动词语态考点大观园 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
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动词语态考点大观园
四川省乐至中学 张与刚
英语语态用来表示主语和谓语之间的关系，分为主动语态和被动语态两种。如果主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者就用主动语态，反之，如果主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者，则用被动语态。另外非谓语动词也有主动和被动形式。语态的考查是历年高考题命题的热点。从近几年命题看，主要从以下几个方面进行命题。
一、结合动词的基本时态
近几年对大纲要求的几种基本时态的被动语态都有考查，首先我们弄清句子主语和谓语动词之间是主谓关系还是动宾关系，掌握每一种基本时态的被动语态结构，才能在考试中少失分。
（一）考查一般现在时的被动语态
【考例】
（1）Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea, which _______ the Pacific, and we met no storms. （2005辽宁）
A．was called B．is called
C．had been called D．has been called
（2）The number of deaths form heart disease will be reduced greatly it people _______ to eat more fruit and vegetables. （2004上海）
A. persuade B. will persuade
C. be persuaded D. are persuaded
【点拨】考例（1）定语从句中表达的是客观事实，现行词和定语从句之间是动宾关系，故用一般现在时的被动语态。考例（2）主句是一般将来时，其后条件状语从句应用一般现在时表示将来，从句主语和谓语之间是动宾关系，故也用一般现在时的被动语态，选BD。
(二)考查现在进行时的被动语态
【考例】
（3）With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth _________ each year. （2005山东）
A. is washing away B. is being washed away
C. are washing away D. are being washed away
【点拨】此题考查了时态、语态和主谓一致两个方面。从前面的with复合结构可以看出句子应用现在进行时，earth和wash away之间是动宾关系，故用现在进行时的被动语态。（huge）quantities of 作定语修饰的名词作主语时，谓语动词与quantities保持一致，用复数，与所修饰的名词无关，，故选D。
（三）考查现在完成时的被动语态
【考例】
（4）Millions of pounds’ worth of damage ___________by a storm which swept across the north of England last nigh. （2005重庆）
A．has been caused B．had been caused
C．will be caused D．will have been caused
【点拨】考例（4）强调对现在的影响或结果，damage是不可数名词，谓语动词只能用第三人称单数，和cause之间是动宾关系，故用现在完成时的被动语态，故选A。
（四）考查将来完成时的被动语态
【考例】
（5）The mayor of Beijing says that all construction work for the Beijing Olympics ______ by 2006. （2004北京）
A. has been completed B. has completed
C. will have been completed D. will have completed
【点拨】从介词短语by 2006可以看出该题表示将来某个时间要完成的动作，construction work和动词complete之间是动宾关系，故用将来完成时的被动语态，选C。
（五）考查一般将来时的被动语态
【考例】
(6) Only when your identity has been checked ,____ .（2003上海）
A．you are allowed in B．you will be allowed in
C．will you allow in D．will you be allowed in
【点拨】时间状语从句是一般现在时，主句应用一般将来时，主语和谓语之间是动宾关系，only跟时间状语从句或介词短语时，句子要用倒装语序，故选D。
（六）考查过去完成时的被动语态
【考例】
（7）The policeman’s attention was suddenly caught by a small box which ______ placed under the Minister’s car. （2005广东）
A. has been B. was being C. had been D. would be
【点拨】考例（7）从主句可以看出，place这个动作发生在主句动词catch所表示的动作之前，先行词和place之间是动宾关系，故用过去完成时的被动语态，选C。
（七）考查一般过去时的被动语态
【考例】
（8）More than a dozen students in that school _________ abroad to study medicine last year. （2005上海）
A. sent B. were sent C. had sent D. had been sent
（9）—Why did you leave that position? （2005北京）
—I __________ a better position at IBM.
