动词概说(人教版高三英语下册教学论文) |
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动词概说 动词是表示动作或状态的词。如: walk 行走 play 玩 sleep 睡觉 live 生活 like 喜欢 know 知道 consist 包含 resemble 相似 动词和名词、代词一样,也有人称和数的变化。谓语动词的人称和数一般必须与主语的人称和数一致。 英语动词是词类中最复杂的一种。它的主要语法特征是: 1)时态(tense) 特殊的动词词尾或有关的助动词,用以表示动作的时间和方面。 2)语态(voice) 特殊的动词形式,用以表示动词的主语和宾语之间的关系,即主语是施事者或是受事者 3)语气(mood) 特殊的动词形式,用以表示说话人对所说事物的态度。所说的话可能是事实,也可能是命令或请求,也可能是愿望、假设、怀疑、建议、猜测、纯粹的空想等。 4)体(aspect) 动词本身内含的动作方面,有动态与静态。静态包括内心活动、各种感觉和感情等。动态有瞬间、有限、无限、重复等方面。 (一)动词的种类 动词的种类比较复杂,大致可以根据其在句子中的功用分为及物动词与不及物动词,连系动词介于二者之间,反身动词则是一种特殊的及物动词。其次,还可以根据其词义和其在谓语中的作用分为实义动词与助动词、情态动词。第三,还可以根据其与主语的关系分为限定动词与非限定动词。最后还有一种由动词与介词、副词组成的短语动词。 1)及物动词(transitive verb)与不及物动词(intransitive verb)。及物动词要求有直接宾语。如: John Ford himself opened the door to me. 约翰•福特亲自给我开门。 不及物动词则不需要宾语。如: The car stopped. 车停了。 只有及物动词可用于被动语态。如: The meeting will be held in the town hall. 会议将在市政大厅举行。 及物动词可以有一个或两个(直接和间接)宾语或复合宾语。如: Mist clothed the hills. 薄雾笼罩着山丘。(一个宾语) She gave him the first injection. 她给他打了第一针。(两个宾语,him为间接宾语,the first injection为直接宾语) They elected Nixon President. 他们选尼克松当总统。(Nixon和President为复合宾语) 许多动词既可用作及物动词,又可用作不及物动词。如: He turned his horse's head and rode away. 他掉转马头骑着走了。 有些不及物动词有时可用作及物动词。如: He walked the horse to and fro. 他来回遛马。 有些不及物动词用作及物动词时可后接同源宾语。如: Morell dreamed an extraordinary dream last night. 莫雷尔昨晚做了一个怪梦。 有些动词形式相似,但一为及物动词,一为不及物动词,它们有lay(放)与lie(躺),raise(举)与rise(升),set(放)与sit(坐)等。如: The kite rises in the sky. 风筝在空中升起。 有些及物动词常用作不及物动词以表示被动意义,这时主语往往是物而不是人。如: The books sold out in a week. 这些书一周内就售完了。(等于were sold out) be是最基本的连系动词。如: It is not late. 时间还不晚。(表语为形容词) Shelley was an atheist. 雪莱是一个无神论者。(表语为名词) He had been in Germany for five years. 他曾在德国待了五年。(表语为介词短语) My idea is to go there right today. 我的意见是今天就去那儿。(表语为不定式短语) The problem is finding the right house. 问题在于找到合适的房子。(表语为动名词短语) That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今天上午到阁楼后干的事。(表语为从句) 常用的连系动词还有appear(出现),become(变成),get(成为),look(看上去),remain(仍是),seem(看似)等。如: Gradually he become silent. 他逐渐变得沉默寡言。 表感觉和知觉的动词也可以是连系动词,有feel(感觉),taste(尝),smell(嗅),sound(听起来)等。如: The dish smells good. 这道菜气味好。 有些可以和形容词连用的动词也属于连系动词,有blow open(吹开),blush red(脸发红),break loose(挣脱出来),grow worse(变得更坏),fall ill(生病),prove wrong(证明错了),stand quiet(静立),turn pale(脸发白)等。 3. 反身动词(reflexive verb)。反身动词相当于及物动词,通常以反身代词为宾语。如: She always prides herself on her cooking. 她经常为她的厨艺感到骄傲。 4)实义动词(notional verb)与助动词(auxiliary verb)、情态动词(modal verb)。实义动词意义完全,能独立用作谓语。如: The night crept gently into the hollows of the hills. 黑夜轻轻地蔓延到山谷。 助动词本身无词汇意义,不能单独用作谓语。它们有do, be, have, shall(should), will(would)等。它们在句中与实义动词一起构成各种时态、语态和语气以及否定和疑问结构。