被动语态讲解
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语法点拨
一、被动语态概述
　　语态是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。英语的语态共有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般说来，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往用“被”、“受”、“给”等词来表示被动意义。如：
　　They didn’t offer Ann the job. （主动语态）
　　Ann wasn’t offered the job. （被动语态）
　　安没得到这份工作。
二、被动语态的构成
　　被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式，过去分词部分不变。疑问式和否定式的变化也如此。
1、被动语态的时态较常见的八种形式
　　现以动词clean为例列表说明：
　　　　　
2、被动语态的句式变化：
　　以一般现在时和动词invite为例，列表说明被动语态的句式变化：
　　
3、含有情态动词的被动语态
　　情态动词的被动语态结构为：情态动词+be+过去分词；其时态及句型的变化仅由情态动词完成，“be+过去分词”部分不变。如：
　　Tables can be made of stone. 桌子可由石头制造。
　　Tables could be made of stone at that time. 那时桌子可由石头制造。（一般过去时）
　　Can tables be made of stone? 桌子能用石头制造吗？（疑问句）
三、被动语态的用法：
1、不知道或没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者。
　　The old bridge was built many years ago. 这座古桥是许多年前建造的。
　　He was elected chairman.他被选为主席。
2、强调动作的承受者。
　　动作的执行者由by引导置于谓语动词之后，也可省略。
　　Your plan is considered to be the best. 你的计划被认为是最好的。
3、动作的执行者是无生命的事物。
　　The window was blown by wind.窗户被风吹开了。
　　The whole village has been washed away by the flood.整个村庄都被洪水冲走了。
4. 避免更换主语，如：
　　Once a promise is made, it shouldn’t be broken. 诺言一旦许下，就不能违背。
　　Mothers love their children and children are sure to love their mothers.
　　母亲爱孩子，孩子当然也爱母亲了。
5. 使句子保持平衡，如：
　　The lecture will be made by Joe Smith, who is a young artist from the States.
　　乔·史密斯将来做报告，他是一位年轻的美国艺术家。
　　（Joe Smith有一个非限定性定语从句，所以后置）
四、主动语态变为被动语态
　　转换图示：
　　　　　　　　　　
1、主动语态变为被动语态的步骤：
　　（1）将主动句的宾语变为主语，如果主动句的宾语是代词，需变为主格。如：
　　（2）将动词改为“be+过去分词”，be与新主语的人称和数一致，时态不变。
　　（3）将主动语态的主语前加by放在谓语动词后，如果原主语是代词，要变为宾格。
　　　　 They held a meeting yesterday. → A meeting was held（by them）yesterday.
　　　　 他们昨天开会了。 昨天举行了一个会议。
　　　　 They won’t forgive me. → I won’t be forgiven by them.
　　　　 他们不会原谅我的。 我不会被他们原谅的。
2、主动语态变为被动语态的注意事项：
　　（1）主动句中的主语如果是people, we, you, they, somebody等含糊地表示“人们”、“大家”等，
　　　　 变为被动句时，通常删去“by…”，除非强调原主语。如：
　　　　 They set up this hospital in 1975. → This hospital was set up in 1975.
　　　　 这所医院建于1975年。
　　　　 Only he can finish the job. 只有他能完成这项工作。→
　　　　 The job can be finished only by him.这项工作只能由他来完成。
　　（2）含有双宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语的句子，每个宾语都可变为被动语态的主语，即其被动语态
　　　　 有两种形式。但多以间接宾语作主语。
　　　　 Jack told us the truth.杰克告诉了我们真相。
　　　　 We were told the truth by Jack.
　　　　 The truth was told (to) us by Jack.
　　（3）含有宾语+宾语补足语的句子，变成被动句后原来的宾语补足语就成了主语补足语了；
　　　　 注意：不带to的不定式作宾语补足语时，变成被动时要加上to。
　　　　 I heart Emily sing the song just now.
　　　　 → Emily was heard to sing the song just now.
