名词用法的运用 |
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名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词。它分为普通名词和专有名词两大类。普通名词分为可数名词分为个体名词和集体名词;不可数名词分为物质名词和抽象名词。例如: 可数名词 a.个体名词 man , woman , desk , pencil b.集体名词 class , family , police , army 不可数名词 a.物质名词 meat , rice , cotton , iron b.抽象名词 life ,help, happiness , sadness 掌握名词应当主要从数的概念、名词的格和名词的作用上加以考虑,其次考虑它的句法功能。 一.名词的数 可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,它随语意变化而变化.例如: I have a ruler . ( ruler 为单数名词) I have five rulers . ( rulers 为复数名词 ) 名词复数有以下几种变化形式: 1) 在名词后直接加 s 如: desk--desks , bag --bags 2) 在以 s, sh , ch , x 结尾并且发〔s 〕〔ſ〕〔tſ 〕的名词后面加es 如: bench--benches , box--boxes , brush--brushes 3)以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,应当变y为i,然后加es , 如: study --studies , baby-- babies 4) 以f 或fe 结尾的名词,一般加s , 如:roof--roofs , belief--beliefs 但有特殊情况,中学阶段有以下几个词,需变f 或 fe为 v ,然后加 es . 这些词有:thief ,knife, wife, leaf ,wolf ,half 如:half -- halves , leaf--leaves 5) 以 o 结尾的名词, 一般直接加s , 如:photo---photos , radio --radios 但有特殊情况,中学阶段有以下几个词,需 要加 es . 这些词有:potato , tomato , negro ,hero 如:hero--heroes , negro--negroes 7) 单复数相同的名词:deer , fish , sheep , Chinese, Japanese 二.名词的格 名词分为主格、宾格和所有格。主格和宾格与原形一致,这里主要研究所有格,所有格有词尾变化,变化如下:1)单数名词 后加“s” 如:boy---boy's , teacher ---teacher's 2) 复数名词后加 “ ' ” 如:boys --boys' , teachers--teachers' 3) 特殊形式复数的名词需加 “'s ” 如: children ---children's , men--men's 所有格用于以下几种情况: 1) 名词是表示有生命的东西, 如 : Mary's room ( 玛丽的房间),children's toys (孩子们的玩物) 2)名词是表示时间和距离的,如:today's paper (今天的报纸),ten minutes' walk(十分钟的路) 3)专有名词 如:China's capital (中国的首都),Beijing's weather (北京的天气) 4) 介词of 可以表示所有格,它一般用于无生命意义的名词 , 例如:the title of the film (电影的名字),the gate of the school ( 学校的门口) 三. 名词的功能 名词在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、补足语、同位语和定语。例句如下: 1. These ideas may seem strange to you . 这些想法似乎对我很奇怪。ideas 作主语 2. Both of them are doctors . 他们两个都是医生。 doctors 作表语 3. We love our great motherland . 我们热爱我们伟大的祖国。motherland 作宾语 4.We elected him monitor of our class . 我们选他当我们班的班长。monitor 作补足语 5. This is Mr Black , our department manager. 这是布莱克先生,我们部门的经理。manager 作同位语; department 作 定语 四、名词作定语 1)在现代英语中,无论是口语还是书面语,名词作定语都使用得相当普遍。名词作定语修饰另一个名词时,常表示时间、地点、功能、性别、科目 、材料等。如: an evening paper 晚报, afternoon tea 午茶, school life 学校生活, Tianjin Railway Station天津火车站, a wine glass 酒杯, a shoe store 鞋店 maths teacher数学老师 sun glasses 太阳镜 a train ticket 火车票, food industry 食品工业, an iron bridge 铁桥, a woman astronaut 女宇宙员, 2)注意有些名词可以用其相应的形容词形式作定语,用来表示被修饰名词的特点或属性,要区别二者意思的不同。如: a gold watch 金表(指手表是含金的) a golden watch 金色的表(指表是金色的,但不一定含金) the history teacher 历史老师 the historic May 4th Movement 具有历史意义的五四运动 3)在英语中有些词既可作名词,也可作形容词。我们可以把他们看作是名词作定语,也可以认为是形容词作定语,但意思不同。如: an English (n.) teacher 一个英语教师 遇到这种情况,我们只能在一定的语境中,通过上下文,才能判断其词类,准确把握其含义 五、名词习语 某些名词可以与其他单词构成固定搭配,要注意积累有关习语,因为对名词习语的考查也是考点之一。如:do shopping 购物 ,make room 腾地方 , make sense 有意义, make fun of 取笑, out of sight 消失 , all of a sudden 突然, 等等。 