如: The child is crying because he's been stung by a bee. 那小孩在哭,因为他被蜜蜂螫了。(用于现在进行时) She had been ill for two days when we learned about it. 她生病两天以后我们才知道。(用于过去完成时) The idea was given up years ago. 这个念头好几年前就打消了。(用于被动语态) I wish he hadn't gone. 我希望他没走就好了。(用于虚拟语气) I don't care what she thinks. 我不在乎她想什么。(用于否定结构) When do we meet again?(用于疑问结构) 什么时候我们再会? 情态动词词义不完全,在句中不能单独作谓语,只能与实义动词一起构成谓语;它们有shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, dare, need, ought to等。如: You should always wash your hands before you eat. 你应该经常在吃饭前洗手。 have to, be going to, be to, happen to, seem to等结构皆有情态意义,亦可认为是情态动词。 5)限定动词(finite verb)与非限定动词。这些动词的形式由它们在句子中的功用所决定。限定动词在句中起谓语作用,可与助动词或情态动词连用,亦可不连用,但必须与主语在人称和数上保持一致。如: Mark smokes a lot. 马克抽烟很多。 非限定动词有不定式、动名词和分词三种。它们在句中不起谓语作用,可担任主语、宾语、补语、状语、定语等。它们不受主语的人称和数的制约。如: He wanted to tell her of the incident. 他想把这个事件告诉她。(不定式用作宾语) He was always the first to enter the dining room and the last to leave it. 他总是第一个进餐厅而最后一个离开。(不定式用作定语) Swimming against the current is difficult. 逆水游泳很困难。(动名词用作主语) Her aim is mastering English in the shortest time possible. 她的目标就是在尽可能最短的时间内掌握英语。(动名词用作表语) Coming near, I found the door slightly ajar. 我走近时,发现门有一点儿开着。(现在分词用作状语) It was the 1st of August—a perfect day, with a burning sun and cloudless sky. 那天是八月一日,一个晴朗的日子,灼日当空,万里无云。(现在分词用作定语) Heated, the metal expands. 这金属遇热即会膨胀。(过去分词用作状语) The frozen ground was hard as stone. 冰冻的土地像石头一样坚硬。(过去分词用作定语) 6)短语动词(phrasal verb)。短语动词是一种固定词组,由动词加介词或副词等构成,其作用相当于一个动词。如: The plane took off at seven sharp. Put out your cigarettes. 把你的香烟熄掉。(动词+ 副词+ 宾语) I don't care for Helen's new curtain. 我不喜欢海伦的新窗帘。(动词+ 介词+ 介词宾语) The gang robbed her of her necklace. 这伙人抢走了她的项链。(动词+ 直接宾语+ 介词+ 介词宾语) We are all looking forward to your party on Saturday. 我们大家都在盼着你星期六举办的宴会。(动词+ 副词+ 介词+ 介词宾语) I put his bad temper down to his recent illness. 我认为他脾气坏是因为他最近生过病。(动词+ 直接宾语+ 副词+ 介词+ 介词宾语) (二)动词的基本形式 英语动词有五种基本形式,即动词原形(verb stem),第三人称单数现在式(third person singular present tense form),过去式(past tense form),过去分词(past participle)和现在分词(present participle)。这五种形式和助动词一起构成动词的各种时态、语态和语气。现将五种基本形式举例列表如下: 原 形 第三人称 单数现在式 过去式 过去分词 现在分词 work works worked worked working write writes wrote written Writing have has had Had Having do does did done doing 1)动词原形,是前面不加to的动词不定式形式,也就是在词典词目中所用的动词形式,如be, have, do, work, study等。 2)当主语是第三人称单数,时态是现在一般时时,动词形式应是第三人称单数现在式。如: He works hard. 他工作努力。 第三人称单数现在式一般由动词原形如-s构成。它的拼写应根据以下情况作相应变化: a)以发咝擦音的s, z, ch, sh, x等字母结尾的动词,后面加-es。如: pass—passes push—pushes buzz—buzzes mix—mixes catch—catches b)以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,先将y变为i,再加-es。