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牛津高中英语语法复习（模块1-4）
(译林牛津版高三英语下册教学论文) |
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牛津高中英语语法复习（模块1-4） 语法复习一：定语从句 （一）定义 1)在复合句中（一个句子的某一成分由句子承当），修饰某一名词或代词从句叫定语从句或形容词从句；在句中起定语的作用. 2)被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词antecedent 1) The man who lives next to us is a policeman.[ 先行词 关系代词 定语从句 2) You must do everything that I do. 先行词 关系代词 定语从句 (二)：关系代词的作用; 1.连接主句和从句。 2.代表被修饰的先行词。 3.在定语从句做一个句子成分。 eg. This is the room which I lived in last year. 先行词 关系代词 定语从句 (三)：定语从句中有 关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that, as. 关系副词 when, where, why 等引导定语从句。 （四）：用关系代词还是用关系副词 关系代词起代词的作用，关系副词起副词的作用，因此同样的先行词，选用什么样的关系词，要由它在定语从句中担任的逻辑作用来决定。 关系代词 词行 先行词 充当成分 who 人 主、宾、表 Whom 人 宾 That 人&物 主、宾、表 Which 物 主、宾、表 As 物 主、宾 Whose=of whom\of which 人&物 定语 关系副词 When=at\in\on\during which 时间 状 Where=at\in\to which 地点 状 Why=for which 原因 状 that 在口语中可以代替关系副词 以上三者 状 This is the place ¬where we work.（vi.） (关系词所做的成分关键是有从句中的动词来决定的) This is the place which we visited. (vt. ) 种类 先行词 关联词 例句 说明 定 语 从 句 （人）在从句中做主语或宾语 物 在从句中做主语或宾语 who which This is the doctor who saved the boy’s life . 这就是救了孩子生命的医生。 She is the new student whom I want to introduce to you . 她就是我要介绍给你的新学生 Please pass me the book which is lying on the table. 请递给我摆在桌上的那本书。 The novel which Tom bought is very interesting. 汤姆买的小说很有意思。 Can you lend me the magazine about which you talked yesterday? 你能把昨天谈到的那本杂志借给我吗？ who在从句中做主语 whom在从句中做宾语，口语中who可以代替whom，也可以被省去，但做介词宾语时只能用whom which在从句中做主语。 which充当宾语时可以省去。 which做介词宾语不可省 定 语 从 句 人 或 物 的 whose The professor whose daughter teaches you English is Dr. Williams 那位教授是威廉斯他的女儿教你英语。 The professor, the daughter of whom teaches you English is Dr. Williams. The bike whose brake was damaged has now been repaired. =The bike the brake of which was damaged has now been repaired whose在从句中做定语 指某人的也可以用…of whom代替whose 指物时也可以用…of which 代替 whose 人 或 that The woman that is playing the piano is Miss Zhang. 正在弹钢琴的那位妇女是张小姐。 I’d like to see the films that are just on show. 我想看那些刚上映的电影。 that指人做主语 that指物做主语 种类 先行词 关联词 例 句 说 明 物 all, little much和some,any every ,no 构成的合成代词 人 或 物 that that They talked for about an hour of things and persons that they remember in the school. 他们谈起他们所记得起的学校里的人和事，谈了大约有半个小时。 I’ll tell you all(that )I know about it . 我要告诉你我所知道这件事的一切情况。 Is there anything (that) I can do for you? 有什么我可以帮助做的事吗？ I’ve brought everything (that )you need. 我把你需要的东西都拿来了。 This is the best film that I have seen . 这是我看过的最好的一部电影。 The first place that we’ll visit is Beijing Library. 我们要参观的第一个地方是北京图书馆 先行词分别表示人和物，关系代词要用that，不用who或which 先行词表示物，关系代词用that不用which, 在从句中做宾语可省去 。如果先行词是人时，关系代词不受制约，用that或who (whom) 均可 先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时定语从句用that引导。 定 语 从 句 人 或 物 that He is the only person that is believable. 他是唯一可靠的人。 John is the very person that she wants to see. 约翰正是她要见的人。 Who is the man that is talking with Tom ? 正在和汤姆谈话的人是谁？ Which of the books that you bought is easy to read? 你买的那些书中哪一本容易读。 先行词被the only, the very,the same 等修饰时用关系代词that. 当主句以who、which开头的特殊疑问句时，定语从句要用that 时 间 when He came at a time when we. needed him most.他在我们最需要的时候来了。 We’ll never forget the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded. 我们永远不会忘记中华人民共和国成立的那一天。 在定语从句中作时间状语 注：先行词是time, minute, moment, next time很少用关系副词when,可用that 但通常省去。 地点 where This is the room where he put up for the night. 这就是他渡过夜晚的那房子。 在定语从句中作地点状语 原因 理由 why I know the reason why she studies so well . 我知道她学习好的原因。 在定语从句中作原因状语 This is the place ¬where work.（vi.） (关系词所做的成分关键是有从句中的动词来决定的) This is the place which we visited. (vt. ) （五）：限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 从句与先行词的关系 从句是先行词不可缺少的定语，如果省去，主句的意思就会不完整或不明确。 从句只是对先行词的附加说明，如果省去,主句的意思仍然清楚或完整 标 点 从句和主句之间不用逗号分开 从句和主句之间通常用逗号分开 关 系 代 词 指人who (that) whom 指物which (that) 人和物whose 关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省去 指人who（作主语）whom（做宾语） 指物which 人和物的whose 关系代词一般不可省 修饰 从句只修饰一个名词或代词 可以修饰一个名词或代词也可修饰整个主句 翻译 定语从句译在被修饰词的前面 定语从句通常被译成另一个独立的句子 限制性 非限制性 形式上 无逗号 有逗号 内容上 先行词不是唯一的 先行词是唯一的，定语从句可有可无。 关系词 可用that ,why.作宾语可以省略 不可用that ,why。关系词一律不省。 先行词 名词或代词 名词或代词，也可以使整个句子 汉语翻译 译作定语 译成并列句 1．二者差异比较 限制定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词之间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词．关系副词或that来引导。非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that引导。 He has a brother, who is a physicist. (只有一个) He returned all the books which are written in English. He returned all the books, which are written in English. I will wear no clothes which will be out of ordinary. I will wear no clothes, which will be out of ordinary. The man who lives next door is a doctor. My sister, who lives next door, is a doctor. I’m sure I know the person who served me. Tom, who served us, is the owner of the restaurant. A student who studies hard will make good progress. The student, who lives far from school, is the leader of their football match. （六） 关系代词that和 which的区别 <1>． 只能用that的情况 (1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none ，few.等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如： All the people that are present burst into tears. Everything that we saw was interesting. I’m interested in everything that I don’t know. All that is needed is a supply of oil. (2) 如果先等词被 all ,little none any, only, few, much, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which. 例如：I read all the books that you gave to me. This is the only money that I have in my pocket. All the money that was collected was given to the Hope Project. (3) 如果先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或者先行词是最高级时，关系代词常用that,不用which。 This is the first book that was written in English. This is the last factory that I visited. This is the best film that I have ever seen. This is the funniest thing that I ever heard. (4) 如果先等词被the only ,the very , the same ,the last修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which. This is the only book that I really like. He was the only person in the office that was invited to the ball. (5) 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。而不用who, which. 