优化研究性学习选题,提高跨文化交际意识 |
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, 浙江宁波华茂外国语学校 薛洪波 随着科技的进步和人口的增长,这个世界已经变得如此之小,各民族人民不得不相互依存,不同民族间的文化交流空前频繁。外语学习的目的是能够用外语进行准确、流利和得体的交际。应用语言学研究在特定情景中的特定话语,研究如何通过语境来理解和使用语言,即语言运用的得体性 (何自然,1997)。然而语言的得体性与文化差异是息息相关的。众所周知,与外国人交流时,语法错误语容易得到原谅,而文化错误往往不可容忍。 语言是文化的载体,是文化传播的桥梁,同时,文化是语言的内核,是提高交际效果的催化剂和润滑剂。文化意识指的是人们对影响自己思维和行为方式的本民族文化和其他民族文化的理解 (Larry Samova, 1998)。接触和了解英语国家的文化有利于对英语的理解和使用,有利于加深对本国文化的理解和认识,有利于培养世界意识,有利于形成跨文化交际能力 。我们相信跨文化交际之所以是可能的基于两点哲学认识:大脑是一个开放系统和我们有选择的自由 (Larry Samova, 1998),因此,如何培养和提高学生在英语学习中文化意识和文化敏感性就成为教师必须探讨的课题。 目前在这一方面存在一些误区: 1. 跨文化交际意识可以在常态化的教学中自然形成。事实上,目前的国内基础英语教材的文化内涵在广度和深度上都有一定的欠缺,因为它首先要覆盖基础语言知识和训练多项基本技能。除非教师把文化意识的培养有机地与正规教学结合起来,否则很难想象学生会形成跨文化交际意识。 2. 跨文化交际意识的培养只是取决于教师个人兴趣,而不是英语教学和课程中不可分割的组成部分。当今社会生活和经济活动的全球化给英语教学提出了更高的要求,尤其是不同文化之间的交流日显重要。仅凭教师个人兴趣很难满足这一社会的要求,同时也很难激发学生的兴趣,因为教师的兴趣可能不符合学生的认知水平和知识结构。 英语学习的关键是由兴趣升华而来的内驱力。另外,英语的学习和习得是学生在课内外活动共同作用的结果。英语学习成功人士的经验表明:学习者课外的活动,如果说不是成功掌握英语的决定因素,至少是重要因素,因为课内活动是定量,而课外活动是变量。课外活动种类繁多,而研究性学习是目前较受师生喜爱的形式。学习者参与到自己喜闻乐见的活动中去,才会有最大的回报,因为知识不是被动吸收的,而是由认知主体主动建构的 (顾明远 孟繁华,2001)。 研究性学习是指学生在教师指导下,以类似科学研究的方式去获取知识和应用知识的学习方式。在研究性学习的过程中,学习者将模拟科学家的研究方法和研究过程,提出问题并解决问题。如通过专题讨论、课题研究、方案设计、模拟体验、实验操作、社会调查等各种形式,探究与社会生活密切相关的各种现象和问题。 课外活动课题,即研究性学习课题的优化非常必要和重要。英语研究性课题应该遵循以下原则:趣味性、探究性、协作性、开放性。趣味性有利于学习者对课题产生持久的兴趣,最终升华为内驱力;探究性有利于学习者调动一切潜能解决富有挑战性的课题;协作性有利于学习者在研究过程中形成合作意识,提高研究效率;开放性有利于学习者自主拓展研究,探索多种方式、方法和主题等。 附表1: 研究性学习 高一上学期英语课题小组(1) 与人体部位相关的习语调查 高一(2)英语兴趣小组 I.按语法结构 1.形容词+人体部位 all ears all eyes all legs all nerves all skin and bones 全神贯注听 聚精会神看 又瘦又长 神经过敏 瘦得皮包骨头 all thumbs all flesh 苯手苯脚 众生 free hand old hand good hand hot hand second hand 全权处理 老手;内行 漂亮的书法 走运的一手(牌)间接地 red hands cool hand light hand 血腥的手 厚颜无耻之徒 熟练的手艺 black eye glad eye snake eye private eye dry eye 黑眼圈 眉眼 (股子)双幺 私人侦探 不哭的人 evil eye狠毒的眼光 poke face straight face sad face smooth face 不动声色 绷着脸 愁容 讨好的面孔 motor mouth bad mouth big mouth good mouth hard mouth 能说者 诽谤 爱说闲话者 顺从的马 不顺从的马 lion’s mouth虎穴 swelled head dead head acid head long head 自满 死脑筋 吸毒者 先见之明 heavy heart open heart 沉重的心情 坦率 pot belly stiff neck silver tongue mailed fist devil’s bones 大肚腩 顽固之人 流利的口才 暴力 股子 loose lips cold shoulder cold feet green thumb 说话随便 冷漠 胆怯 园艺天才 Achilles heel busy body sweet tooth family skeleton 致命弱点 爱管闲事者 爱吃甜食 家丑 2.人体部位+名词 brain drain brain trust brain storm brain child brain wave 人才流失 智囊团 灵感 头脑的产物 计上心头 tongue twister face card face value knee slipper eye shot 绕口令 人像扑克 面值 大笑话 视野 bone shaker skin dive skin game skull session nose dive 老爷车 戴眼罩潜水 赌博骗钱 一起动脑筋 一落千丈 elbow grease chin music leg work lip praise lip service 可施展之地 聊天 跑腿 表面的表扬 空口的应酬话 blood debt belly laugh skin flip 血债 大笑 色情电影 3.