如: carry—carries try—tries 3)动词过去式和过去分词的构成有规则的和不规则的两种(不规则动词见下节)。规则动词的过去式和过去分词由动词原形加-ed构成。关于动词原形加-ed的方法和读音见下表: 在动词后加-ed 在以-e结尾的动词后加-d 在以辅音字母+ y结尾的动词后,先将y变为i再加-ed 以重读闭音节或r音节结尾而末尾只有一个辅音字母时,须双写这个辅音字母 加-ed 在清辅音后读/t/ worked finished helped fetched hoped liked joked clapped stopped mapped 在元音和浊辅音后读/d/ followed stayed called entered agreed believed lived changed carried studied tried copied planned referred preferred nodded 在辅音/t, d/后读/id/ wanted rested needed admitted omitted permitted 少数双音节动词,尽管重音在第一个音节,仍双写末尾的辅音字母,然后再加-ed(现在分词亦如此)。如: ′travel—traveled ′program—programmed ′worship—worshipped 但美国英语不双写辅音字母。如: ′travel—traveled [注]注意panic, traffic, picnic等动词分别为panicked, trafficked和picnicked,其现在分词分别为panicking, trafficking, picnicking, 英、美皆如此。 4)现在分词一般由动词原形加-ing构成。如: go—going stand—standing ask—asking answer—answering study—studying be—being see—seeing 但在下列情况下,拼写应作相应变化: a)以不发音的-e结尾的动词,须去掉e再加-ing。如: come—coming write—writing take—taking become—becoming 但当将-e去掉会引起发音变化时,最后的-e就应保留,如: agree—agreeing singe—singeing 另外,-e前为元音时,-e也应保留,如: canoe—canoeing b)动词是闭音节的单音节词,或是以重读闭音节结尾的多音节词,末尾只有一个辅音字母时,这个辅音字母须双写,然后再加-ing。如: sit—sitting begin—beginning run—running admit—admitting stop—stopping forget—forgetting c)少数几个以-ie结尾的单音节动词,须变i为y,再加-ing,如: die—dying tie—tying lie—lying (三)不规则动词 大多数动词的过去式和过去分词都由动词原形加-ed构成,这类动词叫做规则动词(regular verb)。但有一些动词却不以加-ed的方式构成过去式和过去分词,这类动词叫做不规则动词(irregular verb)。现代英语中不规则动词总数不过二百多个。但它们的使用频率却相当高。不规则动词可分为下列三类: 1)第一类不规则动词的三个主要形式(即原形、过去式、过去分词)同形。如: burst burst burst cast cast cast cost cost cost cut cut cut forecast forecast forecast hit hit hit hurt hurt hurt let let let put put put set set set shed shed shed shit shit shit shut shut shut slit slit slit split split split spread spread spread thrust thrust thrust 注意下列动词的过去式与过去分词有两种形式: bet bet/betted bet/betted bid bid/bade bid/bade, bidden knit knit/knitted knit/knitted rid rid/ridded rid/ridded wed wed/wedded wed/wedded wet wet/wetted wet/wetted 2)第二类不规则动词的过去式与过去分词同形。如: bend bent bent bind bound bound bleed bled bled breed bred bred bring brought brought build built built buy bought bought catch caught caught cling clung clung creep crept crept deal dealt dealt dig dug dug feed fed fed fight fought fought find found found flee fled fled fling flung flung get got got/gotten grind ground ground hang hung/hanged hung/hanged have had had hear heard heard hide hid hid/hidden hold held held keep kept kept kneel knelt knelt lay laid laid lead led led lean leant/leaned leant/leaned leap leapt/leaped leapt/leaped learn learnt/learned learnt/learned leave left left light lit/lighted lit/lighted make