例如： The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely. He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited. (6)who ,which开头的特殊疑问句中，关系代词用that. Who is the person that is standing there? Which of us that knows English doesn’t know this? which of the novel do you like best? (7) 关系代词作表语时，关系代词用that. It took us many years to make the city that it is today. He is not the man that he used to be. China isn’t the country it used to be. (8) 先行词是奇数词或是序数词时，关系代词用that . Yesterday I caught two fish. Now you can see the two that are still alive in the basin of water. (9) 当主句 “ there be “开头时，关系代词要用that 引导的定语从句修饰该句型的主语。 There are four desks in the middle of the office that are used for the teachers. (10) 当先行词是 “ to be “ 后面的表语时关系代词用that . This is the dictionary that was bought in the bookstore yesterday. <2>．只能用which的情况 1) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。如： There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated. Bei jing , which is china’s capital, is rich in culture. 2)those/that +名词后的定语从句用which引导。不能用关系代词that。 That pen which he took is mine. A shop should keep those goods which sells well. 3) 介词后只用which This is the room in which he lived. I don’t know the man to whom you talked. The chair on which he is sitting is made of wood. (4) which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语， 不用that..例如： He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy. (5)先行词是that时，关系代词要用which. What’s that which flashed in the sky just now? (6) 关系代词后面有插入语时，益用关系代词 which. Here is the English grammar book which, as I have told you, will help to improve your English. <3>．只用who, whom.而不用that的情况 (1) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, those, ones等时，关系代词应该用 who 或whom，不用 which .that。例如： Is there anyone here who will go with you? People all like those who have good manners. （2） 当先行词是指人的集合名词时，如果作这个名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。 Mr. Smith came to visit my family, who were watching TV then. Our class, which is a very good one, was praised again at the meeting. (3)当先行词有较长的 后置定语或者在被分割的定语从句中，宜用关系代词 who Pro. Wang is coming soon who will give us a talk on how to learn English. (4) 当先行词用-body 或-one 构成的复合不定代词时，关系代词用who We’d better not believe in anyone who we don’t know. (5) 当先行词是一个限定性的表示人的特定名词时，常用who The aunt/uncle who came to see us last week is my brother’s sister. （七）．“介词＋关系代词“是一个普遍使用的结构 (1)“介词＋关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词＋关系代词“结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。其中whom代表人，which代表物 Who is the comrade with whom you shook hands? He works in a factory, in front of which there is a river Give me the book the cover of which is red (the cover of which=whose cover) He is the man whose father is a teacher.=He is the man the father of whom is a teacher. This is the neighborhood from whom I borrowed the bicycle. (2) from where为“介词＋关系副词“结构，但也可以引导定语从句（不常用）。例如： We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town.. （3）***关系代词前的介词如何确定？ A.依据定语从句中动词的某种习惯搭配 Mr. Smith bought a new house on which he spent all his money. B.依据先行词的某种习惯搭配确定 There was no way in which it could be bought back to the earth. ( in this way) C.根据所表达的意思确定 The gas with which doctors can save the patients is called oxygen. The gas without which we can not live is called oxygen. (4)***注意关系代词的位置 介词在关系代词前时，只能用which 和whom不能用that 代替，也不可省略；介词在句尾时，关系代词可which ,that ,whom, who,都行，而且还可以省略。 This is the drawer in which I put my letters. = This is the drawer (which/that )I put my letters in. Have you seen the pen with which I wrote letters this morning? = Have you seen the pen (which/that) I wrote letters with this morning? 所以一个句子有时有多种用法 如：那就是他工作的大学 This is the college at which he works. This is the college that/which he works at. This is the college where he works. 但像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如： This is the boy whom she has taken care of. This is the book which /that I am looking for. This is the girl I have been looking for the whole afternoon. （八） whose 引导从句的意义 1）指人=of whom 表示所修饰的“某（些）人的用做所修饰的先行词的所有格。 A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan. 2) 指物=of which 表所修饰的“某物的“ I live in the room whose window faces south. I live in the room, the window of which faces south ( whose +从句 可以用“of which +从句”代替) （九）As 与which 是有区别的 A) 相同之处： 都可以用来引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面的主句所表达的内容。which 可做宾语或表语 He failed once more in the match, which was a great pity. He succeeded in the composition, which made his parents very happy. B) 区别： 1）as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面．中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如： 1) As we all know, Galileo’s theory of falling objects is right. = Galileo’s theory of falling objects, as we all know, is right = Galileo’s theory of falling objects is right, as we all know. 2) He was thrown into prison, which got round throughout our village 3) As is expected, the England team won the football match. 4) The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone. 5) He was late again, which made me unhappy 6) As you know, he is good at English. 2.） as有“如” 、“正如”、“像”、“正像”的含义，which 没有。后面的谓语动词多是see, know, expect, say, mention, report等。 Bob did an excellent job, as we had expected. Our team won the game, which made us happy. As is known to all, Taiwan is part of China. We are facing the same problems as we did years ago. We are facing the problems which we faced years ago. We hope to get such a tool as he is using. We hope to get the tool which he is using. 3.) as 在引导限制性定语从句多与such 或the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。 the same…as such….as This is the same story as he told me. I hope to get such a book as he is using 4).as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which。可代表一个句子。例如： The elephant’s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see. 5).as做主语时， 其后必跟系动词，而which 无此限制 The meeting was put off, as was what we wanted. He was murdered, as seemed true. 6)as引导从句时，从句语义必须和主句一致 She was married again, which was unexpected She was married again, as was unexpected 7 7）the same …as 与the same ..that 的区别： 前者修饰的是原物同样的 而后者修饰的就是先行词 This is the same watch as I lost.这和我丢的那一只手表是一样的。 This is the dame watch that I lost.