2015中考英语语法总复习讲义专题五：形容词与副词 (中考复习英语)
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专题五 形容词与副词
中考试题对形容词的考查涉及形容词原级、比较级和最高级的各种句型，形容词作定语的位置，易混淆的形容词用法辨析等。从考查形式看，一般有单项选择、完形填空、词语运用等。
一. 形容词：形容词主要用来修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词。形容词在句中可用作表语、定语、补语等。
1．作定语，放在名词前， something, anything, nothing, everything等复合不定代词之后；形容词修饰疑问代词时，也须放在其后。 如：It’s a cold and windy day. Would you like something hot to drink?
What else can you see? 你还能看见其它什么东西？
2．作表语，放在系动词之后。常见的系动词有be, become, get(变), turn(变), feel, look(看起来), seem, smell, sound, taste。如： He looks happy today. Silk feels soft. 绸子摸起来很软。 Milk is able to turn bad easily in summer.
3．作宾补，放在宾语之后
★ keep/find/make/think+宾语+形容词（作宾补） We are making our country strong.
4. 形容词的排列顺序：
如：a big yellow Chinese wooden ship(一个黄色的大型中国木船)
★前置形容词（作定语）的顺序为：
限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老；颜色国籍跟材料，作用类别往后靠；
①“限定词”包括：冠词、物主代词、指示代词、或数词等。更多资料QQ378459309制作：
②表观点的 “描绘”性形容词如：beautiful、bad、interesting、great等。
③“大长高”表示大小、长短、高低等一些词big,small, ,short, tall
④表示“形状”的词如：round, square等。
⑤年龄，新旧，颜色的形容词young，old，new，white，red等
⑥ “国籍”指一个国家或地区的词。Chinese，rural（乡村的）
⑦ “材料”的词如：wooden, woolen, stone,silk等。
⑧“作用类别”的词如：medical, college，writing desk，police car等。
两个圆形的蓝色日本塑料盘
5、有关形容词的用法辨析：
⑴ whole与all：记住两个词序：
①the whole + 名词；如：He was busy the whole morning.(整个早晨他都很忙)
②all (of) the + 名词。 He can remember all the words he learns.
⑵ tall与high, short与low：
①指人的个子（树、楼）时用tall与short；如：He’s very tall/short.(他个子高/矮)
Tall trees are standing on both sides of that avenue.
②指其他事物（含价格price时）一般用high与low。 A few people live on high mountains.
⑶ real与true：
①real一般指东西的真假,译为“真的” This is a real diamond and it’s very expensive.
②true指事情或消息的可靠性“真实的”--Is that true?—Yes. I heard it with my own ears.
⑷ interested与interesting的区别：
①interesting指人或东西“有趣的”,作定语或表语, 如：The man is very interesting and all the children like him. / This book is interesting and you can really enjoy yourself.
②interested则表示人对别的事物“感兴趣的”,只能作表语 I am interested in science. （excited/exciting; bored/boring等类似）
（5）nice与fine：的区别：nice表示令人愉快的,可以指东西、人物外表等；
如：Let’s go and share the nice cake./ She is a nice girl.(漂亮的)
【good/well区别见资料】fine一般指身体或天气好 What a fine day!(多好的天气！)/ I am fine.我身体很好
（6）too much与much too：
①too much表示“太多的”,修饰不可数名词，表数量；如：I am full because I have had too much rice.
②much too表示“太”,修饰形容词或副词，表程度。 That coat is much too dear.
（7） quick、fast与soon：quick与fast基本同义①quick常指反应速度快After a quick lunch, he hurried to school leaving his bag at home.②fast往往指运动速度快, A train is much faster than a bus.
③soon则表示时间上很快即将发生（将来时）。His father will be back to China very soon.
（8）lonely与alone：
①lonely 有感情色彩的形容词,意思是：“孤独的,寂寞的；荒凉的”,作定语或表语
②alone adj.“独自的,单独的”,客观情况,仅作表语,(作为副词的alone可作状语)。
如：He lives alone but he doesn’t feel lonely.(他一人独住,但是并不感到孤独)He is a lonely person.