made made mean meant mea nt pay paid paid rend rent rent say said said seek sought sought sell sold sold send sent sent shine shone/shined shone/shined shoot shot shot sit sat sat sleep slept slept slide slid slid smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled speed sped/speeded sped/speeded spell spelt/spelled spelt/spelled spill spilt/spilled spilt/spilled stand stood stood stick stuck stuck strike struck struck/striken sweep swept swept teach taught taught tell told told think thought thought weep wept wept win won won wind wound wound wring wrung wrung 3)第三类不规则动词的原形、过去式和过去分词都不相同。如: arise arose arisen awake awoke/awaked awoken/awaked bear bore born/borne begin began begun blow blew blown break broke broken choose chose chosen drink drank drunk/drunken do did done eat ate eaten fly flew flown forbid forbade/forbad forbidden/forbid forget forgot forgotten/forgot give gave given go went gone grow grew grown hew hewed hewn/hewed know knew known mow mowed mown/mowed overthrow overthrew overthrown ring rang rung rise rose risen see saw seen shake shook shaken show showed shown/showed shrive shrove/shrived shriven/shrived sow sowed sown/sowed speak spoke spoken spring sprang sprung steal stole stolen strive strove/strived striven/strived swear swore sworn swim swam swum take took taken tear tore torn throw threw thrown wake woke/waked woken/waked weave wove woven write wrote written 此外还有少数不规则动词的过去分词与原形相同。如: come came come become became become run ran run 从上面列举的三类不规则动词中,可以看出一些规则动词与不规则动词的交叉现象,这种现象说明了英语由不规则向规则转化的进程。 (四)动词的体 动词根据其词义可分为动态动词(dynamic verb)与静态动词(stative verb)。 1)动态动词,大致可分为四类: a)无限动词,即动作历时无限的动词,如 drink, eat, read, write, play, talk, live, work, study, walk, run, rain, snow, fly等。 b)有限动词,即表示动作历时有限的动词,如bind, produce, build, make, create, mend等 c)瞬间动词,即表示动作极为短暂的动词,如hit, jump, tap, knock等。 d)重复动词,即表示动作不断重复的动词,如giggle, struggle, pooh-pooh等。 2)静态动词,亦大致可分为四类: a)表示内心活动的动词,如 want, know, think, believe, forget, understand, expect, consider, hope, imagine, mean, mind, notice, prefer, remember, suggest, suppose, wish等。 b)表示情感的动词,如care, detest, envy, fear, hate, like, love, regret等。 c)表示感觉或知觉的动词,如feel, ache, hurt, see, hear, smell, taste等。 d)表示各种关系的动词,如 be, belong, compare, concern, contain, cost, deserve, differ, equal, exist, have, hold, interest, involve, fit, lack, matter, measure, owe, own, possess, resemble, weigh等。 静态动词与动态动词之间有时是相通的。有些静态动词亦可用作动态动词。如: He is having dinner. 他正在吃晚饭。 动态动词之间亦可相通,如无限动词sit, stand在下列句子中即变成有限动词: Stand up. 起立。 Sit down. 坐下。 责任编辑:李芳芳 |
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