高二英语第八单元First Aid (急救) & Safety In The Home (家庭安全须知)
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科目 英语
年级 高二
文件　high2 unit8.1.doc
标题 First Aid (急救) & Safety In The Home (家庭安全须知)
章节 第八单元
关键词 高二英语第八单元
内容 　　　
一、教法建议
【抛砖引玉】
本单元同学们要学习一些有关急救和家庭安全的常识。急救是指在未找到医生之前对患者进行的医疗小护理。在日常生活中，我们常常会碰到一些意外情况需要采取急救，如遇到油锅着火了，不小心划破了手，被动物咬伤，从自行车上摔下，误吃了毒药等等。掌握并能正确运用急救常识处理一些突发事件，可以减少很多麻烦，甚至还可以挽救人的生命。下面简单的英文是对急救的简介：
1. If you are burned slightly , cool the area of skin at once . Wash the area of skin under the cold tap for several minutes . Then put a piece of dry clean cloth over the area of the burn .
2. For a simple cut , it is only necessary to wash the area of the cut , dry it and cover it with a piece of dry clean cloth .
3. If you see the pan catching fire , you should turn off the gas first and then cover the pan quickly . Without fire , you can take it away .
4. If you are bitten by an animal , wash the wound under cold running water . Then see a doctor as soon as possible .
5. What should you do if you find a person is bleeding badly ? You should try to stop the bleeding right away . Press a handkerchief onto the bleeding point and hold it there .
6. If you find a person with a knife in his / her back , you must let the knife stay where it is . If you pull the knife out , blood may rush out of the black . If the person loses one third of his / her blood , he / her may die . You should send the person to the doctor immediately .
7. If you find that a person is not breathing after an accident , you should try to start his breathing at once . You can use the mouth-to-mouth way . Close his nose with your fingers and breathe into his mouth .
8. If someone has drunk poison by mistake , you should take him and the poison container to a hospital at once .
另外，情态动词属历年高考的热点内容，本单元要求复习 must , should , ought to 的用法。must 表达推测，should 和 ought to 表达责备的用法更是不容忽视的测试要点。
【指点迷津】
A. 大纲规定的单元日常核心交际用语指南
Prohibition And Warnings（警告与禁止）
● Cultural Notes (文化背景)
日常生活中，人们经常会碰到"禁止""警告"的场合，如在博物馆里的No Touch （请勿触摸展品）；影剧院里、公共汽车上的 No Smoking （不许抽烟）；公园里座位旁边的 Wet Paint （油漆未干）；交通要道处的 No Parking （禁止停车）等。随着我国开放改革的不断深入，不少大中城市在公共场所都使用了英汉对照的路标、禁语，因此，记住常见的禁止和警告用语是非常不要的。
在正式场合，提醒对方注意，语气一般较为婉转，如：Please be sure to come earlier tomorrow .
当对方处于危险状态而没有注意到时，你应该及时提出警告以防不测。如情况危险，就用简短有力的祈使句。如：Take care ! / Watch out ! / Be careful ! / Stop !
接受了别人的警告必须向对方表示感谢。
　
●Idiomatic Sentences 功能套语 30 句
1. Stand back , please . 请退后些 ！
2. Mind out ! 小心 ！
3. Watch out ! 当心 ！
4. What out for pickpockets ! 当心扒手 ！
5. Watch your step ! 走路当心 ！
6. Mind your own business ! 别管闲事 ！
7. Don't touch it , please . 请勿触摸 ！
8. Be careful not to make much noise . 当心不要太吵闹。
9. Don't lose your temper . 不要发脾气。
10. Be sure to be there on time . 务必准时到那。
11. Be sure not to be late again . 千万不要再迟到。
12. It's important not to touch the machine . 重要的是不要触摸机器。
13. It's a safety requirement to wear this . 戴上这个是安全要求。
14. Nobody is allowed to hunt here . 此处禁止打猎。
15. Fishing forbidden ! 严禁钓鱼 ！
16. You can't park here . 你不能在这儿停车。
17. If you spit on a bus , you'll be fined . 在公共汽车上随地吐痰是要被罚款的。
18. You'd better not to do it . 最好不要做。
19. Don't smoke ! 不许抽烟 ！
20. Look out ! / Take care ! / Be careful ! 当心 ！
21. If you do that again , you will be in trouble . 如果你再那样的做，你会惹麻烦的。
22. If you don't stop making that noise , I'll call the police . 如果你们再吵的话，我就报警 了。
23. Watch the traffic ! 当心车 ！
24. I don't think it necessary for you to take an umbrella everywhere . 我认为你没有必要把 伞随身带着。
25.Fire ! 着火了 ！
26. Danger ! Keep off ! 危险！请勿靠近 ！
27. You ought not to leave your books about . 你不能乱放书籍 ！
28. Whenever you leave the office , do lock your drawers and the doors . 只要离开办公室就要 把你的抽屉和门锁好。
29. Don't leave in such a hurry . There is enough time left . 不要这样匆忙离开，时间充足着 里。
30. You will be warned against parking . 在这停车你会受到警告的。
● Model Dialogues 交际示范
　
A
( Mrs. Smith was taking a walk when she saw Jack climbing a ladder against a telephone pole . )
Mrs Smith：Be careful ! Don't fall off the ladder . What are you doing ?
Jack ：I want to join up the telephone line . It was broken in the storm last night .
Mrs Smith：How dangerous ! The ground is very wet and slippery (滑) . Let me hold the ladder for you .
Jack ：Thank you very much .
Mrs Smith：Next time you can't use a ladder on such a wet floor and when you climb a ladder you should get someone to hold it for you .
Jack ：I will remember this . Thanks a lot .
B
Mr White：Look out ! A car is coming . You must be more careful . The car nearly hit you .
Tom：I want to get my football .
Mr White：You mustn't play football on the road . It's very dangerous .
Tom：Thank you for your advice .
