AS的句法功能及其对等翻译 (中学英语教学论文)
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AS是一个多功能词，可作为代词、介词、连词和副词，常与其它的词搭配构成短语，并引导各种从句，在句中起着不同的作用，句法功能也不近相同。本文从七个方面对AS 的句法功能进行分析、定义其句法功能，及它在句子中作主语、主语补足语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、状语、定语、同位语等成份，并给出对等的汉语译文。
一、 在句子中作主语和主语补足语
(一) AS作句子的主语
1、 AS单独使用，起关系代词的作用，引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语。它代表所修饰的句子的意思，译为“这”、“这个”“这一点”等。
（1） AS在非限制性定语从句中做主语，先行词不是某个名词，而是整个句子。
a) Slowly and carefully he made up his mind, as was his nature.（慢慢地但又仔细地下定决心，这是他的天性。）
b) He, as is customary with him, goes to work at 7 o'clock in the morning（他早晨七点钟去上班，这是他的习惯。）
c) It is absolutely wrong to think foreign languages useless, as quite a few people did before.（认为外语无用是绝对错误的，不少人过去有这种想法。）
d)Gunpowder, as we all know, was invented in ancient China.
(中国古代发明了火药，这点我们都知道)
（2） AS + 过去分词 构成的省略定语从句中，AS作主语，倒替整个主句内容，译为“正如”、“如”等，其中常用的搭配有：
as already explained正如已解释过的
as previously stated如前所述
as shown in fig如图所示
如：a) As already stated ,friction is one of source of heat.（正如已谈过的，磨擦作用是一种源。）
b) A meter is supposed to be 1/10,000,000 of the distance between the equator and the North Pole, as measured on a meridian through Paris. (一米是为赤道和北极之间距离的一千万分之一，该距离是通过巴黎的子午线测定的。)
As measured…相当于非限定性定语从句，从句中as作主语，as后省略了is。
c)As seen from the earth, these planets appear to move in circles round the sun.
（从地球往外看，这些行星围绕太阳转）
d) As announced in today’s papers, all the schools will reopen on 1 September.
（今天的报纸宣布，所有学校九月一日开课）
③As引导相当于插入语的定语从句，as代替整个主句内容，在从句中作主语，这时可译为“正如”，“象……”等。如：
a) As is known to us, inertia is an absolute quality possessed by all bodies.
（正如我们所知，惯性是所有物体都具有的一种绝对属性。）
b) In electrical usage the term potential, as will be pointed out later, has a definite quantitative meaning（在电的应用方面，正如以后将要指出的那样，电这个词具有一定的数量意义。）
c)She has married again, as was seemed natural.
(她又结婚了，这似乎很自然)
⑵As和such, may等词连用，起关系代词作用、引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语。如：
a) As many books as are in the room have been made most use.（屋子里那么多书都已充分利用了。）
b) Don't read such looks as will defile your mind.
（不要读那些对你思想有害的书。）
c) There are many looks as are needed.（凡是需要的书都有了。）
在这类限制性定语从句中，as作主语，基本上相当于who,或作主语的which或that,但as则必须与the same, such或另外一个as连用。译为“正是”、“就是”如：
a) This is the same man as came yesterday. = (This is the same man who came yesterday.) (这就是昨天来的那个人。)
b) As many people as were present know the news. = (All the people that were present know the news.)
(所有在场的人都知道这个消息。)
c) We need such teachers as can teach English. =(We need those teachers who can teach English.)
(我们需要能教英语的老师。)
（二）在句子中作主语补足语
⑴ As独立地引导限制性定语从句，起关系代词作用，并在从句中作主语补足语，译为“诸如”、“既”、“如”。如：This improvement has led to the development of more complicated measuring instruments, or meters as they are called.（这项改进已导致更复杂的测量仪器，即人们所说的测量仪表的发展。）
As指代meters, 在从句中担任主语补足语。
⑵ As用作介词与名词、代词或形容词一起构成短语在句子中作主语补足语，译为“作为”、“当作”、“人为”、“成为”。如：
a) He was highly respected as a judge and as a man.
