(写作)大纲要求 |
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中学英语教学资源网 → 英语论文 → 写作专题指导 手机版 | ||||
要求考生应具备英语书面表达的初步能力,能够根据所给的提纲、情景或图表按要求写出相应的短文。所写短文要求主题明确,条理清楚,语言比较规范。写作速度应达到30分钟120词以上。 应试对策 分步骤进行写作:(1)审题;(2)拟定大纲;(3)写出初稿;(4)修改 注意时间的分配。 特别注意要写好主题句 Passage One Thomas Jefferson was a man of many talents. He practiced crop rotation and soil conservation a century before these became standard practice, and he invented a plow superior to any other in existence. He influenced architecture throughout America with his self-designed house. And above all he was the author of the Declaration of Independence. Passage Two “My Likes” is a nice coffeehouse. It is very modern and clean. It has air conditioning and most up-to-date refrigeration equipment. People like to sit, have coffee, enjoy music, and gossip there because it is very comfortable and the service is excellent. Besides, “My Likes” is a good place to buy candies, cakes, cigarettes. There is always a large choice, and the prices are always reasonable. 一、主 题 句 I. 什么是主题句 主题句反映段落的中心思想,是整个段落的出发点。结构严谨的段落通常都有主题句,或几个段落合用一个主题句。对初学写作者来说,写出段落的主题句,有助于紧扣段落的中心思想,进行充分的推展。 以下各句可作为有关排球运动的段落的主题句: 1. Volleyball is now played in China. (地点) 2. Volleyball has become more popular within the past ten years. (时间) 3. Volleyball is a physically demanding sport. (方面) 4. Volleyball and basketball have a great deal in common. (比较) 5. Volleyball is less dangerous than football. (对比) 6. Volleyball is popular for several reasons. (原因) II. 主题句的组成 主题句由两个部分组成:话题(topic)和主导思想(controlling idea)。 话题指的是一段文章要提及的事件、人物、问题等。 主导思想说明话题,用以确定段落的发展方向。主导思想大致可以表示:地点 (place)、时间 (time)、方面 (aspect)、异同 (similarities or differences)、列举 (enumeration)、原因(cause)、结果 (effect)等。例如: 1. Volleyball is now played in China. 2. Volleyball has become more popular within the past ten years. 3. Volleyball is a physically demanding sport. 第1句的主导思想限制了话题的发展,要求写段落时就地点进行发挥。第2句规定了时间限度,写段落时,可以就十年内排球普及的情况作一说明。第3句说明了排球的一个方面,规定段落中要论及打排球时体力消耗很大。 写主题句时,必须注意要有明确的话题和清楚的主导思想,切忌笼统空洞的观点。 如果主题句为:Many people are learning volleyball.下面的段落写作就会难以落笔,因为主导思想太广,不能起限定作用。如果改为:Volleyball is very popular among Chinese students.就具体了。另一方面,主题句又不能过分具体琐碎,否则就无法进一步把段落继续下去。如:Chinese students like volleyball, a challenging game, and a physically demanding sport. III. 主题句的位置 主题句通常位于段落的开始,即段首句,起到提纲挈领的作用。 例一: London’s weather is very strange. It can rain several times a day; each time the rain may come suddenly after the sun is shining brightly. The air is damp and chill right through July. On one March afternoon on Hampton Heath last year it rained three times, there was one hail storm, and the sun shone brilliantly—all this within two hours’ time. It is not unusual to see men and women rushing down the street on a sunny morning with umbrellas on their arms. No one knows what the next few moments will bring. 有时主题句也可放在段落中间或者段落末尾。 例二: Just as I settle down to read or watch television, he demands that I play with him. If I get a telephone call, he screams in the background or knocks something over. I always have to hang up to find out what’s wrong with him. Baby-sitting with my little brother is not fun. He refuses to let me eat a snack in peace. Usually he wants half of whatever I have to eat. Then, when he finally grows tired, it takes about an hour for him to fall asleep. 例三: Doctors are of the opinion that most people cannot live beyond 100 years. But a growing number of scientists believe that the aging process can be controlled. There are more than 12,000 Americans over 100 years old, and their number is increasing each year. Dr. James Langley of Chicago claims that, theoretically and under ideal conditions, animals, including man, can live sex times longer than their normal period of growth. A person’s period of growth lasts about 25 years. If Dr. Langley’s theory is accurate, future generations can expect a life span of 150 years. 