六、高考对名词的考查 近年来在高考试题中,常将名词置于具体的语境中,着重考查名词在情景交际中的运用。这是高考对语法知识考查的特点。如: I’ll look into the matter as soon as possible. Just have a little ________. A. wait B. time C. patience D. rest 联系上下文的语境,该题应当选择 C。因为前句的“我会尽快调查此事”为后句的“要有点耐心”提供了具体的语言情景。 在高考题中,这种“语法,词语知识,加情景交际”的考查特点体现了英语知识中在灵活运用的原则,这要求我们在复习中,不仅要牢固掌握中学阶段所学的基础英语知识,还要在实践中努力提高在特定语境中灵活运用语言知识的能力。 综合练习题 I. 判断下列名词是否可数名词,将其可数名词改为复数形式 1. brush 2. tomato 3.radio 4. roof 5. tooth 6. Japanese 7. meat 8. air 9. clothing 10.paper(纸) 答案:1. brushes 2. tomatoes 3. radios 4. roofs 5. teeth 6. Japanese 7.不可数名词 8..不可数名词9.不可数名词 10.不可数名词 II.指出下列划线名词的语法作用 1. The flowers are beautiful . 2. Both of them are lawyers . 3. We love our great motherland . 4. we made him our monitor of our class . 5. This is Miss Alice , our good friend . 6. They are college students . 7. Mother, please look after your children . 答案:1.主语 2.表语3. 宾语4.宾语补足语 5.同位语6.定语7.称呼语 III.用所给名词的正确形式填空 1. The students are making ______ for the coming examination . ( preparation) 2.He is making a study of fresh-water ______ ( fish ) . 3.Various ______ ( fruit ) are on sale now . 4.Some 260 ______ were presented at the meeting . ( paper ) 5. Mary is a daughter of ________ . (Mr Brown) 6.In the old days , my father went to the _______ school . ( night ) 7.Yesterday I called at ______ . ( Mary's sister ) . 8. You should do more _______ . Don't always sit at the desk busy doing your _______. ( exercise) 9.It's very cold there . ______ temperature can drop below freezing . ( Room ) 10. Where are ______ shoes sold ? ( children ) 答案:1. preparations2. fishes 3.fruits 4.papers 5. Mr Brown's 6. night 7.Mary sister's 8. exercises ,exercises 9.Room 10.children IV. 单项选择 1.Father went to his doctor for _ about his heart trouble. A. an advice B. advice C. advices D. the advices 2. We’ve worked out the plan ,and now we must put it into _ . A. fact B. practice C. reality D. deed 3. He dropped the _ and broke it . A. cup of coffee B. coffee’s cup C. cup for coffee D. coffee cup 4. We’ve missed the last bus ; I’m afraid we have no _ but to take a taxi. A. way B. choice C. possibility D. selection 5. Here’s my card .Let’s keep in _ A. touch B. relation C. connection D. friend ship 6. He gained his ________by printing _ of famous writers. A. wealth; work B. wealths; works C. wealths; works D. wealth; works 7. If by any chance someone comes to see me , ask them to leave a _ A. message B. letter C. sentence D. notice 8. You’ll find this map of great _ in helping you to get around London A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness 9. Your performance in the driving test didn’t reach the required standard--- _ , you failed A. in the end B. after all C. in other words D. at the same time 10. I don’t think I’ll need any money but I’ll bring some _ . A. at last B. in case C. once again D. in time 答案:1.B 2.B 3.D 4.B 5.A 6.D 7.A 8.C 9.B 10.B 相关链接:教学论文
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