B. 单元重点新词透视
1. aid 作名词或者动词是"援助，救助，救护；帮助"
First aid is the science of giving medical care to a person before a doctor can be found . 所谓急救，是指在找到医生之前对病人进行医疗救护的科学。
Anyone with the right knowledge can give the first aid ; you don't have to be a doctor . 任何有正确的急救知识的人均可施行急救，不一定非得医生才行。
A dictionary is an important aid in learning a new language . 词典是学习一门新语言的重要工具书。
Without your aid , they couldn't have succeeded .
This family lived on government aid for two years . 这一家靠政府救济生活有两年了。
For years he has been aiding that old lady with money . 多年来，他一直资助那位老太太。
测试要点：
(1) do / give / offer first aid to sb 对某人进行急救。aid sb in 在……帮助某人。with the aid of sb = with one's aid 在某人的帮助下。aid sb to do = aid sb in doing 帮助某人做…… 。in aid of 为了帮助。come / go to sb's aid = come / go to the aid of sb 去帮助某人。
We may travel with the aid of a good map .
(2) aid 与 help 的区别在于：aid 含有积极而高尚的行为。help 是生活中的常用语，在由 help 构成的搭配中有时不能用 aid 来代替。
The great"Resist-America-Aid-Korea Movement"is a brilliant example of internationalism . 伟大的抗美援朝运动是光辉的国际主义典范。
God help me !
Seeing the pyramids , you can't help shouting with admire .
2. injure 是及物动词"损坏，伤害"。用于人时着重人体手、臂、腿等部位的受伤情况。用于物时着重损坏的程度。
He injured his left arm in a car accident . = He was injured in his arm in a car accident . 在一次交通车祸事故中他的左臂受伤了。
Drinking can injure one's health . 饮酒伤身。
测试要点：
(1) injured 受伤的。injury 是名词"受伤处，伤害"
Can he cure my injured legs ? 他能治好我的腿吗 ？
She was not badly injured but she couldn't speak .
His cousin received a slight injury to his head .
注意：injurious 有害的 = harmful
Smoking is injurious to health .
(2) 区别 injure , wound , hurt , harm , damage
injure只平时的伤害或者轻度的身体创伤。
He got serious injuries to the legs at work .
He got his finger injured .
hurt 指肉体上、心灵上和感情上的伤害，含有强烈的"疼痛"意味。
The hurt to his feelings is more serious than the hurt in his body . 他在感情上受到的伤害比 身体上的伤痛更严重。
He fell from the bike and hurt his arm .
I am sorry to you . Perhaps my words hurt your feelings .
harm 指使有生命或者无生命的东西不再完整、美丽，或者具有原来的价值。
Smoking a lot of cigarettes can harm and even kill over a long period of time . 长期大量吸 烟回危害身体健康，甚至导致死亡。
I have never harmed anybody . 我从未伤害过任何人。
wound 指在战争中或者自然灾荒如洪水、火灾、地震中对人体的伤害，含有重伤之意。
His comrade-in-arm was wounded in that battle .
The soldier received two wounds in the battle .
The bullet him in the leg .
damage "车辆、船只、房屋"等的损坏。
The bus was badly damaged when it hit the wall .
This storm did great harm / damage to the crops .
3. ought to 应该，应当
Children ought to obey their parents .
If he started at seven , he ought to be here now .
What time ought I to arrive ?
测试要点：
(1) 表示过去应该做或者不应该做用：ought ( not ) to have + done
You ought to have finished it last night . 昨晚你应当把它做完的。
She told him he ought not to have punished the students (but he had punished them) . 她曾对 他说他不该惩罚学生，但他却惩罚了学生。
I ought to have taken those books back to the library last week .
My sister ought to have arrived here by now , for she took the early train .
You oughtn't to have stopped on the motorway . 你本不应该在高速公路上停车的。
(2) should 和 ought to 都可以表达责任和义务，提出劝告，谈论可能性。但 ought to 比 should 语 气略强，在谈到法律、义务和规定时多用 ought to 的形式。在正式的通告中和告示中常用 should 。
On hearing the alarm bell , hotel guests should leave their rooms . 听到警报铃声，旅客应该 离开自己的房间。
You oughtn't to park so near the crossing . 你不应该将车停在人行横道附近。
(3) 在反意疑问句中，should 和 ought to 可以互换。
We ought to go now , shouldn't / oughtn't we ?
4. lay ( laid , laid , laying ) 放，搁，铺设；产卵；下蛋
Please lay the table for dinner .
Please lay your books open on the table . 请把书打开放在桌子上。
A bridge is to be laid across the river .
Here is a new-laid egg . 这是一个新生的蛋。
测试要点：lay与 lie 及其词形变化
1、lie (lay , lain , lying) 躺；存在
2、lie (lied , lied , lying ) 撒谎
3、lay (laid , laid , laying ) 放；产卵；下蛋
【例句】1 . The boy lying in bed told a lie that he had laid the ball where
the hens often laid eggs . 躺在床上的那男孩撒谎说他把球放在鸡下蛋的地方。
2 . He laid the table for dinner . 他放桌吃饭。
【针对练习】
1 . He ____ in bed , reading an interesting novel that evening .
2 . Northwest of the village ____ miles of grassland .
3 . He often tells ____ . Don't believe him .
4 . Don't ____ your books on the floor , Tom .
5 . The books still ____ where I ____ them a week before .
6 . The next morning she found the man ____ in bed , dead .
A . lying B . lie C . lay D . laying
7 . Do you know the boy ____ under the big tree ?
A . lay B . lain C . laying D . lying
答案：1. lay 2. lies 3. lies 4. lay 5. lies ; lay 6. A 7. D
5. quantity 量，数量
Quality is more important than quantity . 质要比量重要的多。
He hides large quantities of nuts inside the cave . 他在山洞里藏了大量的坚果。
测试要点：
(1) 由 quantity 构成的词组"大量，大批，很多"可以修饰可数名词和不可数名词： a quantity of , quantities of , a large quantity of , great / large quantities of 。
The food was enough in quantity , but not very good in quality . 这种饭菜在量方面是足够了， 但是在质方面不很好。
We have had quantities of flour . 我们有大量的面粉。
He collected large quantities of old pictures .
We have had quantities of rain this summer .
We need a large quantity of rice .