动词+人体部位 keep/save face保全面子 preserve face保持面子 maintain face 维护面子 lose face失去面子 make faces 做鬼脸 make mouths做嘴脸 make eyes暗送秋波 make head前进 count heads 点名 knock head叩头 gather head 实际成熟 change hands易手 join hands携手 kiss hands吻君王之手 hold hands 手携手 change foot 换步 set foot 行走 play footsie情侣在桌子底下碰脚 rub elbow/shoulders与人交往 lose heart灰心 take heart 鼓起勇气 gain flesh长肉 lose flesh 消瘦 tell noses清点人数 split hairs做琐碎分析 cut teeth长牙 give lip讲硬话 show leg逃跑 give/throw tongue猫狗叫 shake hands握手 chance one’s arms冒险一次 turn a deaf ear to充耳不闻;置若罔闻 have eyes bigger than the belly嘴馋;眼睛饿 see eye to eye with sb.与…看法一致 4.人体部位+介词(或其他)+人体部位(完全对称) face to face shoulder to shoulder heart to heart head to head 面对面 肩并肩 交心 交头接耳 end to end back to back nose to nose hand to hand 首尾相连 背靠背 面对面 逼近 eye to eye limb to limb eyeball to eyeball 赞同 肢解 面对面 hand in hand手拉手 arm in arm挽臂 side by side肩并肩 day by day一天又一天 day after day一天又一天 bus after bus一辆接着一辆 neck and neck并驾齐驱 leg and leg平分秋色 hand over hand两手交叉使用 eye for eye以眼还眼 tooth for tooth以牙还牙 还有一些变体: from hand to hand from mouth to mouth from generation to generation 用手传递 口口相传 代代相传 from head to foot from top to toe from hand to mouth 从头到脚 从头到脚 勉强煳口 heart and soul hand and foot tooth and nail 全心全意 尽力 竭尽全力 toe and heel flesh and blood head and ears 跳舞 人类 全身 hand to fist齐心协力 hand over heels倒栽葱 in at one ear and out at the other一耳进,一耳出 5.按复杂习语分 lead sb. by the nose 牵者…的鼻子走 give sb. a hand助人一臂之力 have one’s hands full手头正忙 wash one’s hands off…洗手不干 stand on one’s own legs独立 shrug one’s shoulders耸肩(表示惊讶或疑问) be armed to the teeth武装到牙齿 close one’s ears to…从耳不闻 keep one’s ear to the ground保持警觉 clap eyes on…惊奇地看 can’t take one’s eyes off…禁不住看 keep one’s eyes open for …注意留心 make sb’s mouth water使…流口水 keep one’s nose out of…不管闲事 look sb. in the eye直视… fall on deaf ears没被听见 turn up one’s nose at…嗤之以鼻 keep one’s nose clean避开麻烦 keep one’s nose to the grindstone不停地工作 face the music面对现实 set one’s face against…坚决反对… fall flat on one’s face一败涂地 make sb’s hair stand on end 使…一败涂地 put one’s finger into other people’s pie多管闲事 an old head one young shoulders 少年老成 button up one’s mouth闭嘴 II.按语用分 1.人体部位在谚语中的运用 Two heads are better than one.三个臭皮匠,赛过诸葛亮。 Many hands make light work.人多力量大;人多好干活。 A bird in hand is worth two in the bush.一鸟在手,胜似二鸟在林。 Don’t bite the hand that feeds you.不要以怨报德。 Every coin has long arms.要一分为二。 Absence makes the heart grow fonder.久别情深。 Everyone has a skeleton in the cupboard.家家有一本难念的经。 Blood is thicker than water.血浓于水。 It’s the last straw that breaks the camel’s back..最后一根稻草压死骆驼。 It is a poor mouse that has only one hole.狡兔三窟。 2. 人体部位在谚语和习语中的运用 Treat the head when the head aches and treat the foot when the foot hurts.头疼医头。 What the eye doesn’t see, the heart doesn’t grieve over.眼不见,心不烦。 Out of sight, out of mind.眼不见,心不想。 