（9）sick与ill区别：①sick和ill都表示“生病的”,但是,sick可以做定语、表语,而ill只能做表语，如：He has been ill/sick for a long time and he is very weak now. Vets help treat sick pets and most of the pets’ owners like them.
②ill做定语意为“坏的”ill words坏话
二.副词
中考试题对副词的考查涉及常用副词的用法、副词等级的各种句型、易混淆的副词用法辨析等。
1. 副词的分类
副词按词汇意义可分为：
方式副词：well，fast，slowly，carefully，quickly 程度副词：very，much，enough，almost，rather，quite
地点副词：here，there，out，somewhere，abroad，home 时间副词：today，early，soon，now，then，recently
频度副词：always，often，usually，sometimes，seldom，never 否定副词：no，not，neither，nor
疑问副词：where，how，why 其他：also，too，only
2. 副词的基本用法： 副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词以及全句话，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。如：We should listen to our teachers carefully. (修饰动词) He is very happy today. (表时间)
“What happened?”I asked, rather angrily. (修饰adv./In spring,I can see flowers everywhere. (表地点)
3.副词的位置
① 时间副词：一般放在句首或句尾,注意,early、late、before、later、yet等一般放在句尾,already、just一般放在动词的前面。I will do it omorrow. ②疑问副词：how , when, where, why放在句子的开头。如Where did he go yesterday?
③关系副词,连接副词放在所连接从句的开头I should like to know when the new term will begin?
④频度副词通常都放在动词前面，但若句子里面有情态动词，助动词或动词be，就放在这类动词的后面。例如： He often does this. / You must always bear this in mind.
⑤副词排列顺序
a）时间，地点副词，小单位在前，大单位在后
b）方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。Please write slowly and carefully.
c）多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词。He worked very well here last week.
注意：副词very 可以修饰形容词，但不能直接修饰动词。改错： I very like English. 　 　
★4. 常见副词用法辨析
(1)already,yet与still的区别
① already用于现在完成时态的肯定句句中，表示“已经”； He had already left when I called.
②yet用于现在完成时态的否定句句末，表示“还”，用于疑问句句末，表示“已经”。
Have you found your ruler yet？/ I haven’t finished my homework yet.
③still表事情还在进行He still works until late every night.
(2)so与such的区别
①so修饰形容词或副词；such 修饰名词。如：
My brother runs so fast that I can’t follow him. / He is such a boy. 他是一个这样的孩子。
②a)so修饰的结构是“so＋形容词＋a/an＋可数名词单数”。
b)such修饰的结构是“such ＋a/an＋形容词＋可数名词单数”，
c)“such＋形容词＋可数名词复数/不可数名词”。如 He is so clever a boy.＝He is such a clever boy.
(改错) It is so cold weather. They are so good students. ③如果可数名词复数前有many，few或不可数名词前有much，little修饰，用so不用such。如：
so many(如此多的)；so few(如此少的)可以加可数名词复数。
so much(如此多的)；so little(如此少的)可以加不可数名词。
So time so people A so many B so few C so much D such little
(3)also, too, as well与either 的区别 also，as well，too，用于肯定句，also常用于be动词，情态动词，助动词之后，行为动词之前；as well，too用于句末；either用于否定句中，置于句末。如：
My father is a teacher. My mother is also a teacher. ＝My father is a teacher. My mother is a teacher as well.
＝My father is a teacher. My mother is a teacher，too. I can’t speak French, Jenny can’t speak French，either.
(4)sometime, sometimes, some time与some times的区别
sometime 某一时间，某一时刻(可指将来时，也可指过去时) / sometimes 有时，不时的
some time 一段时间 / some times 几次，几倍
如：We’ll have a test sometime next month. 下个月的某一时间，我们要进行一次测试。
Sometimes we are busy and sometimes we are not. ( )
He stayed in Beijing for some time last year. ( )/ I have been to Beijing some times.( )
(5)ago与before的区别
ago表示以现在为起点的“以前”，常与一般过去时连用，不可以单独使用。
before指过去或将来的某时刻“以前”，也可泛指以前，常和完成时连用，可以单独使用。如：
I saw him ten minutes ago. / He told me that he had seen the film before.