I prefer quality to quantity .
(2) in quantity 大量地
He is fond of buying things in quantity .
6. wherever 作连词和副词"无论在哪里，在任何地方"。作副词是"究竟在哪里"
We'll go wherever the Party directs us . 党叫我们到哪里，我们就到哪里。
Wherever did you find that purse ?
You may sit down wherever you like .
Wherever you go , I'll go .
Wherever did you get this idea ?
测试要点：在引导让步状语从句时，wherever = no matter where ，在主语从句中用 wherever 。
Wherever you go doesn't matter much .
You must make a mark wherever you have a question . = You must make a mark , no matter where you have a question .
C. 单元重点词组扫瞄
Lesson 29
1. fall off 从……跌落，从……下降。
Leaves fall off the trees in Autumn .
Ripe apples are beginning to fall off .
测试要点：注意由 fall 构成的词组还有 fall asleep 睡着, fall behind 落后, fall down 倒塌, fall over 向前跌倒, fall into the habit of 养成……的习惯, fall in love with爱上。
2. run into 跑进，碰到困难或者麻烦，偶然遇到
She ran down the stairs into the street . 她跑下楼梯，来到大街上。
The mouse ran into its hole .
I just happened to run into him at the bank . 我碰巧在银行里遇见了他。
If you visit the studio , you may well run into someone you recognize from the cinema . 如 果你参观制片厂，你可能遇见你在银幕上所熟悉的人。
测试要点：注意由 run 构成的常见搭配还有
3. knock sb off 把某人撞下
The little boy ran in the street and almost knocked the girl riding a bicycle off her bike .
She knocked the vase off by accident .
He knocked the dust off my coat .
You are not safe on that ladder ; a branch could knock you off .
4. take it easy = take things easy = take matters easy = go easy 放松些，别急，别担忧，沉住 气
Take it easy on John and don't scold him too much . 别生约翰的气，不要过分责骂他。
Take it easy , you will manage to do it well .
He told me to take it easy and not to worry about the work .
When the teacher found some of his students get nervous at the examination , he told them to take it easy .
After his illness the doctor told him that he must take things easy for a few weeks . 病愈 后，医生嘱咐他休息几天。
Take it easy . The roads are icy .
5. call the First Aid Centre 给急救中心打电话
6. worry about that 为那事担忧
7. stay still呆着别动
Right now you need to stay still until help comes . 眼下，你得呆着别动，等救护的人来。
　

测试要点：
stay 作系动词后跟形容词，又如：
He stays still in bed .
The temperature has stayed hot this week .
The shop stays open till 11 at night .
8. what do you do with 对……如何处理
Lesson 30
1. give medical care to 对……治疗
In this way we could give the wounded timely medical care . The doctors will give medical care to the mountain villagers for free .
2. start one's breathing 给某人做人工呼吸
We sometimes starts the patient's breathing to save his / her life .
If the person is not breathing , you must try to start his / her breathing at once .
3. mouth-to-mouth 口对口
He is trying to start his breathing by using the mouth-to-mouth way .
4. hold up 举起，抬起，阻挡，使停顿，保持原状
John held up his hand to ask the teacher a question .
The chair was too weak to hold up Mrs Smith . 这把椅子承受不起史密斯的饿体重。
I don't know what's holding him up .
The storm held up the traffic . 暴风雨使交通停顿。
We were held up by the heavy rain .
5. deal with 处理，对付，谈及，交易，经营。
I have a lot of letters to deal with .
She has to deal with many difficulties .
The girl is hard to deal with .
This book deals with music . 这本书是论述音乐的。
We have dealt with that firm many years . 我们跟那家公司做生意已经多年了。
测试要点：deal with 在特殊疑问句中常和 how 连用。而do with 常和 what 连用。
How do you deal with the drunken man ?
What do you do with the drunken man ?
6. running water = tap water 自来水
To our great delight , even the [people in the countryside have running water .
7. go with 伴随，与……相配，和……意见一致，协调
The radio doesn't go with the car . You have to pay for it separately .
I can't go with you on that problem . 在那个问题上我和你意见不一样。
I don't think that happiness goes with money . 我认为快乐和金钱并不是总相连的。
The colour of your trousers doesn't go with the jacket .
Please find pictures that go with the pieces of advice .
8. out of one's reach 够不着
Keep the medicine on a high shelf out of the reach of children .
She is too short . The book is out of her reach .
注意：within reach of 是"能够到"。
The writer likes to have dictionaries within his reach .
9. get down 下来，下车，写下，记下，
The bus was so jammed that I couldn't get down in time . 公共汽车太拥挤了，我不能及时下车。
Get down from this truck immediately .
Did you get that telephone conversation down ?
I didn't get down every word , but I certainly got a good deal of conversation down .
测试要点：
get down to + 名词或者动名词是"开始认真干……"。
He gets down to work after the holidays .
You'll never finish that job unless you forget everything else and get down to doing it .
10. after a few hours of study 几个小时的学习后
11. get close to 接近，靠近
Firefighters could not get close to the building .
It took him quite a long time to get close to the heart of the matter . 他花费了相当长的时 间才接近问题的关键。
When he got close to his hometown , he became more and more excited .
12. by oneself 独自地，单独地
You must finish you homework by yourself .

Lesson 31
1. by mistake 弄错的，错的
She was so hurry that she took the wrong bus by mistake .
I am sorry to have taken your notebook by mistake .
注意练习由介词 by 引起的常考短语：
1. The house stands ____ (孤零地) in the valley .
2. Are the clothes made ____ (手工) ?
3. A: Did you come here ____ (乘火车) ?
B: No , I came here ____ (乘汽车) .