　　　　 我刚才听见艾米莉唱这首歌了。
　　（4）含有宾语从句的主动句变为被动句，通常用it作为被动结构的先行主语，把宾语从句后置。
　　　　 We have determined that the plan should be carried out soon.
　　　　 It has been determined that the plan should be carried out soon.
　　　　 我们决定这项计划必须马上实施。
　　（5）双重被动结构：
　　　　 当某人或物成为两次动作的承受者时，要用双重被动结构。如：
　　　　 Parents often ask their children to do too much homework.
　　　　 The children are often asked to do too much homework.
　　　　 Too much homework is often asked to be done by the children.
五、各种时态的被动语态举例（以动词do为例）
1．一般现在时（am/ is/ are +done）
　　The classroom is cleaned by the students every day. 学生们每天都打扫教室。
2．一般过去时(was/ were +done)
　　My bike was stolen last night. 我的自行车昨天被偷了。
　　When was the book introduced to China? 这本书什么时候引入中国的？
3．一般将来时与过去将来时(will/ shall be +done; would/should be +done)
　　A speech will be given this afternoon. 今天下午有一个演讲。
　　I thought thousands of people would be helped. 我认为将有数千人得到帮助。
4．现在进行时与过去进行时(am/ is/ are being +done; was/ were being +done)
　　The machine was being repaired at this time yesterday. 昨天这时，机器正在被修理。
　　The problem is being discussed now. 问题正在被讨论。
　　A bus is being pushed by the passengers. 路人正在推一辆公共汽车。
5．现在完成时(have/ has been + done)
　　Two hundred trees have been planted by now. 到现在为止，已经种了二百棵树了。
　　The book has been read many times by me. 这本书已经被我读了许多遍了。
　　Several soldiers have already been killed in the conflict.
　　在冲突中已经有几名士兵被杀害。
6．过去完成时(had been+done)
　　They said they had been invited to the party. 他们说已经被邀请参加晚会了。
　　She found the house had been destroyed by the storm. 她发现房子已经被暴风雨摧毁。
　　He had been tortured by the illness for many years before he died.
　　他在去世前已经被疾病折磨很多年了。
六、高频考点：
1. 动词的主动形式表示被动之意
　　1）某些连系动词，如：look, feel, smell，sound, prove等。
　　　 The flower smells sweet.这花闻起来很香。
　　　 Maria proves very patient and warm-hearted. 玛丽亚被证明很耐心、很热心。
　　2）表示主语内在“品质”或“性能”的某些动词，虽然可以是及物动词，但这时用作不及物动词，
　　　 如：lock, shut, close, open, move, read, write, sell, wash, clean, draw, cut,
　　　 　　translate, burn, run, ride, begin, end, operate等。
　　　 The sentences translate hard. 这些句子很难译。
　　　 The door won’t shut. 这个门关不上。
　　3）某些动词用在句型“主+谓+主补”时，如wear，blow，prove等。
　　　 The door blew open. 门被吹开了。
2. 不用于被动语态的动词
　　有些动词用于被动语态，如happen，cost，take，have (有)，own，possess, want (缺乏)。
　　An accident happened yesterday. 昨天发生了一起事故。
　　One should possess courage, determination and wisdom. 人要拥有勇气、决心和智慧。
3. “动词+反身代词”结构与“be+过去分词”结构
　　注意下面短语：
　　devote oneself to (献身于) seat oneself (就坐) dress oneself (穿衣),
　　amuse oneself (自娱自乐) lose oneself (迷路) prepare oneself for (做好心理准备),
　　concern oneself about (担心)
　　这些短语经常用被动结构表示主动意义。
　　They were seated in the front of the hall. 他们在大厅前部就坐。
　　He was concerned about his work. 他担心他的工作。
　　All my students are well prepared for the test. 我的学生都为考试做好了准备。
　　His mother is dressed in white at the party. 他的妈妈在宴会上穿着白色衣服。
4. be done与get done
　　1）现代英语特别是口语中常用“get + 过去分词”表示被动语态。
　　2）“get + 过去分词”只表示动作，而“be+过去分词”既可表动作，也可表状态。
　　　 They have been married for ages. 他们结婚多年了。（不能用get married）
　　　 They got married last month. 他们上个月结婚了。
　　3）经过安排、考虑的动作用“be+过去分词”；出乎意料时用“get+过去分词”。
　　　 How did the painting get damaged? 这幅画什么时候被损坏的？
　　4）“be+过去分词”是单纯的被动意义，而“get+过去分词”可以暗示主语对动作的发生有一定的责
　　　 任，含有某种主动意味。
　　　 His team got beaten again though they had tried their best.