A. offer B. offered C. am offered D. was offered
【点拨】考例（8）中有明显的过去时间状语last year,考例（9）虽然没有明显的时间状语，但从问句的时态可以看出，offer这动作也是发生在过去，两考例中的主语和谓语动词之间都是动宾关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态，选BD。
二、get+过去分词构成的被动语态
英语中除了be+及物动词构成被动语态外，get+过去分词也可以构成被动语态，但也要注意有时也可以表示某种状态，而非被动。
【考例】
(10) Be careful when you cross this very busy street. If not, you may ______run over by a car. (2002北京)
A. have B. get C. become D. turn
（11）Sarah, hurry up. I’m afraid you won’t have time to _________before the party.(2004全国卷二)
A. get changed B. get change
C. get changing D. get to change
【点拨】考例（10）中四个选项中只有B项的get可以和后面的过去分词短语run over构成被动语态；考例（11）中主语和get changed之间不构成被动关系，故选BA。
三、结合非谓语动词的语态
非谓语动词虽然不能在句中充当谓语动词，但是它们具有动词的特点，除过去分词本身含有被动含义，其他的几个形式也有被动形式。
（一）考查动词不定式的被动语态
【考例】
（12）All these gifts must be mailed immediately _______ in time for Christmas. （2005辽宁）
A．in order to have received B．in order to receive
C．so as to be received D．so as to be receiving
（13）—Is bob still performing? （2005江苏）
—I’m afraid not. He is said ________ the stage already as he has become an official.
A. to have left B. to leave
C. to have been left D. to be left
【点拨】考例（11）中不定式中的动词receive和句子主语之间是动宾关系，没有先后顺序，直接用动词不定式的一般式的被动形式，考例（12）中动词不定式所表示的动作与句子谓语动词所表示的动作有明显的先后顺序，和句子主语之间是主谓关系，故用动词不定式的完成式，选CA。
（二）考查现在分词的被动语态
【考例】
（14） __________ from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world. （2005湖北）
A. Being separated B. Having separated
C. Having been separated D. To be separated
【点拨】该考例是考查现在分词完成式的被动语态，表示separate这动作已经完成，而A项表示正进行，D项有表将来的含义，B项表示主动，故选C。
（三）考查动名词的被动语态
【考例】
（15）He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t risk __________ the good opportunity. （2005上海）
A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost
(16)Tony was very unhappy for __________ to the party. (2002上海)
A. having not been invited B. not having invited
C. having not invited D. not having been invited
【点拨】考例（14）中risk跟动名词作宾语，lose和主语he之间是主谓关系，故用动名词的一般式。考例（15）中invite这动作发生在“不高兴”之前，和主语之间是动宾关系，故用动名词的完成被动式，其否定形式是在动名词前加not或never,故选BD。
四、结合被动语态的省略形式
在when, while, if, unless, though等引导的时间、条件或让步状语从句中，如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致，从句又含有be动词时，常可以省略从句的主语和be动词。
【考例】
(17) When_______ help, one often says “ Thank you. ” or “ It’ s kind of you. ” （2005福建）
A．offering B．to offer C．to be offered D．offered
【点拨】从句主语和主句一致，而且和offer之间是动宾关系，故可以省略从句的主语和be动词is,选D。
五、结合复合宾语结构
一些感官动词和使役动词后可以用过去分词来表示宾语和过去分词所表示的动作之间存在的动宾关系。
【考例】
(18) Helen had to shout______ above the sound of the music. （2004全国III）
A. making herself hear B. to make herself hear
C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard
(19) You should understand the traffic rule by now. You’ve had it _________often enough. （2005天津）
A. explaining B. to explain C. explain D. explained
【点拨】考例（17）（18）中都出现了使役动词后接宾语，再接过去分词作宾补的情况，宾语和过去分词之间都是被动关系，故选DD。
六、结合特殊动词的语态和时态
（一）有些不及物动词可以用主动形式表示被动含义，常和副词well, easily, badly等搭配，如： read, sell, wash等。
【考例】
（20）Books of this kind _______well.(1999上海)
A. sell B. sells C. are sold D. is sold
【点拨】sell表示“卖，销售”时是及物动词，表示“销路好，畅销”时是不及物动词，常和副词well等，用主动形式表示被动含义，该句的主语是books，不是kind,谓语动词用复数，故选A。
（二）作为连系动词的smell, feel, taste, sound等，其后常跟形容词作表语，不用于被动语态。
【考例】
(21）I don’t want ________ like I’m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager’s plan is unfair. （2005天津）
A. to sound B. to be sounded
C. sounding D. to have sounded
(22) Why don’t you put the meat in the fridge? It will________ fresh for several days.（NMET2003）
A．be stayed B．stay
C．be staying D．have stayed
【点拨】考例（21）中sound表示“听起来”时，是连系动词，常跟形容词或介词短语作表语，不用被动语态；考例（22）stay表示“保持……的状态”时，也是连系动词，不用被动语态，故选AB。
（三）有些动词如，need, require, want,或形容词短语be worth 等其后常跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义。