着就是我丢的那一只手表。 （十）什么时候that 可以省略？ 1) 引导同位语从句，主语从句，表语从句不能省略，且不做成分。 The name “ whitewater ”comes from the fact that the water in these streams and rivers looks white when it moves quickly. It’s known to all that light travels in straight lines. ( that 置后可一省略) The reason for his absence was that he was ill. ( 有时可省，一般不省) 2）宾语从句中可以省略 I don’t think (that) you are right. 3）that 只有在定语从句中做成分，可做主、宾、表语。 （十一）关系代词做主语，谓语动词的单复数取决于先行词而不是关系代词。 I want to see the film that is on show. The students who don’t study hard will not pas the exam. (十二)one of the… 与the one of the … 做先行词时谓语不一致。 Li Bai is one of the greatest poets that have lived in China. Li Bai is the one of the greatest poets that has lived in China. This is one of the books that I have been written in Chinese. This is the only one of the books that has been written in Chinese. He is one of the boys who are willing to do it. He is the only one of the boys who is willing to do it. （十三）．关系副词引导的定语从句 1．关系副词也可以引导定语从句 关系副词在从句中分别表示时间．地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。 1)when 表示时间, 充当时间状语 when=on/ in/ of /at…+which I still remember the day when I join the party I will never forget the day when I first came to Beijing. 但注意： 1.当先行词是表地点：place ,room, mountain, airport等时间：time, day, year, month, week,等原因：reason 等名词时,并且分别在句中做地点、时间、原因状语时，应用where ,when ,why引导。但是如果如果表示时间地点原因的名词不做状语，而是做主语，宾语，或者表语时，必须用关系代词that /which来引导而不是用where等。 I still remember the day that we spent together。 May 1 is the day that I will never forget。 The Yangtze Gorges is a beautiful place (that /which) people all over the world look forward to visiting. 长江三峡是个美丽的地方，全世界的人都渴望来参观。 The moment (that /which) I turned around, she had left and disappeared in the crowd. Is this the reason that he gave us for being late? This is the factory that we visited That is the house that he lived in.. The place that we had been to was far. The shop that /which we saw is beautiful. 2.当先行词为 by the time ,any time , the way, every time, the first time ,the last time 时，关系词不用when而用that.或省略 This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson. The first time I saw him was in 1980 By the time he was 14 he had learned advanced mathematics 但如果time前无修饰语,关系词用that when 均可 I will never forgot the time when (that) we met for the first time. 3. 当先行词为way 时，关系词用in which ,that, 或省略. This is the way that/ in which / 不加 he smiles. 但注意： 4.why 表示原因（现行词只有一个 reason），做原因状语。 Why= for which That is the reason why he was late. （十四）学生容易出现的问题。 1. 在定语从句中多加了宾语，如： Some of the boys I invited them didn’t come. Some of the boys I invited didn’t come. Is this the horse you drew it yesterday? Is this the horse you drew yesterday? 2. 把定语从句的动词的单复数弄错。 Those who has finished may leave the classroom now. They key opens the room is missing. Those who have finished may leave the classroom now. This is one of the rivers in China which flows northward. This is one of the rivers in China which flows northward. 3. 省略了定语从句中做主语的关系代词。 Children eat a lot of sugar often get bad teeth. Children who eat a lot of sugar often get bad teeth. They key opens the room is missing. They key which/that opens the room is missing. 4. 定语从句中加了多余的关系副词或者是介词。 The house where he lives in needs repairing. The house where he lives needs repairing. The house which/that he lives in needs repairing. This is the time at when he’s more likely to be in. This is the time when he’s more likely to be in. This is the time at which he’s more likely to be in. （十五）代有插入语的定语从句who 与whom 的选用。 担主语成分时用who ,担 宾格成分时用whom 方法：要区分是定语从句中的插入语还是主谓结构。 Jason is a man who (I believed) is honest.(去掉仍成立) Jason is a man whom I believe to be honest. 做宾语 The girl who we supposed was drowned came back. The girl who we supposed to be drowned came back. （十六）什么时候宜用非限制性定语从句 1） 当先行词是专有名词时，通常用非限制性定语从句，它本身就具有特殊性，无需在加限定。 Shenzhen, which is in South China, is developing rapidly. My house, which I bought last year, has got a garden . Mr. Smith bought a new house on which he spent all his money. 2) 当先行词是具有某一特征的人或者物中的一个，但跟非限制从句时则表示唯一的一个，compare: Her room has a window which faces south. Her room has a window, which faces south. I have a brother who is working in Beijing. I have a brother, who is working in Beijing. 3.当先行词表示类属意义，即表示某类动物，事物或人时，其后所跟的定语从句一般是非限制性的。 A sleep is a useful animal, whose wool has many uses. Football, which is a very interesting game, is now played all over the world. 语法经典练习： 1.He paid the boy $ 10 for washing ten windows ,most of_______ hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year. A. these B. those C. that D. which 2.Alice received an invitation from her boss, ______ came as a surprise. A. it B. that C. which D. he 3.She heard a terrible noise , _______ brought her heart into her mouth. A. it B. which C. this D. that 4.In the dark street, there wasn't a single person _____ she could turn for help. A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom 5.Tom’s mother kept telling him that he should work hard , but ______ didn’t help. A. he B. which C. she D. it 6. The weather turned out to be very good, ______ was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it 7. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town he grew up as a child. A. which B. where C. that D. when 8. Carol said the work would be done by October, ______ personally I doubt very much. A. it B. that C. when D. which 9.The result of the experiment was very good, ______ we hadn’t expected. A. when B. that C. which D. what 10.It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year, ______ for the first time in years their team won the World Cup. A. that B.while C. which D.when 11. These houses are sold at such a low price _______ people expected. A. like B. as C. that D. which 12. Recently I bought an ancient vase, ___ was very reasonable. A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of those 13. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ________,of course , made the others unhappy. A．who B．which C．this D．what 14. John said he’d been working in the office for an hour, _______ was true. A．he B．this C．which D．