　　　 虽然他们尽了全力，他的队还是输了。
5. 几个被动语态常用习惯用法：
　　We’re determined to set up an eco-laboratory. 我们决定建立一个生态实验室。
　　My time was occupied with children. 我的时间都用在了孩子们身上。
　　I’m very interested in fine arts. 我对美术非常感兴趣。
　　Where was your grandfather born? 你祖父的出生地是哪里？
　　I was graduated from that university ten years ago. 我十年前从那所大学毕业。
　　My hometown is situated in the south of China. 我的家乡在中国南部。
6．It is said/ reported/believed, etc. + 从句的变化：
　　“It is said/ reported/believed, etc. + 从句”表示据说/据报道/据信......，此句型可以变成从句主语作主语的句型：sb. ＋be said/ reported/believed, etc. +不定式。如果原来从句的谓语动作已经完成，不定式用完成式；如果从句的谓语动作是经常性动作或还没有完成，用不定式的一般式。
　　It is said that James is an expert on DNA. = James is said to be an expert on DNA.
　　人们说詹姆斯是个DNA专家。
　　It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. =
　　The boy is said to have passed the national exam.
　　据说这个男孩已经通过了这次全国性的测试。
巩固练习
Ⅰ. 单项选择
　　1. In the spoken English of some areas in the US, the “r” sounds at the end of the
　　　 words _________. (2010 北京)
　　A. are dropped　　　 B. drop 　　　C. are being dropped　　　D. have dropped
　　2. Experiments of this kind _______ in both the U.S. and Europe well before the Second
　　　 World War.（2011 北京）
　　A. have conducted 　　　 　　　B. have been conducted
　　C. had conducted 　　　 　　　 D. had been conducted
　　3. He_____________some pieces of advice, but he__________to them.
　　A. gave, didn’t listen　　　 B. was given, wasn’t listened
　　C. give, wasn’t listened　　 D. was given, didn’t listen
　　4. This coastal area ______ a national wildlife reserve last year. (2010 湖南)
　　A．was named 　　　B．named　　　 C．is named　　　 D．names
　　5. A lot of tall buildings______________in his hometown in the last three years.
　　A. have set up　 B. have been set up　　 C. were set up　　 D. set up
　　6. They ______________printing 500 copies by the end of last month.
　　A. had finished　　B. have finished　 C. had been finished　 D. have been finished
　　7. Great changes______________place. Many new schools ______________.
　　A. have taken, have been opened　　　B. take, are open
　　C. are taken, open　　　　　　 　　　D. have been taken, are opened
　　8. We can’t use the bridge now, because it______________.
　　A. has been repaired　 B. is repairing　 C. is repaired　 D. is being repaired
　　9. I______________the way to the railway station by a policeman.
　　A. was shown　　 B. showed　　 C. have shown　 D. was showing
　　10. The war the old soldier remembers very well ______________in 1941.
　　A. broke out　　　　　B. had been broken out
　　C. was broken out　　 D. had broken out
　　11. When water______________, it will be changed into vapour.
　　A. is heated　　　B. heating　　 C. has heated　　 D. heats
　　12. We can’t enter the room because its door______________, but you couldn’t lock it at
　　　　all before.