（作为一个法官，作为一个人，他受到高度的尊敬。）
b) Humour has been well defined as "thinking in fun while feeling in earnest." （幽默极人们巧妙地描绘成“认真地感受，风趣地思考。”
⑶ As和现在分词连用，作主语补足语。如：
a) He is sometimes portrayed as belonging to another country.（有时他被描绘成一个外国人。）
As + belonging短语说明主语“He "的情况。
b) He is well known as being very cunning（他素以狡猾见称。）
⑷某些及物动词和某些带介词的动词常常要求as引出补足语。当这些动词为被动语态时，as则引出主语补足语。译为“作为”、“看成”、“当作”等等。如：
a) For many scientific purposes the second is chosen as the unit of time.（在很多科学研究场合，选用秒作为时间单位。）
b) Ice, liquid water and water vapor may be referred to as the same substance.（冰，液态水和水蒸汽可以看成是同一物质。）
二、在句子中充当宾语和宾语补足语
（一） 作句子的宾语
(1) As 引导定语从句，起关系代词作用，在从句中作宾语。
As引导非限制性定语从句，as在从句中作宾语，先行词是整个主句，译为“这一点”、“这是”。如：
a) The best method of treating motion is to consider motion of the center of mass and motion about the center of mass, as we shall see in future chapter.（研究运动的最好的方法就是研究质量中心运动和绕质量中心的转动，在以下各章里我们将了解到这一点。）
As在从句中作宾语，代替整个主句的内容，在从句中作shall see 的宾语。
b) He is very careful, as his work shows. = He is very careful, which his work shows（他很细心，他做的工作表明了这一点。）
c) As I have often said, it was my old love.（正如我常常所说的，这是我最初的爱好。）
上述非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句内容，事实上是对主句所作的陈述进行附加说明，有点象插入语，因此这种从句可位于主句前、之中、之后，as在从句中作宾语；并常译为“这”、“如”、“正如”等。如：
a) Gases, as we known, expand more rapidly than solids when they are heated.（正如我们所知，气体受热时比固体受热时膨胀更快。）
b) The rate of doing work is called the power. As we have seen, it is equal to work divided by the time.（做功的速率称为功率。正如我们已经知道的，功率等于功除以时间。）
(2)在As和such、the same 等构成短语引导的从句中，as作宾语。
As在限制性定语从句中作宾语，相当于whom、作宾语的which或that,但必须和the same、such或另一个as连用。如：
a) Is that the same man as you met on the road?
=Is that the same man whom you met on the road?)（那就是你在路是遇见的那个人吗？）
b) Such girls as XiaoWang knows think he is handsome.
(=Those girls whom Xiao Wang knows think he is handsome.)（小王认得的姑娘都认为他很英俊。）
c) At this time of the day, all buses and trolleys have to carry as many passengers as they can carry.
(= At this time of the day, all buses and trolleys have to carry all the passengers that they can carry.)（每天这个时候，所有公共汽车和无轨电车都要尽可能多地运送乘客。）
在the same (...) as... "和......一样的"、"与......相同的"所构成的短语中， 如the same 词组在主句中是宾语，as在从句中一般也作宾语。如：
a) Heat radiation obeys the same laws as those of light.（热辐射与光所遵守的定律相同。）
As引导的定语从句中省略了谓语obey, as 是obey的宾语。
b) X-rays have the same mature as visible light, but their wavelength is much less.
（x射线与可见光具有相同的性质，但x射线波长要短得多。）
如在结构such+名词+as...、“象......这样的”中，such作定语， 修饰主句中某个名词，as是关系代词，引出定语从句，as在从句中作宾语。如：
a) Such instruments as you saw in the lab all homemade.（你在实验室里所看到的仪器都是国产的。）
As代表instruments 在从句中作宾语。
b) We hope to get such a tool as he is using.（我们希望能得到一个象他正在用的那种工具。）
As 代表tool,在从句中作宾语。
（二） 在句中作宾语补足语
(1) As引导定语从句，在从句中充当宾语补足语。如：
a) The metallurgist has made iron into dozens of different metals or alloy steels, as we call them.（冶金学家已用铁炼成了许多不同的金属，即我们所称呼的合金钢。）
As引导定语从句，as在从句中作宾语补足语，代替alloy steels.
b) Things are not as they seem to be .
（事情不是它们表面看起来那样）
c)Let’s keep it as it is.
（让我们把它原样保存起来）
(2) As用作介词，意思为“作为”、“为”、“以”，它与名词所构成的短语，放在某些及物动词和某些带介词的动词之后，常常用作补足语。当这些动词为主动语态时，as引出的是宾语补足语。这类常见的动词有：
accept...as... 把......当作......
know......as...... 把......称为......
refer to ...as... 把......称为......
consider...as... 认为......是......
如：a) The chemist writes table salt as Nacl. （化学家把食盐合成Nacl。）
As和名词Nacl一起作宾语补足语。
b)In the previous chapter we have learned to look upon heat as a form of energy.