C: Did you come here (步行) ？
D: No , I came here ____ (乘船) . "
4. You might cut yourself (无意中) , but you would not cut yourself (故意地) .
5. 乘飞机 6. 在血统上 7. 趁白天 8. 逐步地 9. 凭猜测 10. 牢记 11. 由陆地 12. 弄错 13. 名叫 ……14. 趁黑夜 15. 应请求 16. 凭外貌 17. 出其不意地 18.按重量计算
注意留心下列表达：by inches 一点一点地，by the hour 按钟头
答案：1. by itself 2. by hand 3. by train(railway ) , by bus , on foot , by boat (ship , water , sea) 4. by accident (chance ) , on purpose = by design 5. by air (plane , aeroplane ) 6. by birth 7. by day 8. by degree 9. by guess 10. by heart 11. by land 12. by mistake 13. by name 14. by night 15. by request 16. by sight 17. by surprise 18. by weight
D. 单元语法学习目标
从 高 考 看 情 态 动 词 的 考 查
本文就近年来高考试题中的情态动词加以简析，供同学们巩固情态动词的学习。
1.-- Will you stay for lunch ? 【99年】
　-- Sorry , . My brother is coming to see me .
A. I mustn't B. I can't C. I needn't D. I won't
简析：答案B。第一个人是邀请的口气，可从第二个人的回答中暗示出的只能是遗憾而"不能"的答语。
2.-- When can I come for the photos ? I need them tomorrow afternoon .【98年】
　　　--They be ready by 12:00 .
A. can B. should C. might D.need
简析：答案B。从第一个人的说话可知其急切心情，第二个人通过by (截止到…) 短语暗示出"准备好照片应该"没有问题。
3. － I stayed at a hotel while in New York.. 【98年】
－ Oh ，did you ? You _____ with Barbara .
A. could have stayed B. could stay C. could stay D. must have stayed
简析：答案A。上句未提到Barbara，故不能用肯定推测D，只能用答案A 的委婉口气推测当时可能已发生 了的事。
4. There was plenty of time . she _____ . 【87年】
A. mustn't have hurried B. couldn't have hurried
C. must not hurry D. needn't have hurried
简析：答案D。"needn't + 完成式"表示"本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事"。
5. The plant is dead . I _____ it more water . 【87年】
A. will give B. would have given C. must give D. should have given
简析：答案D。"should(ought to) + 完成式"表示应该做而实际上没有做到，有责备的语气。
6. You _____ return the book now . You can keep it till next week if you like . 【88年】
A. can't B. mustn't C. needn't D. may not
简析：答案C。needn't意为"不必"、"用不着"，等于don't have to ，最合题意，而mustn't 意为 "不应该"、"不准"，表示禁止。
7. I didn't hear the phone . I _____ asleep . 【89年】
A. must be B. must have been C. should be D. should have been
简析：答案B。must 表示推测，意为"一定"，"必定"，"must + be"表示对现在事情的推测， "must + 完成式"表示对过去事情的推测。
8. He _____ you more help even though he was very busy . 【90年】
A. might have given B. might give C. may have given D. may give
简析：答案A。may过去式might，意为"可能"，"或许"，might表示的可能性更小，语气更婉转，从 后面从句看有责备性，表"当时本可能"，故B、C选项都错。
9. A computer _____ think for itself，it must be told what to do . 【91年】
A. can't B. couldn't C. may not D. might not
简析：答案A。can表示能力。
10. － Could I borrow your dictionary ?
－ Yes，of course you _____ . 【92年】
A. might B. will C. can D. should
简析：答案C。can表"许可"，但could为婉转语气。A项若改为may也对，may 也可表许可。
11. Tom ought not to _____ me your secret ，but he meant no harm . 【93年】
A. have told B. tell C. be telling D. having told
简析：答案A。
12. Peter ____ come with us tonight，but he isn't very sure yet . 【93年】
A. must B. may C. can D. will
简析：答案B。may表示"可能"，常用于肯定句和否定句中，can表示"可能"，常用于否定句和疑问句 中。
13. Mary ____ be in Paris . I saw her in town only a few minutes ago . 【94年】
A. musn't B. shouldn't C. can't D. may not
简析：答案C。must 表示推测时，用于对现在的肯定句推测，对现在的否定推测应为can't (couldn't) ，意为"不可能"。
14. － Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow .
－ ______ . 【94年】
A. I don't B. I won't C. I can't D. I haven't
简析：答案B。题意为"我将不会忘记"(I won't forget)。
15. －There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well .
－ It _____ a comfortable journey . 【95年】
A. can't be B. shouldn't be C. musn't have been D. couldn't have been
简析：答案D。表示对过去推测的肯定式为"must + 完成式"，对过去的否定推测为can't (couldn't) + 完成式， 意为"当时不可能是"。A选项时态不对。
16. It's nearly seven o'clock . Jack____ be here at any moment . 【95年】
A. must B. need C. should D. can
简析：答案A。从 at any moment 可以看出must表示推测"必定"，D项can只表示有点可能。
17. Johnny ，you _____ play with the knife ， you____ hurt yourself . 【96年】
A. won't；can't B. mustn't；may C. shouldn't；must D. can't；shouldn't
简析：答案B。mustn't表"禁止"；may表"很有可能"。
18.The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone___ get out . 【97年】
A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to
简析：答案D。从quickly but 暗示出一种自身拥有的且能完成的动作。be able to 恰有在困难的情况 下经过一番周折而"能"之意，而could并不一定能完成一具体动作
二、学海导航
【学法指要】
● 高二也应对《考试说明》中的词汇归类复习
到了高二，所学各门课程的知识堆积如山，仅仅英语就有数不清的习语和搭配，加上复杂的语法、语 音，的确使不少学生望书兴叹。为帮助高二的同学们能有目的地、有计划地复习单词，争取用较短时间取得 较大的学习效益，本文参照历届高考词汇考查频繁的内容，即"有用"的词汇(常考而又容易用错的词汇)， 从词汇的语法、习语、辨析和拼写等四方面来谈谈英语词汇的总复习。
一、从同义词(组)复习归纳过辨析关
1 . 分清动作动词和结果动词
英语中有些动词(词组)虽然意义相同，但用法不同，有的表示某个动作，而另一个则表示该动作所产生 的结果，常见的这类动词有：
look for (寻找) find (找到) look (看) see (看见) listen (听) hear (听到) receive(收到) accept (接收) try (尝试［不说明是否成功］) manage (设法［侧重做到］) advise (劝告［不说明是否劝 成功］) persuade (劝服［侧重劝说成功］)
(87高考) How can you ____ if you are not ____ ?