　　A. locked　　 B. locks　　 C. is locked　　 D. is locking
　　13. They______________day and night, so they had no time to stay with their families.
　　A. are made work　　　　 B. are made to work
　　C. made to be worked　 　D. are making to work
　　14. Man-made satellites______________into space by many countries.
　　A. was sent up　　　　 　　B. is sent up
　　C. have been sent up　　 　D. has been sent up
　　15. When ______ the People’s Republic of China_____ ?
　　A. was, found　　 B. was, founded　　 C. did, found　　D. does, found
　　16. A strange thing _____ in our school yesterday.
　　A. was happened　　　 B. has been happened　　　 C. happened　　 D. was going to happen
　　17. He will stop showing off, if no notice _____ of him.
　　A. is taken 　　　B. will be taken 　　　C. takes　　　 D. has taken
　　18. — It is said that another new car factory _____ now.
　　　　— Yeah. It _____ one and a half years.
　　A. is building； is taken 　　　　B. is being built； will take
　　C. is built； will take 　　　　　D. is being built； takes
　　19. I know Mr Brown；we _____ to each other at an international conference.
　　A. are introduced　　　　　B. have been introduced
　　C. were introduced 　　　　D. had been introduced
　　20. — I ____ to a party, but I’ve got nothing to wear.
　　　　— Why don’t you have a dress made for the party?
　　A. was asked　　　 B. will ask 　　　C. have asked 　　　D. have been asked
　　21. — What do you think of this kind of TV set, which _____ in Shanghai?
　　　　— Well, I don’t care such things.
　　A. was made　　　 B. is made 　　　C. has been made 　　　D. had been made
　　22. The vegetables didn’t taste very good. They ____ too long.
　　A. had been cooked　　　 B. were cooked 　　　C. had cooked 　　　D. cooked
　　23. I want to buy that kind of cloth because I ____ the cloth ____ well.
　　A. have told； washes　　　　 B. have been told； washes
　　C. was told； washed　　　　　D. have been told； is washed
　　24. In some parts of the world, tea ____ with milk and sugar.
　　A. is serving　　　 B. is served　　　 C. serves　　　 D. served
　　25. The new dictionaries are very useful. They ____ well and _______ already.
　　A. sell, have been sold out　　　　 B. sold, had sold out
　　C. sell, sell out 　　　　　　　　　D. are sold, have been sold out
　　26. The train ____ arrive at 11:30, but it was an hour late.
　　A. was about to 　　　B. was likely to　　　 C. was supposed to 　　　D. was proved to
　　27. The teacher told his students that they ____ to be useful men to the country.
　　A. were all expected 　　　　B. were all expecting
　　C. all were expected 　　　　D. all expected
　　28. —Why did you leave that position?
　　　　—I __________ a better position at IBM.
　　A. offer 　　　B. offered 　　　C. am offered　　　 D. was offered
　　29. The policeman’s attention was suddenly caught by a small box which ______ placed
　　　　under the Minister’s car.