（在前一章里，我们已经学过把热看作是一种能量。）
As和名词词组a form of energy一起作宾语补足语。
有的语法学家认为在从句中起宾语补足语作用的下列as短语也属于这一类：
a) We regard the sun as the chief source of heat and light.（我们把太阳看成主要的热源和光源。）
b) We accept the condition as true.
（人均承认这个结论是真实的。）
c) His employer described him as lacking in initiative and drive.（他的主人说他缺乏魄力与干劲。）
c) We can't regard the question as settled.
（我们不能认为问题已经解决。）
三、在句子中充当表语
(1)在as + be (also)+主语的结构中，as引导定语从句，代替主句的部分谓语，起表语作用，而这种结构的从句常用倒装句型。一般译为“同......一样都......”如：
a) Air is attracted by the earth as is every other substance.（空气同任何其他物体一样，都受着地球的引力作用。）
从句是倒装句，主语是substance,谓语是is as, as 作表语，它代替主句中的attracted by the earth.
b) Angular momentum is a vector quantity as are also angular velocity, angular acceleration and torque.(角动量是个矢量，角速度和角加速和转矩也都是矢量。)
从句是倒装句，谓语是are as ,as代替主句中的表语a vector quantity.
c)The world is as a stage.（世界象是舞台）
(2) As单独使用作关联词，引导非限制性定语从句，as在从句中作表语，其先行词是主句中的某一部分。如：
a) This problem is not easy to solve, as indeed it is.
(=This problem is not easy to solve, and indeed it is not easy to solve.) (这个问题不容易解决，也确实不容易解决。)
As 指not easy to solve,在从句中作is的表语。
b) He is again deeply absorbed in his work, as he often is.
(=He is again deeply absorbed in his work, and he often is deeply absorbed in his work.)
(他又专心致志地工作，他常常是这样。)
As指deeply absorbed in his work, 在从句中作表语。
c)He seemed a foreigner, as in fact he was.
（似乎他是外国人，事实上他就是外国人）
(3) As直接引导表语从句；在这种结构中，as所在从句中的动词总是连系动词，一般是be, as在从句中是表语，译为“如”、“象”、“如此”。如：
a) Things are not as they seem to be.
(事物不是象它们表面上看起来那样的。) b) This is as it should be.(这本应如此。)
c)It seems as if it were going to rain.（天似乎要下雨）
d)It looks as though our team is going to win.
（看起来我们的队似乎要赢）
(4) As作关系代词，在引导限制性定语从句中作表语，并常与主句中“the same..."或"such..."相呼应，译为“与…一样”、“与…相同”。如：
a) My opinion is the same (opinion) as yours (is). (我的意见和你的意见一样。)
As指the same opinion在从句中作表语。
b) A flight in an aircraft is no longer such an adventure as it used to be.(乘飞机旅行已不再象过去那样是冒险的事了。〕
As作动词be的表语。
b) Your answer is the same as mine (is).
(你的答案和我的是一样的。)
在a)和c)句中，the same在句中是表语，as在从句中通常也作表语。
(5) 在as + adj. +as + n.的结构中，如as neat as a pin(非常整洁)；as regular as a clock(有规律的)；as right as rain(非常健康的)等等，它们在句子中可作表语。如：
a) He is as hard as nails.(他身体很结实。)
b) Having worked for a long time, the students were all tired out, but after a good rest they looked as fresh as a daisy.(经过长时间的劳动，学生们都觉很累，但好好休息一下，他们却又生龙活虎。)
(6)在as is the case...定语从句中，as作关系代词，说明整个主句，而整个从句是倒装结构，the case...是主语，as是表语，连系词提到主语前，构成全倒装。整个从句译为"......情况就是这样。" 如：
a) The pipes may be corroded, as is often the case, and sea water may get into the cooling substance. (管子可能腐蚀，情况通常就这样，于是海水就有可能进入致冷剂。)
b) As is the case with iron, silicon and germanium in their pure state are of little use in industry.(和铁的情况一样，纯净状态的硅和锗在工业上几乎没什么用途。)
四、在句子中充当状语
(1) As作关系副词，引导定语从句，在从句中作状语。如：
a) I shall use the instrument in such a way as he used it.(我将按照他使用的办法使用这台仪器。)
As相当于in which，在从句中作状语。
b) A magnetic field may be represented in the same manner as an electric field.(磁声场可以用电场表示的方法来表示。)
As相当于in which is，在从句中作状语。
c) We can think about electricity flowing through a wire in the same way as we think about water flowing through a pipe(我们可以认为，电流通过导线与水通过管道的方式是相同的。)
As在所引导的定语从句中作关系副词，起状语作用，代替主句中的in the same way.
d) As a teacher, she is very strict to herself.