A . listen , hearing B . hear , listening
C . be listening , heard D . be hearing , listened to（答案：B）
2 . 分清词序不同则意思不同的词组
英语中有少量词组颠倒词序后意思和用法不同，常见的有：
before long (不久以后) long before (很久以前) turn in (上交，就寝) in turn (按秩序，排队) hand in (上交) in hand (在手边) from far(来自远方) far from (差得远，远非) much too (非常［修饰 形容词或副词］) too much (太多［修饰名词］) if only (要…) only if (只有……) all in(精疲力尽) in all (总共) good fo r(对……有好处) for good (永远)
(95上海)It was ____ late to catch a bus after the party , therefore , we called a taxi .
A . too very B . much too C . too much D . far （答案：B）
Before long , he moved to London and made London the base for his revolutionary work .
It was not long before the whole country rose up and drove the Austrians out of their homeland .
3 . 分清有些动词后有无介词时的不同意思
英语中不少动词后面有介词时意思有变化，要在平时复习和练习时要不断地积累归纳。常见的有：
search (搜查人、物或场所) search for (搜寻找人、物或场所) leave (离开某地) leave for (动身 去某地) reach (到达，拿到) reach for (伸手去拿) prepare (准备) prepare for (为……作准备) enter (进入) enter for (报名参加) run (经营，跑) run for (竞选) stand (站，忍受) stand for (代表，赞 同) answer (回答) answer for (对……负责) know (了解，知道) know about (知道关于……) pay (付钱 给某人) pay for (付钱买某物)
The baby reached for the apple but he couldn't reach it . 那婴儿伸手去拿苹果，但够不着。
The mayor who used to run a small shop will run for the Governer . 那个曾经营过一家小店的市 长准备去竞选州长。
4 . 分清有无-ly 时意思用法不同的词
一般来说，在形容词后加了-ly 的词是副词，但这些相应的词大部分不加-ly时也可作副词用，因而在使 用或考测时同学们常混淆不清。复习时可按用法分成三类来记忆：
a . 表示具体(无-ly)和抽象(-ly)的区别的词
wide (宽广) widely (广泛地) deep (深) deeply (深深地) high (高，位置高) highly (高度地) low (低的) lowly (谦卑地)
He often works ____ into the night , which moves us ____ .
A . deep ; deep B . deeply ; deeply C . deep ; deeply D . deeply ; deep （答案：C）
b . 有无-ly时意思大不相同的词
near (近，附近) nearly (几乎) hard (努力) hardly (几乎不) most (大部分) mostly (主要地) like (像……) likely (大概，也许) dear (昂贵地) dearly (深爱地，热切地) close (亲密的，靠近地) closely (密切地) late (迟到) lately (最近) dead (死了的) deadly (致命的) bad(坏) badly (恶劣地)
c . 有无-ly时意思相同，但位置不同的词
这类词在中学阶段只涉及两组 right -- rightly(正确地)，wrong -- wrongly(错误地)，放 在过去分词前面时常用有-ly 的词，放在句末时常用无-ly 的词。如：
The question was wrongly / rightly answered .
=The question was answered right / wrong .
(88高考) The students are ____ young people between the ages of sixteen and twenty .
A . most B . mostly C . almost D . at most （答案：B ）
5 . 记住分写与合写时意思不同的词
这类词在拼法上一致，但合写和分写在用法和意义上却不同，常见的这类似词有：
sometime (某个时候) some time (一段时间) sometimes (有时) some times (几次) faraway (adj . 遥远的［作定语］) far away (遥远地［是副词］) everyday (adj . 日常的［只作定语］) every day (每 天［名词短语］) anyway (adv . 无论怎样) any way (以任何方式［名词短语］) anytime (adv . 任何时候) any time (任何时候［名词短语］) altogether(总共，完全) all together (一道，一起) already (已经) all ready (都已准备好) nearby (附近的［形容词］) near by (附近［副词］) maybe (也许［副词作状语］) may be (也许［动词作谓语］) everyone (每个人［其后不可接 of 短语］) every one (每个人或物［后面可接 of 短语］) none (没有［可指人或物，可回答用 how much , how many 提的问题］) no one (没有［专指人，可回答用 who 提的问题］)
(95高考) They were all very tired , but ____ of them would stop to take a rest .
A . any B . some C . none D . neither （答案：C）
(90高考) ____ of them knew about the plan because it was kept a secret .
A . Each B . Any C . No one D .None （答案：D）
(82高考) ____ of them understood the old foreigner .
A . Someone B . No one C . Nobody D . Some one （答案：D）
6 . 记住差之一"a-"则意思不同的词
这类词不多，但在练习中极易出错，使用时也常混淆，因而要从用法和意义上加以辨别。如：
alive (adj . 活着的［作表语］) lively (adj . 活泼的［可作定语或表语］) live (adj . 活的，燃 着的［只修饰物，作定语，如 a live fire］) living (adj. . 活着的［可作定语或表语］) alone (adj . & adv . 独自［表语形容词］) lone (adj . 孤独的，偏僻的［只作定语］) lonely (adj . 孤独的，偏僻的［可作表语或定语］) sleepy (adj . 昏昏欲睡的) asleep (adj . & adv . 熟睡的［作形容词时常用作表语］) sleep (v . n . 睡着) awake (adj . & v . 醒着，叫醒［作形容词时用作表语］) wake (v . 叫醒) alike (adj . 相像的［表语形容词］) like(v . prep . & adj . 喜欢，像……一样) likely (adj . & adv . 可能，大概) raise (vt . 举起，提高 across (prep . & adv . 穿过，横过) arise (vi . 产生，发生，出现) cross (v . 穿过，横过) rise (vi . 起来，上涨，上升) through (prep . & adv . 穿过，越过) await (vt . 等候［直接接宾语］) wait(vi . 等候［不及物动词］) loudly (adv . 高声地［可与 loud 通用，但含"喧闹"意味］) aloud (adv . 出声地［与 read , think , call , cry 等连用，无比较级形式］) loud (dav . & adj . 大声的，响亮(地)［常与 talk , speak , shout , laugh 等词连用］)
注意：有a-的形容词常作表语，作定语时则要后置。例如：
It's difficult for a man awake to fall asleep again .