who 15. The film brought the hours back to me _____ I was taken good care of in that far-away village. A. until B. that C. when D. where 16.The famous basketball star, _______ tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot of attention. A. where B. when C. which D. Who 17. Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, ______ I will always treasure. A that B one C it D what 18. We will be shown around the city: schools, museums and some other places, _____ other visitors seldom go. A what B which C where D when 19.Alec asked the policeman _____he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident. A with him B who C with whom D whom 20.We are living in an age ______ many things are done on computers. A. which B. that C. whose D. when 21.______ has been announced , we shall have our final exams next month. A. That B. As C. It D. What 22.York, ______ last year, is a nice old city. A. that I visited B. which I visited C. where I visited D.in chich I visited 23.Luckly, we’d brought a road map without ______ we would have lost our way. A. it B. that C. this D. which 24.A fast food restaurant is the place ______ , just as the name suggests, eating is performed quickly. A. which B. where C. there D. what 25.Geoge Orwell, ______ was Eric Arthur, write many political novels and essays . A. the real name B. what his real name C his real name D. whose real name. 26. _____ is reported in the newspapers , talks between the two countries are making progress. A. It B .As C. That D. what 27. American women usually identify their best friend as someone ______ they can talk frequently. A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom. 28. The English play ______my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success. A. for which B . at which C. in which D. on which 29. There were dirty marks on her trousers ______ she had wiped her hands. A. where B. which C. when D. that 30. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months，______ the sailing time was 226 days. A. of which. B. during which C. from which D for which 31. There was _____ time ______ I hated to go to school. A. a, that B. a, when C. the, that D. the, when 32. there are two buildings, ______ stands nearly a hundred feet high. A. the larger B. the larger of them C. the larger one that D. the larger of which 33. ______ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. A. Which B. When C. What D. As 34. The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% ______ are sold abroad. A. of which B. which of C. of them D. of that 35.Anyway, that evening, ______ I’ll tell you more about later, I ended up staying at the Rache’s place. A. when B. where C. what D. which 36.. Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the other, ______, of course, made the others envy him. A. who B. that C. what D. which 37.It is easy to do the repair. ______ you need is a hammer and some nails. A. Something B. All C. Both D. Everything 38.. I work in a business ______ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance. A. how B. which C. where D. that 39.Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from ____ effects the people are still suffering. （ A. that B. whose C. those D. what 40.If a shop has chairs ____ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop. A. that B. which C. when D. where 41.Frank’s dream was to have his own shop ____ to produce the workings of his own hands. A. that B. in which C. by which D. how 42.Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2003, ___________ he studied very hard and was made chairman of the Students’ Union. A. during which time B. for which time C. during whose time D. by that time 43. Her sister has become a lawyer, she wanted to be. A．who B．that C．what D．which 44. The place _______ the bridge is supposed to be built should be________the cross-river traffic is the heaviest A. which; where B. at which; which C. at which; where D. which; in which 45. I walked in our garden, _______ Tom and Jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees. A．which B．when C．where D．that 46.I have many friends , some are businessmen . A．of them B．from which C．who of D．of whom 47. —Is that the small town you often refer to? —Right, just the one you know I used to work for years. A．that B．which C．where D．what 48. He was educated at a local grammar school, _____ he went on to Cambridge. A. from which B. after that C. after which D. from this 49. Have you seen the film "Titanic", __________ leading actor is world famous? A．its B．it's C．whose D．which 50.The doctor advised Vera strongly that she should take a holiday, but _______ didn’t help. A．it B．she C．which D．he Keys: 1-5 DCBDD 6-10 BBDCD 11-15 BBBCC 16-20 DBCCD 21-25BBDBD 26-30BDCAA 31-35BDDAD 36-40DBCBD 41-45 BADCC 46-50 DCCCA 语法复习二：动词时态 1 一般现在时的用法 1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。 时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。 The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China. 3) 表示格言或警句中。 Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。 注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。 例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.. 4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。 I don't want so much. Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well. 比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. I am doing my homework now. 第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的 now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。 2 一般过去时的用法 1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。 时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。 Where did you go just now? 2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。 When I was a child, I often played football in the street. Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 3）句型： It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了" It is time sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了" It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。 It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。 would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事' I'd rather you came tomorrow. 4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。 