非谓语动词用法讲座——不定式
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概论：不受主语的人称和数的制约，也不体现时的特征，不能独立充当谓语，只能与一定的助动词结合构成进行体、完成体或被动语态。
形式：不定式、分词、动名词。
I. 不定式
一、 主语（体现名词特征）
To know the main facts is not enough.
It is a great pleasure to be here.
It made me happy to find Marry there.
Is it a good idea to go swimming today?
What fun it is to read Mark Twain’s book!
It’s important for us to master English.
It’s kind of you to say so.
二、 表语（体现形容词特征）
To see is to believe.
To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.
My idea is to climb the mountain from the north.
Cf. I am to leave tomorrow.
You are to answer for it.
三、 宾语（体现名词特征）
1.agree, ask, choose, decide, demand, determine, expect, hope, learn, like, love, long, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish等后面可以接宾语不定式。
He agreed to smoke no more.
What did he say he wanted to do?
2.decide, find out, forget, know, learn, remember, see, wonder后可以接不定式特殊结构。
what to do.
where to go.
whom to ask.
I don’t know who to do it.
when to stop.
how to get there.
Which to choose.
从例句得出不定式特殊结构的规律：没有进行时态、没有被动语态、没有why.
四、 宾补（体现形容词特征）此时宾语是不定式的逻辑主语。
1. 感觉动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe, listen to, look at。
Did you see him go out?
2. 表示“致使”等意思的动词have, let, make, advise, cause, allow, ask, beg, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, invite, permit, persuade, teach, tell, want, warn等。注：有下划线的动词接省略to的不定式宾补。
I made him leave without any hesitation.
I can’t get her to talk.
3.心理状态的动词consider, declare, find, prove, believe, discover, feel, judge, suppose等。
We found him to be dishonest.(to be可以同时省略)
4.短语动词long for, would like, prepare for, wait for, call on等。
The Party has called on us to learn from Lei Feng.
五、 定语（体现形容词特征）
It’s time to go to bed.
Have you anything to say for your self?
I have no wish to quarrel with you.
I’ve brought this chair to sit in.
You’ve given me much to think about.
He’s always the first to come and the last to leave.
六、 状语（体现副词特征）
1.目的状语(句首或句末)
He was running to catch the bus.
She opened the door for the children to come in.
I took my shoes to be mended.
He went early in order/ so as not to miss the train.
(In order) To draw maps properly, you need a special pencil.
2.结果状语（句末）
She went abroad, never to return.
Would you be so kind as to lend me some money?
He is such as fool as to think he is right there.
The ice is thick enough to walk on.
That’s much too heavy for you to lift.
She woke up early to find it was raining.
I got to the station only to be told the train had gone.
3.原因状语（句末）
He laughed to see such fun.
She seemed surprised to meet us.
I pretended to be happy to know him.(原因)
I pretended to be happy to stop my mother from worrying.(目的)
原因不定式与目的不定式的区别：（1）如果不定式前可以加上in order或，就是目的状语；（2）如果表示目的不定式结构表示的动作后于谓语动词的动作；如果表示原因，不定式结构表示的动作先于谓语动词的动作。
*关于不定式与形容词搭配
A．句子的主语是不定式结构的逻辑主语。
（1） 表示喜怒哀乐的形容词angry, glad, happy, proud, sorry, thankful, astonished, delighted, disappointed, excited, interested, moved, pleased, satisfied, surprised, worried等；
He was delighted to see his old friend again.
（2） 表示运气的形容词lucky, fortunate等；
We are lucky to make such a good friend.
（3） 表示心理状态、个人态度的形容词afraid, anxious, determined, eager, free, ready, willing, prepared, able, disable等；
She was afraid to go out at night.
(4) 表示可能性、确定性的形容词likely, certain, sure;
*He is likely to see Marry.= He will probably see Marry.
=It is likely that he will see Marry.
*She’s certain to do well in the exam.= She will certainly do well in the exam.
= It is certain that she will do well in the exam.
*James was sure to need help.= James will surely need help.
=James will need help, that’s sure.
(5)表示性格特征、行为表现的形容词brave, clever, cruel, foolish, good, honest, kind, lazy, modest, nice, polite, rude, selfish, silly, stupid, wise等；
John was careless to break the cup.
=It was careless of John to break the cup.
转换成由how引导的感叹句时，it is/was常省略，如上句：
How careless of John to break the cup!
B．句子的主语是不定式结构的逻辑宾语。
（1）能转换的
Mary is easy to teach.
=To teach Mary is easy.
=It is easy to teach Mary.
Mary is easy for you to teach.
=It is easy for you to teach Mary.
=For you to teach Mary is easy.
Mary is an easy pupil for you to teach.
=Mary is a pupil easy for you to teach.
这类句型中的形容词通常为cheap, dangerous, difficult, easy, expensive, impossible, funny, interesting, pleasant, hard, important, improper, nice, splendid, strange, useful等。
如果不定式为不及物动词，则要加上介词或副词，如：
Mary is pleasant to talk to.
Foreign countries are often exciting to go to.
（2）不能转换的
The coffee is bitter to taste.
The grass is very smooth to walk on.
This map is clear to read.
These cookies are tasty to eat.
注意：不定式有时用被动语态与主动语态没有区别，如：
This is too important a matter to leave/ to be left until tomorrow.
These books are not strong enough to use/ to be used as a platform.
There is so much work to do/ to be done.
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