He didn't fall ____ till midnight last night , so he is now feeling ____ .
A . asleep , asleep B . sleep , sleepy (答案：C)
C . asleep , sleepy D . sleepy , asleep
二、从搭配上归纳复习过习语关
英语词汇的搭配十分活跃，在复习时，我们要把重点放在某些常用的动词、名词或介、副词上。我们可 按下列方式进行对比归纳。
1. 以名词为中心构成不同的词组。如以 time 为例可以构成不同意义的词组：
in no time(立刻，马上) on time(按时) at no time(决不，永不) in time(及时，迟早) at a time (一次) behind the times(落伍) behind time(迟到) at one time(曾经)for a time(一度) after a time(过了片刻) at other times(其它时候，平素) at times(有时) at all time(时时刻刻，一直)
（93高考）If you keep on , you will succeed .
A. in time B. at one time C. on time D. at the same time (答案：A)
（94高考）Don't all speak at once ! , please .
A. Each at one time B. One by one time
C. One for each time D. One at a time （答案：D）
2 .搭配活跃的动词
常用的搭配活跃的动词有：look , take , make , give , get , have , go , do , turn , put , set , come 等。这些动词与介词、副词的搭配十分活跃，复习时我们要尽量将具有相反意义的介、副词与同一动词 的搭配罗列在一起进行对比记忆，如 turn 一词的常见搭配有：
turn on (打开) turn up(放大音量等；出现) turn off (关上) turn down (放小音量等；拒绝) turn in (上交) turn agains t (反对) turn out (生产) turn away (避开)
(81高考) Would you mind ____ your radio a little ?
A . turn off B . turning off C . to turn down D . turning down （答案：D）
(92高考) Readers can ____ quite well without knowing the exact meaning of each word .
A . get over B . get out of C . get away D . get off （答案：A）
3 . 搭配活跃的介、副词
常用的搭配活跃的介、副词有 in , out , up , down , on , off , to , from , for , over , with 等。在复习时，我们要将不同动词(或其它词)与同一介、副词搭配的词组逐一列出。下面以 on 为例：
① 与动词的搭配
take on (雇用) get on (上车 / 船等) live on (以……为生) feed on (以……为生 turn on (打开 开关 / 电器等) look on (旁观) spy on (侦察，窥探) call on (号召，拜访) go on (继续) have on (穿戴) depend on (依靠) come on (加油) wait on (侍候) operate on (动手术) carry on (执行) hold on (坚持) insist on (坚持) play tricks on (戏弄) fix on (注视) impress on (留下印象)
② 与介词的搭配(注意冠词的使用)
on duty (值班) on business (出差) on fire (燃烧) on show (展览) on time (准时) on strike (罢工) on watch (监视，观察) on earth (到底，究竟) on sale (出售) on journey (旅游) on foot (步行) on purpose (故意) on the way (在路上) on the contrary (相反) on the right (在右边) on a visit to (参观，拜访) on the whole (总而言之) on the one hand (一方面) on the other hand (另一方面)
③ 其它搭配情况：
later on(后来) on and on(不停地) on one's own(独自) on account of(由于，因为) on one's side(支持，站在某一方) on holiday / leave(度假 / 请假) from now / then on(从现在 / 那时起)
(91高考) A new school was ____ in the village last year .
A . help up B . set up C . sent up D . brought up （答案：B）
(93高考) We offered him our congratulations ____ his passing the college entrance exams .
A . at B . on C . for D . of （答案：B）
英语中有不少常用但极易拼错的词。如：quarrel , camera , umbrella , envelope , develop , popular , republic , public , immediately , appreciate 等，在复习中要将这类词放在句子中进行
归纳记忆。
(97高考)The artist held an ____ (展览) of his works last month . (key: exhibition)
(97高考)I changed into my sports shoes so that I could walk more ____ (舒服) . (key: comfortable)
(96高考)Several new railways are under ____ (建设)in China . (key: government)
虽然词汇是以无数方式组合而成，但它们在音、形、义等方面有相似之处，我们在复习时要有的放矢， 全方位、多渠道地探索它们的规律，根据它们的特点把语音、拼写、语法、搭配等融为一体，缩小复习的范围，避免词汇复习的枯燥性，从而提高复习兴趣与效果。
三、从用法上归纳复习过语法关
英语词汇大多除具有本义外，还有语法功能，我们在复习时不要把着眼点仅仅放在单纯的单词记忆上， 而要从它们的语法意义上去运用它们。如在复习动词时，我们就要根据它形式变化多、搭配灵活等特点去进行分类记忆，将某些相关的语法内容溶入动词记忆之中。
1 . 宾语不同，意义不同的动词
英语中有些动词(短语)后面既可接不定式也可接动名词作宾语，但意义不同。它们是高考试题的考查重点。这类动词(短语)主要有：
go on doing sth(继续干同一件事) / go on to do sth(继续去干另一件事)
stop doing sth(停止正在干的事) / stop to do sth(停下来去干某事)
regret doing sth(后悔干了某事) / regret to do(相当于 be sorry to do)
forget / remember doing sth(忘记 / 记得已做过的事) / forget / remember to do sth(忘记或记得要干的事)
mean doing(意味着干……) / mean to do(想干……)
try doing(尝试做) / try to do(设法做)
(95高考)-- You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting .
-- Well , now I regret ____ that .
A . to do B . to be doing C . to have done D . having done （答案：D）
(92高考) I usually go there by train . Why not ____ by boat for a change ?
A . to try going B . trying to go D . to try and go D . try going（答案：D）
2 . 宾语和宾补形式不同的动词
某些动词如 forbid , advise , allow , permit , admit , consider 等，其后可直接用动名词作宾 语，但后面接宾补时，则要用不定式作宾补。试比较：
We forbid smoking here . (动名词作宾语) We forbid you to smoke here . (不定式作宾补)
You are forbidden to smoke here . (不定式作主补)
(87高考) They would not allow him ____ across the enemy line .