例四: Rawlings staggered to his feet. He gave a crazed, trapped look around the courtroom, saw the open door behind the witness chair, and with a sharp cry made a dash for it. The stout arm of the guard seized him as he reached the door, and the judge pounded for order as the jurors and spectators leaped to their feet. 这一段,作者对Rawlings的举止的描绘栩栩如生,跃然纸上。显然,他是一个盼望获得自由的囚犯。陪审员和旁听者则对Rawlings的举止备感意外和惊慌。整个段落找不出主题句,但读者可以从字里行间推断出含蓄的主题,即:The courtroom was in a mess. 对初学者来说,主题句放在段首是最易掌握的段落写作技巧。 Exercise I. 找出下列段落中的主题句: Paragraph One There are many problems connected with space travel. The first and greatest of them is gravity. A rocket must go at least 2500 miles an hour to take anyone beyond the gravity of the earth into space. Another problem is the strain a person is subjected to when a rocket leaves the ground. The thrust is so violet that gravity may exert a force on the body equal to nine times its normal force. The intense heat caused by friction is also a problem in space travel. A spaceship entering the earth’s atmosphere would get so hot that it would burn up completely because of friction of the ship with the air. Paragraph Two Once upon a time, the United States seemed to have plenty of land to go around. Plenty of space for parks and for cities. Plenty of forests to cut and grasslands to plow. But that was once upon a time. The days of unused land are over. Now the land had been spoken for, fenced off, carved up into cities and farms and industrial parks, put to use. II. 根据以下分类,确定下列主题句的主导思想属于哪一类: 1. place 5. differences 2. time 6. enumeration 3. aspect 7. cause 4. similarities 8. effect 1. Libraries have three basic kinds of materials. ( ) 2. Women are paid less for equal work than men in certain places. ( ) 3. Air travel is more convenient that train. ( ) 4. Spring is the most pleasant season of the year. ( ) 5. Owning a camera can be expensive. ( ) 6. Pollution has caused three major problems in our town in the last five years. ( ) III. 选出合适的主题句,并说明原因: 1. ______. Where Britons end certain words with-se, Americans usually end the same words with -ce (British practise vs. American practice); the reverse is sometimes true, too (British defence vs. American defense). Notice also the British preference for final -re over the American -er (metre vs. meter). Finally, most Americans consider neighbor a correct spelling, but a Briton usually adds a u and spells the word neighbour. a. British and American English are not the same. b. There are some minor differences between American and British spelling. c. The endings of British and American words are not the same. 2 ______. The operation of both the computer and telephone can be thought of as being divided into three phases: input, processing, and output. In the case of the computer, the information which is fed into the machine — the date — is the input; the internal operations of the machine constitute the processing; and the result — usually a printout — is called the output. The telephone, too, acts on information presented to it and produces a result. The input is the actual dialing of the number. The switching system which locates the number can be considered the processing phase. Finally, the telephone rings on the other end of the line, indicating that the call has been completed; this constitutes the output. a. Both the computer and the telephone are helpful inventions. b. Computer terminology, such as input and output, is frequently used in other contexts. c. The operation of the computer and the telephone have much in common. IV. 在下列段落的空白处填入主题句: 1. ______________________________________________________. First, take one or two fresh eggs and break them into a cup or a bowl. Next, beat the eggs slightly with chopsticks. Then, season the eggs with salt and pepper. After that, grease the pan with oil. Finally, cook the eggs on low heat. This is how an omelet is made. 2. Dear Mary, Thank you for inviting me to your birthday party, but I______________________ __________________________. Bob’s father is suddenly ill, and we are 相关链接:写作专题指导
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