have sharp eyes and keen ears耳聪目明。 Young people cannot be trusted with important tasks.嘴上没毛,办事不牢。 A bloody nose and a swollen face.鼻青脸肿。 Get red in the face from anger or excitement Be rapacious as a wolf and savage as a cur Be as thin as a lath瘦得像门闩 Hearts which beat in unison are linked. The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak.心有余而力不行。 The office of the mind is to think.心之宫为思。 A 1,000-mile journey is started by taking the first step.千里之行,始于足下。 You may know a person’s face but not his heart.知人知面不知心。 Walls have ears.隔墙有耳。 A light heart lives long不恼.不愁,活到白头。 Justice has long arms.天网恢恢,疏而不漏。 Nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.世上无难事,只怕有心人。 One good head is better than a hundred strong hands.强手百双,莫如智者一人。 3.身体部位的文化内涵 EYE The eyes are extremely precious to us. That is why we say “Mind your eyes!”(当心) when we are reminding someone to be careful. Not only human beings and animals have eyes, many things also have “eyes”---the eyes of a ship, the eye of a needle, the eye of a typhoon, and so on. EAR The ear is the organ of hearing. A piece of light music is easy on the ear(悦耳动听). We are usually all ears for bit news. When they think somebody is overhearing, English people use either of the two proverbs: Walls have ears and Pitchers have ears. They also think that little pitchers have big ears(小孩耳朵尖). Nice boys and girls respect other people. They will not secretly listen to others’ private conversations. NOSE The English phrase “face to face” and its Chinese counterpart are exactly the same. But English people, to express the same idea, can say “nose to nose” instead. There is no such substitute in Chinese. The word nose appears in many idioms. Here are two which are quite similar to their Chinese equivalents: lead someone by the nose and turn up one’s nose at someone or something. LIP We have two lips: the upper lip and lower lip. If one’s two lips are closed, one cannot speak. So it goes without saying that “don’t open your lips” means “don’t speak”. His lips are sealed. Are lips really stuck together by wax or glue? No, his lips are sealed when asked about something that he must keep secret. Sometimes a top secret is betrayed because it has escaped someone’s lips(脱口而出). Then the incident may become a piece of news that is on everyone’s lips(众口相传). TONGUE We all know that we cannot speak without the tongue. So the tongue is closely related to speech. “To hold one’s tongue” means “to keep silent”. A person who has too much tongue is disliked by all, for he is too talkative. Mother tongue is not the tongue of a mother. It is a person’s native language. “Don’t you have a mouth below your nose?” The Chinese say so to blame a person who didn’t say what he should have said. But this is not the right way to express the idea in English. English people would say, “You have a tongue in your head, haven’t you?” 