(6)how 的几个短语：
①how often“多常,每隔多久”,用于一般时态,对表示频度的词语进行提问；
②how soon“多久以后”,常用于将来时态，对in引导的一段时间提问；
③how long“多久”用于过去时、完成时或其他时态，常对于for或since引导的时间状语提问；
④how many times“多少次”,用于过去时或完成时,对总计次数进行提问；
⑤how much“多少”,对程度进行提问,也可以对数量(不可数)或金钱进行提问。
⑥how many”多少”对可数名词数量进行提问。⑦how far “多远”对距离进行提问
如： have you been like this?-For 2 days. / - does he wash his face? –Once a day.
Will be come back?-In five minutes. / - is it from your home to your school?
(7) hard与hardly的用法: ①hard作为副词意思是“努力地,猛烈地”, They study English very hard.
②hardly是否定词,意思是：“几乎不”,一般与情态动词can/could连用。
You can hardly see a person spit in a public place.
(8) now，just与just now的区别
①now：与一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时连用，意为“现在”
②just：与现在完成时连用，表示“刚……” ③just now：和过去时连用，表示“刚才”
Where does he live______? / We have _______ seen the film.. / He was here______.
三．形容词，副词的比较级、最高级
1.规则变化
2. 不规则变化（1）（资料P98）不规则变化表更多资料QQ378459309制作：
（2）下列单、双音节词只能加more和most
原级 比较级 最高级
like(相似的，同样的) more like most like
real(真的) more real most real
tired(疲乏的) more tired most tired
pleased(高兴的) more pleased most pleased
often(经常) more often most often
★四. 形容词，副词等级的用法
1. 原级的用法
(1)有very，quite，so，too, enough等修饰的词，用原级 如：He is too tired to walk on.
(2) 肯定句中A…+ as+(adj./adv.的原级)+as +B A和B一样
否定句中 A…+not as(so) +(adj./adv.的原级)+as+B A 和B不一样
eg：Tom is as old as Kate./ Tom is twice as old as Kate.
This room is not as/so (big) as that one. 这个房间不如那个大。
2. 比较级的用法
(1) A...+比较级+ than+ B A比B…(用比较级) Tom is taller than Kate. 汤姆比凯特高。
(2) 可以修饰比较级的词：much, a lot, far; a little，a bit; even; still,表程度It is much colder today than yesterday.
(3)选择疑问句中，二选一时 Which is bigger，the earth or the moon？
(4)用比较级表示最高级的意思
The Yangtze River is longer than any other river in China.在中国长江比其它任何一条河都长。
(5)“比较级＋and＋比较级”表示“越来越……”
如：He is getting taller and taller./ The flowers are more and more beautiful.
(6)“the＋比较级，the＋比较级”表示“越……，就越……”
如：The more careful you are，the fewer mistakes you’ll make.
(7)在比较级中为了避免重复，在than后常用one，that，those等词来替代前面提到过的名词。
如：The weather here is warmer than that in Shanghai.
(8)表示倍数的比较：A...+倍数+than+B A是B的几倍。如：This room is three times bigger than that one.
3. 最高级的用法（用于三者及三者以上人或事物相比较）
(1)形容词最高级前一定要用the，副词最高级前可省略。
(2)有范围(in, of, among或从句等)修饰的常用最高级。
This is the best film that I have ever seen. /Winter is the coldest season of the year.
(3) one of the＋形容词最高级＋复数名词＋（in/of短语）”表“…是…最…之一”。
如：Beijing is one of the largest cities in China 北京是中国最大城市之一。
(4)选择疑问句中用于三者或三者以上的比较。 如：Which country is the largest，China，Brazil or Canada？ Which season do you like(the) best，spring，summer or autumn？
(5)表示“第几个最……”时，用“the＋序数词＋最高级＋名词单数”的结构。
如：The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.
(5)形容词最高级前有物主代词，指示代词，名词所有格修饰时不能用定冠词。This is our best lesson today.
注意：注: 当相比较的两者属于同一范围/类别时,为了与自身相比较, 要用any other +单数名词. 若两者不属于同一范围/类别时,不必用other ,直接用any + 单数名词.
He is taller than _____ boy in his class. He is taller than _____boy in our class . A.any B.any other

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