I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。 比较： 一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。 Christine was an invalid all her life. (含义：她已不在人间。) Christine has been an invalid all her life. (含义：她现在还活着) Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。) Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. ( 含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去) 注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。 1）动词 want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。 Did you want anything else? I wondered if you could help me. 2）情态动词 could, would. Could you lend me your bike? 3 used to / be used to used to + do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。 Mother used not to be so forgetful. Scarf used to take a walk. (过去常常散步) be used to + doing： 对……已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。 He is used to a vegetarian diet. Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步) 典型例题 ---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it. ---- It's 69568442. A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't 答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看 出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。 4 一般将来时 1) shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。 will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。 Which paragraph shall I read first. Will you be at home at seven this evening? 2) be going to +不定式，表示将来。 a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。 What are you going to do tomorrow? b. 计划，安排要发生的事。 The play is going to be produced next month。 c. 有迹象要发生的事 Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 3) be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。 We are to discuss the report next Saturday. 4) be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。 He is about to leave for Beijing. 注意：be about to 不能与 tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。 5 be going to / will 用于条件句时， be going to 表将来 will 表意愿 If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible. Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror. 6 be to和be going to be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。 be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。 I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客观安排) I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排) 7 一般现在时表将来 1）下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。 The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如： Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 3）在时间或条件句中。 When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。 I hope they have a nice time next week. Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 8 用现在进行时表示将来 意为："意图"、"打算"、"安排"、常用于人。常用词为 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。 I'm leaving tomorrow. Are you staying here till next week? 9 现在完成时 现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状 态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去 但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或 状态。其构成： have (has) +过去分词。 10 比较过去时与现在完成时 1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。 2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。 一般过去时的时间状语: yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语 共同的时间状语: this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately 现在完成时的时间状语 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always, 不确定的时间状语 3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。 举例： I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了。） I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。） Why did you get up so early? （强调起床的动作已发生过了。） Who hasn't handed in his paper? （强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。） She has returned from Paris. 她已从巴黎回来了。 She returned yesterday. 她是昨天回来了。 He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续) He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续) He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。) I have finished my homework now. ---Will somebody go and get Dr. White? ---He's already been sent for. 句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。 （错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 11 用于现在完成时的句型 1）It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。 It is the first time that I have visited the city. It was the third time that the boy had been late. 2）This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时. This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。 典型例题 (1) ---Do you know our town at all? --- No, this is the first time I ___ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。 (2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before? ---No, it's the first time I ___ here. A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come 答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。 注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。 （错）I have received his letter for a month. （对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month. 12 比较since和for Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。 I have lived here for more than twenty years. I have lived here since I was born.. My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949. Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976. I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl. My brother has been in the Youth League for two years. I have not heard from my uncle for a long time. 注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。 I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。) I have worked here for many years. (现在我仍在这里工作。) 小窍门： 当现在完成时+一段时间，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。 1) (对) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. 2) (错) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now. 显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years. 13 since的四种用法 1) since +过去一个时间点 (如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。 I have been here since 1989. 2) since +一段时间+ ago I have been here since five months ago. 3) since +从句 Great changes have taken place since you left. Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here. 4) It is +一段时间+ since从句 It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 14 延续动词与瞬间动词 1) 用于完成时的区别 延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结 果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。 He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果) I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历) 2) 用于till / until从句的差异 延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示"到 ……，才……" He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。 He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点。 典型例题 1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times. A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet 答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。 2.---I'm sorry to keep you waiting. ---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be 答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。 15 过去完成时 1） 概念：表示过去的过去 ----|-------|-----|---->其构成是had +过去分词构成。 那时以前 那时 现在 2） 用法 a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。 She said (that) she had never been to Paris. b. 状语从句 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…" We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 He said that he had learned some English before. By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 典型例题 The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office. A. had written, left B，were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left 答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前，因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中 when表示的是时间的一点，表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此 前一句应用过去进行时。 注意： had no … when 还没等…… 就…… had no sooner… than 刚…… 就…… He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 16 用一般过去时代替完成时 1) 两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。 When she saw the mouse， she screamed. My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 2 ) 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。 When I heard the news, I was very excited. 3) 叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。 Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492. 17 将来完成时 1) 构成will / be going to do sth. 2) 概念 a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。 b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或一获得的经验。 They will have been married for 20 years by then. You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 18 现在进行时 现在进行时的基本用法： a. 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。We are waiting for you. b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。 Mr. Green is writing another novel. (说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。) She is learning piano under Mr. Smith. c. 表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。 The leaves are turning red. It's getting warmer and warmer. d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。 You are always changing your mind. 典型例题 My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it. A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found. 答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。 19 不用进行时的动词 1) 事实状态的动词 have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue I have two brothers. This house belongs to my sister. 2) 心理状态的动词 Know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate I need your help. He loves her very much. 3 ) 瞬间动词 accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse. I accept your advice. 4) 系动词 seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn You seem a little tired. 20 过去进行时 1） 概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。 2） 过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。 3) 常用的时间状语 this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. It was raining when they left the station. When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 典型例题 1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger. A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes 答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同 时，when表时间的同时性，"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。 2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep. read； was falling B. was reading； fell C. was reading； was falling D. read； fell 答案B.句中的as = when, while，意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为 "在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。"句中的 fell (fall的过去时)，是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。 21 将来进行时 1) 概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。 She'll be coming soon. I'll be meeting him sometime in the future. 注意：将来进行时不用于表示"意志"，不能说 I'll be having a talk with her. 2）常用的时间状语 Soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach. 22 一般现在时代替将来时 时间状语从句，条件句中，从句用一般现在时代替将来时 When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。 典型例题 (1)He said he________me a present unless I_______ in doing the experiment. A. had not given; had not succeeded B. would not give; succeed C. will not give; succeed D. would not give; will succeed. 答案B. 在时间，条件或让步主语从句中一般不用将来时。本题有He said，故为过去式。主句用将来时，故选B. 此处用一般过去式代替了过去将来时。 (2) 表示现在已安排好的未来事项，行程等活动。 The museum opens at ten tomorrow. 博物馆明天10点开门。(实际上每天如此。) 23 一般现在时代替过去时 1 )"书上说"，"报纸上说"等。 The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow. 报纸上说明天会很冷的。 2) 叙述往事，使其生动。 Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins. 24 一般现在时代替完成时 1) 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时： hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember. I hear (= have heard) he will go to London. I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is. 2) 句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …" 3) It is (= has been) five years since we last met. 25 一般现在时代替进行时 1) 句型：Here comes… ； There goes… Look, here comes Mr. Li. 26 现在进行时代替将来时 1) 表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。 Are you staying with us this weekend? 这周和我们一起度周末吗? We are leaving soon. 我们马上就走。 2) 渐变动词，如：get, run, grow, become, begin及die。 He is dying. 27 时态一致 1) 如果从句所叙述的为真理或不变的事实，则永远用现在时。 At that time, people did not know that the earth moves. He told me last week that he is eighteen. 2) 宾语从句中的助动词ought, need, must, dare 时态是不变的。 He thought that I need not tell you the truth. 