A . to risk going B . risking going C . for risk to go D . risk going （答案：A）
(93高考) Charles Babbage is generally considered ____ the first computer .
A . to invent B . inventing C . to have invented D . having invented（答案：C）
3 . 宾语不同，语态不同的动词
有少数几个动词如 need , require , want , deserve 等，其后既可接不定式(但要用被动式)作宾语， 也可接动名词(用主动形式表示被动意义)作宾语，可与 worth , worthy 一并记忆。例如：
The room requires to be cleaned / cleaning .
(85高考) This sentence needs ____ .
A . an improvement B . improve C . improving D . improved （答案：C）
4 . 后面接不定式作宾语的动词和词组
后面接不定式作宾语的动词和词组有：decide , expect , refuse , wish , hope , order , promise , pretend , offer 等。例如：
(89高考) She pretended ____ me when I passed by .
A . not to see B . not seeing C . to not see D . having not seen （答案：A）
5 . 后面接动名词作宾语的动词和词组
后面接动名词作宾语的动词和词组有：mind , rise , avoid , enjoy , escape , suggest , appreciate , practise , delay , finish , feel like , look forward to , can't help , keep(on) , miss , be used to , excuse , be worth , imagine , put off , give up 等。例如：
(92高考) I would appreciate ____ back this afternoon .
A . you to call B . you call C . you calling D . you are calling （答案：C）
(87高考) The squirrel was lucky that it just missed ____ .
A . catching B . to be caught C . being caught D . to catch （答案：C）
6 . 半系动词
半系动词后可用名词、不定式、分词和形容词等作表语，这类词有：
表示感官的系动词：look , sound , taste , smell , feel ，seem , appear(这些词后只能用形容词作表语)
表示变化的系动词：become , get , turn , grow , make , come , go , fall , run
表示依旧的系动词：remain , keep , stay , continue , stand , rest , like , hold
可用名词作表语的系动词：be , become , make , fall , prove , remain , turn (该词后的单数名词 前不可用冠词。如：He turned teacher . )
(91高考) These oranges taste ____ .
A . good B . well C . to be good D . to be well （答案：A）
(95上海) We don't care if a hunting dog smells ____ , but we really don't want him to smell ___ .
A . well ; well B . bad ; bad C . well ; badly D . badly ; bad（答案：D）
7 . 含"被动"意义的动词
有些动词，如 sell , open , close , wash , teach , burn , measure , cut , lock , cost , read , write , tear , wear , pull , clean , add , cook , let(出租)等的主语是事物，且又是和表示主语的固有特征、状态或与行为方式状语连用时，要用主动形式表示被动意义。例如：
① My pen writes smoothly . 我的笔好写。
② Oil burns easily . 油易燃烧。
(88高考)That suit ____ over 60 dollars .
A . had costed B . costed C . is cost D . cost （答案：D）
(97高考) -- Is this raincoat yours ?
-- No , mine ____ there behind the door .
A . is hanging B . has hung C . hangs D . hung （答案：A）
8 . 具有两种形式的易混动词
中学英语教材中有些不规则动词有两种分词和两种过去时形式，在使用或考试时极易弄混。例如：
found (建立) -- founded -- founded -- founding
find (发现) -- found -- found -- finding
wind(环绕) -- wound -- wound -- winding
wound (使受伤) -- wounded -- wounded -- wounding
see (看见) -- saw -- see -- seeing
saw (锯) -- sawed -- sawed -- sawing
hang -- hanged -- hanged (绞死)
hang -- hung -- hung (挂起)
light -- lit -- lit (点燃，作谓语)
light -- lighted -- lighted (燃烧着的，作定语)
drink -- drank -- drunk (喝)
drink -- drank -- drunken (喝醉了的，作定语)
sink -- sank -- sunk(下沉)
sink -- sank -- sunken (下沉的，作定语)
bear -- bore -- born (出生)
bear -- bore -- borne (忍受，结果，出生)
lay(放，置) --laid --laid -- laying
lie (撒谎) -- lied -- lied -- lying
lie(躺，卧，位于) -- lay -- lain -- lying
(89高考) Do you know the boy ____ under the big tree ?
A . lay B . lain C . laying D . lying （答案：D）
The woman , who was born in 1940 , has borne five children .
四、从对比、联想中归纳复习过拼写关
Ⅰ . 按词汇组合特点，辨形、辨音、辨义归类记忆
在复习中把拼写、读音相似但意义无联系的词归在一类。例如：
a . 词尾联想：end : tend , mend , extend , defend , attend , pretend , depend , spend , lend , bend , send等动词均以 end 结尾，在复习时首先搞清哪些是规则动词，哪些是不规则动词。其次，以这些词中的词为轴心去寻的同义词以扩大词汇量：end , finish , complete , be over (完成，结束)；tend , look after , care for , take care of ; mend , repair , fix , patch , do the repairs (修理) ; attend , take part in , join , join in ；spend , take , cost , pay
b . 辨形辨义：express , oppress , impress ; inspect , respect , expect ; resist , exist , insist ; expose , suppose , oppose , disclose
c . 辨形辨音：medal , model , modal , metal , mental ; sigh , design , single; sign ; match , patch , watch , hatch , snatch , scratch ; cottage , carriage , marriage , package , savage , birdcage , passage , message , language ; thought , bought , brought , fought , caught , taught
2 . 从英语同义词(组)进行归类记忆
a . 只归类不讲区别的同义词(组)：(也许) maybe , possible , probably , likely；(行走) go , walk , march , advance , drag , step , inch , foot , stroll , wander , cover , crawl , tiptoe , dash , rush , make one's way , run；(看) see , look , stare , glare , catch sight of , fix one's eyes on , observe , watch , notice
b . 既列举也讲区别的同义词(组)：(穿戴) dress , put on , pull on , be in , wear , have on ; (除……之外) besides , except , but , except for , but for , (代词) that , which , little , few , no one , none
3 . 归纳易拼错的常用词
英语中有不少常用但极易拼错的词。如：quarrel , camera , umbrella , envelope , develop , popular , republic , public , immediately , appreciate 等，在复习中要将这类词放在句子中进行归纳记忆。
(97高考) The artist held an ____ (展览)of his works last month . (key: exhibition)
(97高考) I changed into my sports shoes so that I could walk more ____(舒服) . (key: comfortably)
(96高考) Several new railways are under ____ (建设)in China . (key: construction)
(96高考) The ____(政府)will build more houses for the people . (key: government)
虽然词汇是以无数方式组合而成，但它们在音、形、义等方面有相似之处，我们在复习时要有的放矢，全方位、多渠道地探索它们的规律，根据它们的特点把语音、拼写、语法、搭配等融为一体，缩小复习的范围，避免词汇复习的枯燥性，从而为高三学习打下良好的基础。
● "用"的 10 种介词表达法
英语中可以表达"用"的意义的词类很多，常见的有动词、形容词、名词或介词等表达法。本文拟对"用"的介词表达法作个归纳总结，仅供读者参考。
1 . with , 表示使用某种工具或手段等来做一件事。后面接的是表示工具、器械、手段以及人或动物的某一器官的名词，名词前可有冠词、代词或形容词等修饰词语。
People cut bread with a knife . 人们常用刀来切面包。
We see with our eyes , and hear with our ears . 我们用眼睛看，用耳朵听。
2 . on , 表示使用人的脚等器官，或依靠某种方式或方法做一件事，也可表示使用动力等。
I often go to school on foot . 我常步行上学。
Walk on tiptoe . 踮起脚尖走!