（作为一名教师，她对自己非常严格。）
(2)在as + 过去分词短语中，as充当状语。如：
a)Rolls are turned as required for a multitude of shapes.(轧辊可以根据需要加工成各种形状。)
As required = as they are required,作方式状语。
b)As has been said before, grammar is not a set of dead rules.
（以前就说过，语法不是一套死规则）
(3) as + 表示时间概念的副词+as...这种结构在句中起时间状语作用。如：as early as...(早在......)；as long ago as...(远在......,早在......)；as far back as...(远在......)；as late as...(迟至......才......，直到......才......)等。如：
a) As long ago as the eleventh century the Chinese people not only invented the compass but also used in navigation.(早在十一世纪中国人就不仅发明了指南针，而且把它用于航海。) b) Until as late as the later part of nineteenth century, physics was known as natural philosophy.(直到19世纪末期，物理学才不称为自然哲学。)
c)As early as 1980, she was an actress.
（早在1980年，她就是演员）
(4) As构成的介词短语可作方式状语，修饰动词，as...通常译为"以......"，"以......的形式"。如：
a) The sounds that reach our ears travel as a wave through the air.(传到我们耳朵的声音是以波的形式通过空气传播的。)
b)The vibration in the air and in the other media travels as a wave motion.
(空气及其他介质中的各种振动都是以波动的形式传播的。)
c)You didn’t cook as I told you.
(你没有按我告诉你的方式做饭)
(5) As不仅可单独作介词，还可与其它词共同构成介词短语。如：as against, as for, as of, as regards, as to等，用这些短语介词构成的短语可作状语。如：
a) My sister worked as secretary before she got married. (我妹妹结婚前是做秘书工作的。)
b) Most people like the summer, but as for me, I like winter much better.(大多数人喜欢夏天，至于我呢，我更喜欢冬天。)
c) You needn't worry as regard the cost of the operation.
(至于手术费用，你用不着发愁。)
d)As to this ,I have a few words to say.
（谈到这一点，我有几句话要说）
e)As for her, she has nothing to complain of.
（至于她，没啥可抱怨的。）
f)The earth is small as against the sun.
（跟太阳相比，地球很小）
五、在句子中充当定语
As作介词，构成的介词短语可作定语，译为“…的”。如：
a) Mr.Smith is a politician. He's running for election as governor.(史密斯先生是个政治家，他还参加竞选州长。)
b) We agree to the plan as such.(我们同意这样的计划。)
上两例中"as governor"和as such作定语。
c)You are to be responsible to the work as a whole
（你要负起整个工作）
d)He has a job as a doctor.(他有一个作为医生的工作)
六、在句子中充当同位语
(1) As用作介词，引出同位语，此时as的基本意思为"作为"、"为"和"以"等。如：
a） Heat as a physical quantity must be measured in terms of a definite unit.(热作为一个物理量，必须用一定单位来度量。)
As a physical quantity是heat的同位语，进一步说的heat.
b） As industrial engineers, we must face up to the changes that will take place in our present field of knowledge.（作为工程师，我们必须正视现知识领域中所发生的变化。）
As引出的短语作we的同位语。
(2)由such as 引出同位语，其作用近似like。
a） There are different forms of energy such as heat energy, sound energy, electrics energy, and chemical energy.（有各种不同形式的能，例如热能，声，电能和化学能。）
b） Many metals, such as silver copper, gold and aluminum are good conductors.（很多金属例如银、铜、金和铝都是好的导体。）
Such as 引出的同位语对前面复数名词起补充说明作用，一般译为“例如”。）
七、As在句子中的双重身份
在某些句子中，as可以用作双重身份。如：
A number of those fission products, such as Caesium 137 are very useful as irradiation sources, and it is now possible to seperate out the desired isotope from the spent full.（一些裂废产物，如铯137，可以用作辐射源，现在， 有可能从已用过的核燃料中，提取需要的同位素）。
在本句中，such as搭配引导同位语，第二个as则和useful搭配，这是因为useful是由use如－ful构成，而use是常和as搭配的。这里“as -"是介词短语，可以理解为主语补足语，也可理解为状语。
（小周）
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