【考例】
(23)There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars ____ road conditions need____. （2003上海
A．that …to be improved B．which …to be improved
C．where…improving D．when…improving
【点拨】该题是that引导的分隔性同位语从句，从句的谓语动词need可以跟动名词的主动形式作宾语，也可以直接跟动词不定式的被动形式作宾语，故选A。
（四）有些非谓语动词短语be to blame(受责备), be to let（出租）等可以用主动形式表示被动含义。
【考例】
（24）I feel it is your husband who __________ for the spoiled child. (2002上海)
A. is to blame B. is going to blame
C. is to be blamed D. should blame
【点拨】这是一个强调句，强调句子主语，题意是“我感觉到你的丈夫应该因那宠坏了孩子而受到责备。”be to blame是一个固定的非谓语动词短语，只用主动形式表示被动含义。
【实战演练】
1. After a fire broke out in the lab, a lot of equipment________. （2005北京春）
A. is damaged B. had damaged
C. damaged D. was damaged
2. I can’t see any coffee in this cupboard.________? （2005北京春）
A. Has it all been finished B. Was it all finished
C. Has it all finished D. Did it all finish
3. More patients ___________ in hospital this year than last year. （2004江苏）
A. treated B. have treated
C. had been treated D. have been treated
4. — The window is dirty. （2004广西）
— I know. It_____ for weeks.
A. hasn’t cleaned B. didn’t clean
C. wasn’t cleaned D. hasn’t been cleaned
5. —George and Lucy got married last week . Did you go to their wedding? （2004湖北）
—No, I ___________ . Did they have a big wedding?
A．was not invited B．have not been invited
C．hadn’t been invited D．didn’t invite
6. The first use of atomic weapons was in 1945，and their power ______ increased enormously ever since. （2004上海）
A. is B. was C. has been D. had been
7. According to the art dealer, the painting______ to go for at least a million dollars. （2004全国II）
A is expected B expects C expected D is expecting
8. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only________ the film stars had left. （2004福建）
A．to tell B．to be told C．telling D．told
9. ____________ with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all. （2004湖北）
A．Compare B．When comparing
C．Comparing D．When compared
10. The flu is believed _______ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat. （2004上海）
A. causing B. being caused C. to be caused D. be have caused
11. When first______ to the market, these products enjoyed great success. （2004全国II）
A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced
12. Hundreds of jobs _________if the factory closes. (2001北京春招)
A. lose B. will be lost C. are lost D. will lose
13. —Do you like the material? (1994NMET)
—Yes, it _________very soft.
A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt
14. A new cinema ________here. They hope to finish it next month. (2001北京春招)
A. will be built B. is built C. has been built D. is being built
15. Rainforests _________and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in near future.（2002上海春招）
A. cut B. are cut C. are being cut D. had been cut
答案解析：
1. D.根据从句谓语动词可以看出主句应该用一般过去时，主语和谓语动词之间是动宾关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态。
2. A．强调现在的结果，故用现在完成时的被动语态。
3. D．根据题意可以看出是强调现在的情况，故用现在完成时的被动语态。
4. D．根据上下文语境可以看出是强调现在的情况，故用现在完成时的被动语态。
5. C．根据上下文语境可以看出，表示过去的过去，故用过去完成时的被动语态。
6. C.从ever since（自从那时以来）可以看出应用现在完成时，主语和谓语之间是动宾关系，故选C。
7. A．从所给的四个选项可以排除后三个选项，主语和谓语之间是动宾关系，故用一般现在时的被动语态。
8. B.动词不定式表结果状语，具有偶然性，现在分词作结果状语表示必然性，句子主语和不定式所表示的动作是动宾关系，故选B。
9. D．在时间、条件或让步状语从句中，如果从句和主句主语一致，而且从句含有be动词时，可以省略从句的主语和be动词，故选D。
10. C．动词不定式作主语补语。不定式所表示的动作和句子主语之间是动宾关系，故选C。
11. B．动词不定式在状语从句中的省略，省略了主语和be动词，故选B。
12. B．条件状语从句是一般现在时，故主句应用一般将来时，主语和谓语之间是动宾关系，故选B。
13. C．feel是连系动词，用主动形式表被动含义。
14. D．从后文的next month可以看出电影院还未完工，故用现在进行时的被动语态，选D。
15. C．从结果状语从句的时态可以看出，热带雨林还没砍完，只是正在减少，故用现在进行时的被动语态。
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