28 时态与时间状语 时间状语 一般现在时 every …, sometimes, at …, on Sunday, 一般过去时 yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now 一般将来时 next…, tomorrow, in+时间, 现在完成时 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently 过去完成时 before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as 过去进行时 this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening… when, while 将来进行时 soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening 语法经典练习： 1.The new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as she ______ . A. will arrive B. arrives C. is going to arrive D. is arriving 2.When I was at college I ______ three foreign languages, but I ______ all except a few words of each. A. spoke; had forgotten B. spoke; have forgotten C. had spoken; had forgotten D. had spoken; have forgotten 3.The police found that the house ______ and a lot of things______ . A. has broken into; has been stolen B. had broken into; had been stolen C. has been broken into; stolen D. had been broken into; stolen 4.—Come on in, Peter. I want to show you something. —Oh, how nice of you! I ______ you ______ to bring me a gift. A. never think; are going B. never thought; were going C. didn’t think; were going D. hadn’t thought; were going 5.The volleyball match will be put off if it______ . A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is raining 6.Mary______ a dress when she cut her finger. A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes 7. She's upstairs______ letters. A. writes B. is writing C. write D. writing 8. —Have you moved into the new house? —Not yet. The rooms______ . A. are being painting B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painted 9.The students ______ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ______ in the office. A. had written ; left B.were writing ;has left C.had written ;had left D.were writing ;had left 10.Whe and where to build the new factory ______ yet. A.is not decided B. are not decided C.has not decided D. .have not decided 11. When Jack arrived he learned Mary _____ for almost an hour. A. had gone B. had set off C. had left D. had been away 12.---Do you know our town at all? ---No, this is the first time I _______ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 13---We could have walked to the station; it was so near. ---Yes. A taxi______at all necessary. A. wasn't B. hadn't been C. wouldn't be D. won't be 14. If city noises _______ from increasing, people______ shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now. A. are not kept; will have to B. are not kept; have to C. do not keep; will have to D. do not keep; have to 15.Tom_________ into the house when no one ________ . A. slipped; was looking B. had slipped; looked C. slipped; had looked D. was slipping; looked 16. In come parts of the world, tea ___with milk and sugar. A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served 17—How long ______each other before they ___married? —For about a year. A. have they known; get B. did they know; were going to get C. do they know; are going to get D. had they known; got 18. My dictionary______ . I have looked for it everywhere but still ___it. A. has lost; don't find B. is missing; don't find C. has lost; haven't found D. is missing; haven't found 19. Tom ought not ____to me your secret, but he meant no harm. A. have told B. tell C. be telling D. having told 20.We were all surprised when he made it clear that he ___office soon. A. leaves B. would leave C. left D. had left 21. —Can I join your club, Dad? —You can when you ______ a bit older. A. get B. will get C. are getting D. will have got 22.—I'm sorry to keep you waiting. —Oh, not at all. I ______ here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be 23. I don't really work here; I ______ until the new secretary arrives. A. just help out B. have just helped out C. am just helping out D. will just help out 24. I need one more stamp before my collection ______. A. has completed B. completes C. has been completed D. is completed 25. As she the newspaper, Granny asleep. A. read; was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read; fell 26. You don't need to describe her. I her several times. A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet 27.—Oh, it's you! I _____ you. —I've just had my hair cut, and I'm wearing new glasses. A. didn't recognize B. hadn't recognized C. haven't recognized D. don't recognize 28. I first met Lisa three years ago. She_____ at a radio shop at the time. A. has worked B. was working C. had been working D. had worked 29.--- Is this raincoat yours? ---No, mine there behind the door. A. is hanging B. has hung C. hangs D. hung 30. - Alice, why didn't you come yesterday? - I , but I had an unexpected visitor. A. had B. would C. was going to D. did 31. Shirley_____a book about China last year but I don't know whether she has finished it. A. has written B. wrote C. had written D. was writing 32. --Hi, Tracy, you look tired. --I am tired. I _____the living room all day. A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted 33. －－Hey, look where you are going? －－Oh, I'm terribly sorry.＿＿＿＿＿． A. I'm not noticing B.I wasn't noticing C. I haven't noticing D.I don't noticing 34. Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but soon ______to his old ways. A. returned B. returns C. was returning D. had returned 35. All the preparations for the task ______,and we're ready to start. A. completed B. complete C. had been completed D. have been completed 36. The manager entered the office and was happy to learn that four-fifths of the tickets _______ . A. was booked B. had been booked C. were booked D. have been booked 37. Every possible means _______ to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear. A. is used B. are usedC. has been used D. have been used 38. My uncle ___ until he was forty-five. A. married B. didn't married C. was not marrying D. would marry 39. Tony was very unhappy for ___ to the party. A. having not been invited B. not having invited C having not invited D. not having been invited 40. --- How are you today? --- Oh , I ______ as ill as I do now for a very long time. A．