He went to town on horse back . 他骑着马进城。
Most cars run on petrol . 大多数汽车用汽油驱动。
3 . by , 表示进行或实现一件事的方式或方法，或者使用某种交通工具或通讯工具。此时，by 后面直接跟名词，而不能在名词前加冠词、代词或形容词等修饰语。
The work is done by machine / hand . 这活儿是用机器 / 手工做的。
You must learn the poem by heart . 你得把这首诗背下来。
She came here by bus . 她乘公共汽车来到这儿。
send by post (or mail) 邮寄
4 . in , 表示用某一种语言来表达、用某种声音、声调来说话或者用某种原村料来做一件事等。in 后 面接的是表示语音、声调、声音或材料等方面的名词。
Can you sing this song in French ? 你能用法语来唱这首歌吗 ?
Don't write in pencil . Please write in ink . 不要用铅笔写，请用墨水写。
She spoke in a low voice . 她低声说话。
Do it in this way . 用此法做。
5 . through , 表示用某种方法、媒介或者通过某一途径来做一件事。
Some people learn English through TV . 有些人通过电视来学习英语。
I learned the news through Radio Beijing . 我是通过北京广播电台得知这个消息的。
One learns how to swim through swimming . 人都是用游泳的方法学游泳的。
6 . at , 表示用或以某种速度、高度等，也可以表示以某种价格买进或买出某物。表示具体价格时，需 用"at a price / cost of"短语。
at full speed 以最高的速度
The car is running at a rate(the speed) of 50 miles an hour . 那辆小汽车以每小时50英里的速度前进。
buy 90 pencils at a price (or cost )of 10 cents each . 以10美分一支的价格买90支铅笔。
People like to buy eggs from her because she sells at a lower price . 人们都爱买她的鸡蛋，因为她卖的价格比较便宜。
7 . for , 表示用或以什么价格(买 / 卖某物)，也可用介词 for + 金额 。
I bought the pen for ￥16 . 我 花了16元来买这支钢笔。
He bought this new bike for 480 . 他 花了480元买这辆新车。
She sells her eggs for 12 yuan every kilogramme . 她的鸡蛋以每公斤12元的价格出售。
8 . of , 表示用什么材料 / 原料制成。指某制成品的原材料为何物仍能看得出，原材料只起物理变 化。
The small bridge is made of wood . 这座小桥是木头建的。
This bag is made of cloth . 这个袋子是用布缝制的。
9 . out of , 表示用什么材料制成某物，在口语中常用，基本上与 of / from 的用法差不多。其主语 常为制成品，而介词的宾语为原材料。
The shoes are made out of leather . 这些鞋子是用皮革制成的。
These chairs were made out of bamboo . 这些椅子是用竹子来做的。
10 . from , 常看不出原材料。
Bread is made from flour . 面包是用面粉做的。
Wine is made from grapes . 酒是用葡萄酿造的。
● 情态动词考查热点与简析
情态动词是中学阶段语法项目的重点和难点，也是每年高考必考的内容之一。现将历年高考情态动词考题归类简析如下：
一、情态动词的基本用法及其差别
1 . must 考点
1)"must + not + 动词原形"表示"禁止做某事"。
2)"must + be + 表语"表示对现在事情肯定的推测，它的否定形式或疑问形式要用 can 代替 must。
考题练习：
('85) Put on more clothes . You ____ be feeling cold with only a shirt on .
A . should B . would C . could D . must
('94) Mary ____ be in Paris , I saw her in town only a few minutes ago .
A . mustn't B . shouldn't C . can't D . may not
('96) Johnny , you ____ play with the knife ; you ____ hurt yourself .
A . won't ; can't B . mustn't ; may C . shouldn't ; must D . can't ; shouldn't
答案：DCB
2 . need 考点：
1) need 作情态动词用时，仅用于否定句或疑问句。表示"需要"或"必须"。
2) must 在一般疑问句中的否定回答要用 needn't 代替 mustn't。
考题练习：
('94) -- Shall I tell John about it ?
-- No , you ____ . I've told him already .
A . needn't B . couldn't C . mustn't D . shouldn't
('81) You ____ to the meeting this afternoon if you have something important to do .
A . needn't to come B . don't need come C . don't need coming D . needn't come
('79) -- Must we do it now ?
-- No , you ____ .
A . won't B . needn't C . can't D . don't
('88) You ____ return the book now . You can keep it till next week if you like .
A . can't B . mustn't C . needn't D . may not
答案：ADBC
3 . may 考点：
1) may 用于陈述句表示推测，may 表示的可能性大，might 表示的可能性小。

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