　　A. has been 　　　B. was being 　　　C. had been 　　　D. would be
　　30. The hero’s story _______ differently in the newspapers.
　　A．was reported 　　　B．was reporting 　　　C．reports　　　 D．reported
Ⅱ把下列句子改为被动语态
　　1. I saw the boy run yesterday.
　　2. He told me that he would come back soon.
　　3. You can find a lot of differences between the two languages.
　　4. Do you water your flowers every day?
　　5. The wind blew down the big tree last night.
　　6. I think that he is right.
　　7. He had not thrown the bad food.
　　8. Mother was not mending the trousers.
　　9. They would not take him to Beijing.
　　10. Nobody knew me in this town at that time.
参考答案
Ⅰ单项选择
　　1. A。句子是有关美语中的一个语法现象的，是经常性的状态，且这个音节是人为漏掉的，所以用一般
　　　　　现在时的被动语态。
　　2. D。实验（experiments）和动词conduct（实施）是被动关系，而且是在“before the Second
　　　　　World War”进行的，即“过去的过去”，所以选D。
　　3. D。give接双宾语，“他”应被给一些建议，排除A、C；“他”听从建议，是主动关系，所以选D。
　　4. A。句意：这个沿海地区去年被命名为国家级野生动物保护区。
　　5. B。in the last three years 在过去三年里，一般与现在完成时连用，“建筑物”与“set up”是
　　　　　动宾关系，所以用B。
　　6. A。by the end of last month 到上个月末为止，一般要用过去完成时；“They”是“finish”的
　　　　　执行者，所以选A。
　　7. A。take place 发生，不能用被动语态；“school”是“被开设（open）”的，而且现在已经有了
　　　　　变化，要用现在完成时表示过去的动作对现在的结果，因此选A。
　　8. D。桥现在不能使用，应该是正在被修理。
　　9. A。警察给“我”指路，“我”与“指路”是被动关系。
　　10. A。break out 爆发，是不可数名词，不用被动语态；过去某时发生的事，要用一般过去时。
　　11. A。“水”是人加热的，所以是被动语态。
　　12. C。门是被锁的，用被动语态。注意lock也有不及物动词的用法，表示主语的特征，不用被动语
　　　　　 态，如：The door won’t lock. 这个门锁不上。
　　13. B。make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事，变成被动句后要把do前省略的to加上。They与动词work是
　　　　　 主动的，因此要用不定式的主动式。
　　14. C。句意：许多国家都发射了人造卫星。根据句意应用现在完成时，卫星是被发射的，因此用C。
　　15. B。found 动词（原形），意为“建立”，过去式、过去分词是founded。
　　16. C。happen是不及物动词，不用被动语态。
　　17. A。如主句用将来时，在时间、条件和让步状语从句中要用一般现在时表示将来。又因if 从句是被
　　　　　 动语态，是短语“take no notice of...（不注意）”中的notice（take的宾语）提前做了主
　　　　　 语，故选A。 句意：如果不注意他，他就不会卖弄了。
　　18. B。根据主语与build之间的被动关系和now， 可知要选现在进行时的被动语态；因工厂正在修建，
　　　　　 花费一年半应指将来。
　　19. C。在一个国际会议上“被介绍”显然发生在过去。
　　20. D。由but 分句中的现在时和答语所提建议内容，可知应选现在完成时的被动语态。
　　21. B。这种电视产于上海是客观事实，故用一般现在时。
　　22. A。cook发生在didn’ t taste very good 之前，且与主语之间有被动关系，故用过去完成时的被
　　　　　 动语态。
　　23．B。动词wash, lock, sell, wear, write, read, open, shut, clean等动词的主语是物，且又表
　　　　　 示主语的特征或状态时，要用主动形式表示被动意义。tell与I是被动关系，表示“别人告诉
　　　　　 我”。wash well 好洗。
　　24. B。茶是被“端上/提供”的，而且说的是一个事实，用一般现在时的被动语态。
　　25. A。第一空解析见23；sell out 卖光，与书是被动关系，从第一句的时态可知用现在完成时的被动
　　　　　 语态。
　　26. C。be supposed to 应该；be about to do 正要做，一般不与具体时间连用；be likely to do
　　　　　 可能做。
　　27. A。句意：老师告诉他的学生他们被期望成为对国家有用的人。
　　28. D。offer sb. sth. 主动提供给某人某物；从问句时态可知答语中要用一般过去时。句意：—你为
　　　　　 什么离职呀？—IBM给了我一个更好的。
　　29. C。小盒子是在警察注意到之前放的，所以用过去完成时。句意：那个警察的注意力突然被吸引到
　　　　　 一个安放在部长汽车下面的一个小盒子上。
　　30. A。“story”应该“被报道”。
　　Ⅱ、把下列句子改为被动语态
　　1. The boy was seen to run by me yesterday.
　　2. I was told that he would come back soon.
　　3. A lot of differences can be found by you between the two languages.
　　4. Are your flowers watered every day?
　　5. The big tree was blown down last night.
　　6. It is thought that he is right.
　　7. The bad food had not been thrown.
　　8. The trousers were not being mended by my mother.
　　9. He would not be taken to Beijing.
　　10. I was known by nobody in this town at that time.
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