didn't fell B．wasn't feeling C．don't fell D．haven't felt 41. The reporter said that the UFO ________east to west when be saw it. A．was travelling B．travelled C．had been traveling D．was to travel. 42. The new suspension bridge __________ by the end of last month. A．has been designed B．had been designed C．was designed D．would be designed 43. I’ve won a holiday for two to Florida. I _______ my mum. A．am taking B．have taken C．take D．will have taken 44. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology _____ so rapidly. A. is changing B. has changed C. will have changed D. will change 45. Visitors ______ not to touch the exhibits. A. will request B. request C. are requesting D. are requested 46. He is the only one of the students who a winner of scholarship for three years. A. is B. are C. have been D. has been 47. Rainforests______ and burned at near future. A. cut B. are cut C. are being cut D. had been cut 48. It ______ long before we ______ the result of the experiment. A. will not be…will know B. is…will know C. will not be…know D. is…know 49. John and I________ friends for eight years. We first got to know each other at a Christmas party. But we_______ each other a couple of times before that. A. had been; have seen B have been; have seen C. had been; had seen D have been; had seen 50. This is Ted’s photo. We miss him a lot. He_____ trying to save a child in the earthquake. A. killed B. is killed C. was killed D. was killing Keys: 1-5 B B D B B 6-10 C D D D A 11-15 D B A A A 16-20 B D D A B 21-25 A A C D B 26-30 B A B A C 31-35 D C B A D 36-40 B C B D D 41-45 A B A A D 46-50 D C C D C 语法复习三：名词性从句 名词性从句相当于名词，可分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此，名词性从句厅分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。 （一）引导名词性从句的连接词 1、连接代词：who, whose, whom, what, which。有词义，在从句中担任成分，如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等。 2、连接副词：when, where, why, how。有词义，在从句中担任成分，作状语。 3、连接词：that, whether, if, as if。that 无词义，在从句中不担任成分，有时可省略；if (whether), as if虽有词义，但在从句中不担任成分。 注意：连接代词与连接副词在句中不再是疑问句，因而从句中谓语不用疑问式。连接代词与连接副词在从句充当句子成分，连接词whether 和if（是否），as if（好象）在从句中不充当句子成分，只起连接作用。根据句义，如果连接代词与连接副词，whether、if 和as if都用不上时，才用that作连接词（that本身无任何含义）。 （二）主语从句 1、主语从句在复合句作主语。 e.g. Who will go is not important. 2、用it作形式主语，主语从句放在句末。 e.g. It doesn’t matter so much whether you will come or not. 3、that引导主语从句时，不能省略。 e.g. That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised. （三）表语从句 1、表语从句在复合句中作表语，位于系动词之后。 e.g. The question was who could go there. 2、引导表语从句的连接词that有时可省去。 e.g. My idea is (that) we can get more comrades to help in the work. （四）宾语从句 1、宾语从句在复合句中作宾语。引导宾语从句的连词that一般可省略。 e.g. I hope (that) everything is all right. 2、介词之后的宾语从句，不可用which或if连接，要分别用what或 whether。 e.g. I’m interested in whether you’ve finished the work.. I’m interested in what you’ve said. 3、whether与if都可以引导宾语从句，常可互换。但下面情况不能互换。 ①宾语从句是否定句时，只用if，不用whether。 e.g. I wonder if it doesn’t rain. ②用if 会引起误解，就要用whether。 e.g. Please let me know whether you want to go.（此句如果把whether改成if，容易当成条件句理解） ③宾语从句中的whether 与or not直接连用，就不能换成if；不直接连用，可换。 e.g. I don’t know whether or not the report is true. I don’t know whether/ if the report is true or not. ④介词后的宾语从句要用whether引导。whether 可与不定式连用。whether也可引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，还可引导让步状语从句，以上均不能换成if。但引导条件从句时，只能用if，而不能用whether。 e.g. It depends on whether we have enough time. They don’t know whether to go there. Please come to see me if you have time. （五）同位语从句 同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语，一般位于该名词（如：news, fact, idea, suggestion, promise等）之后，说明该名词的具体内容。 e.g. I have no idea when he will be back. The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody. 语法经典练习： 1.The fact ____ she works hard is well known to us all. A. that B. what C. why D. which 2.The fact ____ he was successful proves his ability. A. that B. what C. which D. why 3.The news ____ he was kidnapped surprised us greatly. A. what B. that C. why D. when 4.His suggestion ____ the meeting be delayed was turned down. A. which B. that C./ D. it 5.I have no idea ____ he will start. A. when B. that C. what D./ 6.I've come from the government with a message ____ the meeting won't be held tomorrow. A. if B. that C. whether D. which 7.The thought ____ he might fail in the exam worried him. A. when B. which C. what D. that 8.The order ____ the prisoner be set free arrived too late. A. which B. whether C. that D. what 9.The nurses are trying their best to reduce the patient's fear ____ he would die of the disease. A. that B. as C. of which D. which 10.He often asked me the question ____ the work was worth doing. A. whether B. where C. that D. when 11. Along with the letter was his promise ____ he would visit me this coming Christmas. A. which B. that C. what D. whether 12. The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at ____ I thought was a dangerous speed. A. as B. which C. what D. that 13. Luckily, we’d brought a road map without ____ we would have lost our way. A. it B. that C. this D. which 14.There are signs ____ restaurants are becoming more popular with families. A. that B. which C. in which D. whose 15. We can see the same signs ____ stand out throughout the city. A. that B. which C. in which D. whose Keys: 1-5 AABBA 6-10 BDCAA 11-15 BBDAA 语法复习四：主谓一致 在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律，大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。 （一）语法一致原则：语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。 1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：His father is working on the farm. / To study English well is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. 注意：由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如：What I bought were three English books. / What I say and do is (are) helpful to you. 2、由连接词and或both … and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。如：Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers. 注意：① 若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。如：The writer and artist has come.; / ② 由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no |
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