not to do it unless Julie ______ it, too.
a. had done b. was doing c. was done d. did
64.They were sure they ______ final victory.
a. were won b. would be won c. would win d. had been won
65.When ______ to give us an answer?
a. will you be able b. will you have been able c. will you able d. will you have abled
66.We ______ on the project by the end of next week.
a.shall have finished to work b. shall finish to work
c.shall have finished working d. shall finish working
67.He ______ for six years by the time he takes his examination.
a.shall have finished to work b. shall finish to work
b.shall have finished working d. shall finish working
68.I promise you that I ______ you a present next week.
a. will give b. will have given c. shall give d. shall have given
69.I hope that she ______ to the demands of the naughty boys.
a.will not have agreed b. will not be agreed c. will not agree d. will not have been agreed
70.In the long run your money ______ in bonds.
a.was more safely invested b. is more safely invested
b.will be more safely invested d. are more safely invested
71.Mr.Wilson asked me if these islands ______ to Japan.
a. belong b. are belonging c. are belonged d. have been belonged
72.Before the end of the nineties, air pollution ______ a serious problem that endangers the health of the human race.
a. will be become b. will become c. will have become d. will have been become
73.The train ______ at eight tonight.
a. will be started b. will have started c. shall be started d. starts
74.We ______ an English evening tonight.
a. are being having b. are having c. will be had d. shall be had
75.They ______ for Beijing for practice.
a. are leaving b. are being left c. will have left d. will be left
76._____ me or aren’t you?
a. Will you help b. Shall you help c. Are you going to help d. Will you have helped
77.A new power station ______ there.
a. will be going to build b. is going to be built c. will be gone to build d. is gone to be built
78.______ a meeting this afternoon.
a.There going to be b. There will be going to be
b.There is going to be d. There will going to be
79.We ______ a new experiment this afternoon.
a.shall be to perform b. will be to perform c. are to be performed d. are to perform
80.The government _____ to approve the use of widespread surveillance when the Justice Department took objections.
a. is going b. had been c. was about d. is coming
81.You ought to _____ a test in physics the day before, I think.
a. have taken b. take c. be taken d. be taking
82.Kepler proved that the sun ______ the center of the solar system.
a. is b. was c. had been d. would be
83.This is one of the best novels that ______ this year.
a. appears b. is appearing c. has appeared d. have appeared
84.My friend ______ here last week, but he couldn’t.
a. was to have come b. must have come c. came d. had to come
85.He did not arrive until the meeting was nearly over, for the simple reason is that he _____ asleep while watching television.
a. had fallen b. has fallen c. fell d. was falling
86.We had hardly sat down when she ______ plates of food for us.
a. brought b. has brought c. had brought d. was bringing
87.A friend of mine returned to his house after a holiday ,only to find it ______.
a. be broken into b. was broken into c. had broken into d. had been broken into
88.“What were you doing when Anna phoned you?”
“I had just finished my work and ______ to take a bath.”
a.starting b. to start c. have started d. was starting
89.“Have you gone to see the doctor?”
“No, but ______.”
a. I go b. I am going to see c. I go to see d. I’m going to
90.Each time you look at an object, you ______ a picture.
a. took b. are taking c. take d. have taken
91.Water pipes ______ rusty after a period of use.
a. become b. is becoming c. are become d. were become
92.This foreign scientist ______ in our college for fifteen years and does not want to leave.
a. worked b. is working c. works d. has been working
93.______ to have dinner with us tonight?
a. Will you like b. Do you like c. Wouldn’t you like d. Won’t you like
94.What I was uncertain about ______ whether they could overcome the difficulties.
a. is b. will be c. had been d. was
95.“Certainly,______ him about something else in any case, so it won’t be any bother.”
a. I’ll see b. I see c. I can see d. I’ll be seeing
96.By the time the course ends,______ a lot about Britain.
a. we’ll learnt b. we are learning c. we have learnt d. we’ll have learnt
97.All the machines ______ by the end of the following week.
a. were repaired b. would be repaired
c. will have been repaired d. were being repair
98.He will come to call one you the moment he ______ his work.
a. will finish b. finishes c. had finished d. finished
99.I don’t think she’ll be upset, but I’ll see her in case ________.
a. she’ll b. she is c. she does d. she would
100.“I wish that your sister would come to visit me.”
“Well, I’ll tell her when I ______ her.”
a. see b. saw c. well see d. would see
答案
1 D 19 A 37 D 55 C 73 D 91 A
2 D 20 B 38 C 56 D 74 B 92 D
3 C 21 D 39 C 57 D 75 A 93 C
4 D 22 C 40 A 58 D 76 C 94 D
5 A 23 B 41 C 59 B 77 B 95 D
6 B 24 A 42 C 60 B 78 C 96 D
7 C 25 D 43 B 61 A 79 D 97 C
8 D 26 D 44 A 62 B 80 C 98 B
9 A 27 C 45 C 63 D 81 A 99 B
10 C 28 A 46 A 64 C 82 A 100 A
11 D 29 C 47 C 65 A 83 D 101
12 A 30 A 48 D 66 C 84 A 102
13 C 31 D 49 B 67 B 85 A 103
14 B 32 B 50 A 68 A 86 A 104
15 C 33 C 51 D 69 C 87 D 105
16 B 34 D 52 B 70 C 88 D 106
17 A 35 D 53 D 71 A 89 D 107
18 C 36 A 54 D 72 C 90 B 108
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