项目成员:沈晓薇 徐铁军 王 蕾 周 超 章 铭 组 长:沈晓薇 参考资料:新英汉词典 朗文当代英语词典 牛津高阶词典 www.google.com www.gosearch.com等。 附表2: 研究性学习 高一上学期英语课题小组(2) 简单的英语数字,深刻的文化内涵 高一(2)英语兴趣小组 各种语言中数字承载着其深厚的文化内涵,往往与相关国家或民族的文化有着密不可分的关系,涉及文学典故、风土人情、风俗习惯、历史地理等等,这里整理了一些与数字相关的习语,望抛砖引玉,引起同学们的兴趣和关注,我们相信这可以帮助理解英语的深刻含义。 (一)说一不二 1. ONE 1)a one大胆有趣的人 Oh, you are a one! 噢,你真大胆! 2) a right one蠢人;傻子 3)be one up (on sb.) (比某人)略胜一筹 4) one and the same同一 Erle Stanley Gardiner and A. A. Fair are one and the same person. 5)at one :in accord or unity 一致,合力 Husband and wife were at one on everything except money. 6)one and all :everyone 每个人,全体 The party was enjoyed by one and all. 7)one by one: individually in succession 一个接一个 8) a fast one(棒球中的)急球; [俚]诡计, 骗局 9)a hot one[美俚]异常滑稽的笑话 10)a nasty one责骂; (碰)钉子; 严重的打击 11)a quick one[美俚]匆匆一口喝下去的酒 12) be all one to sb. 在某人看来全都一样, 无所谓 I don’t mind which we do; it’s all one to me. 13)become one (=be made one) 一体化; 结成夫妇 14) big one大人物; 大亨; [美俚]千元钞票:(对儿童说的委婉语)[美俚]大便 15)by ones and twos三三两两地; 零零落落地 They left the hall by ones and twos so as not to attract attention. 16) for one作为其中一个; 举例来说 He, for one, won’t let you down. 17) go sb. one better [美俚]胜过(某人) 18) have one over the eight[英俚]微醉 19) in one合为一体;一身兼…职 He is cook, gardener and drive all in one. 20) in the year one早年, 很久以前 21)lay one on sb. [美俚]给某人一拳 22)like one o'clock[美俚]好得很 23)little ones孩子们, 小家伙们 24)live one[美俚]随便花钱的人; 冤大头, 容易受骗上当的人 25)One above(=the Holy One)上帝 26)taken one with another总的看来:taking one with another总的看来 27) ten to one[多用于否定句中]一定, 必定; 十有八九, 多半 Tell him you’ve broken his vase. Ten to one he won’t be angry. It’s ten to one that bill will be late. 28) the Evil One魔王, 撒旦 29) the old one老头子, 父亲:魔鬼[王] 30)the wicked one恶魔 31)tie one on闹饮, 喝得大醉 32)young one孩子; 年轻人; 幼小动物 33)one after another一个接一个地, 接连地 34)one another相互, 互相 35) one and only唯一的; 真正的; [美俚]情人 36)one in a thousand百里挑一, 杰出的 37)one in the eye for sb. 给某人照眼一拳;给某人钉子碰 38)one of those things命中注定的事 39) one or other或者这个, 或者那个; 不管哪一个 40)one or two一两个, 几个 41)one too many多余的一个; [美口]过量的酒 42)one too many for sb. 胜过; 非...所能敌 He was one too many for me. one too much for sb. 胜过; 非...所能 43.one eye on同时照看 Chris tried to study with one eye on the TV set. 44)be of one mind想法一致 I am of one mind with you on this. 45)one at a time一次一个 He asked us to come to his office one at a time. 46)one foot in the grave行将就木 The dog is 14, blind and feeble. He has one foot in the grave. 47)one of these days有一天;哪一天 One of these days you will realize it. 48)for one thing一个原因是;一个例子是;一则 For one thing, she is too old. 49)as one像一个人一样 We are united as one to fight against the enemy. 50)No.1一流的;顶刮刮的 Tiger Woods is America’s No.1 golfer. 51) Number one -- 自己。由此而衍生to look after number one(自私,追求自己的 利益) 2.TWO 1) put two and two together根据事实的推测,推断 2) in two: into two separate parts; in half:分成两个部分;分成两半: cut the sandwich in two把三明治切成两半 3) be two不和, 合不来 4)by twos (=two and two; two by two) 两个两个地, 成双成对地 5)by twos and threes三三两两地, 零星地 6)in twos[口]立刻, 马上, 顷刻间 7) two by four[美口]小的, 狭窄的, 微不足道的 8) two of a kidney两个想法相同的人 9) two or three两三个, 少数的 10) two upon ten把眼睛睁大点(以防别人偷窃) 11)be in two minds犹豫不定 I’m in two minds whether to go or not. 12)tell a thing or two责备 When John complained about the hard work, his father told him a thing or two. 13) when two Fridays come together.“永远不”的遁词 14) The two eyes of Greece.希腊古代的两座城市"雅典"和"斯巴达"。 附谚语: Two and two make four. 二加二等于四; 非常清楚[明显]。 Two can play at that game. 这一套你会我也会。 Two is company, but three is none. 二人成伴, 三人不欢。 Two of a trade never agree. 同行是冤家。 When two ride on one horse, one must sit behind. 两人骑一匹马, 总得有一个坐在后面。 It takes two to make a quarrel. 孤掌难鸣。 (二)说三道四 3.THREE 1)by twos and threes三三两两地 2)Three in One(=the Trinity) (上帝的)三位一体 3) three times three连续三次三欢呼 4) Three sheets in the wind 酩酊大醉。 When three know it, all know it. [谚]三人知, 天下晓。 4.FOUR 1) on all fours爬;匍匐 2) ... and four 四匹马拉的 a coach and four一辆四匹马拉的马车 3) scatter ... to the four winds使四散消失; 抛弃; 浪费 4)Four Horsemen(基督教《圣经》中的)四骑士(指战争、饥馑、瘟疫、死亡四大害) 5)four hundred[也作 Four Hundred] (指当地的)名士, 名流 6) Four-letter words -- 粗俗的下流话。 7)the four corners of the earth四面八方 (三)人五人六 5.FIVE 1)bunch of fives[俚]手, 拳头 2)take five[美、口]休息一下, 休息五分钟 3)Big Five五大银行(英国 Midland Bank, Lloyds Bank, Barelays Bank, Westminster Bank, and National Provincial Bank) 4)rising fives未满五周岁幼儿学校学生 5)give sb. a high five与某人高举双手击掌庆祝 6) Fifth Column 叛徒或是渗透到重要部门中去为敌方效力的内奸,直译为第五纵队。 7)The five wits -- 常识、想象、幻想、估量和记忆这五种功能,泛指人的智能。 6.SIX at sixes and sevens :in a state of confusion or disorder 乱七八糟混乱或杂乱的状态 (四)七上八下 7.SEVEN 1) at sixes and sevens乱七八糟 2)seventy times seven七十个七次; 很大的数目 3)The seventh son of a seventh son --- 显要的后代。"七"这个数字在希伯来人中 间被认为是神秘而神圣的。根据《圣经中所说的,世界就是在七天内创造的,每星期内有七天,还有七种美德,人一生分为七个生长时期,主祷文也分为七个部分。七的倍数也被认为是神圣的。 4) 第一个是24/7,或者twenty-four, seven。这个习语指的是全部时光,即twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week的意思。 I will always be available for you, 24/7! 5)be in seventh heaven表示非常幸福、快乐 8.EIGHT 1) Behind the eight ball --- 处境危险,无可救药。 2) the Eights指剑桥和牛津大学的划船比赛 (五)九九十成 9.NINE 1) to the nines Informal :to the highest degree达到最高程度: dressed to the nines. 打扮得时髦到极点 2)nine times out of ten十有八九,大抵;几乎都是 3)The nine Muses 缪斯九女神 4)long nine[美]廉价的雪茄烟 5)long nines[英]陶土制的长烟斗 6)on cloud nine [seven][美俚]得意洋洋; 心情非常舒畅; (过足了瘾)处于飘飘然的状态 7)touch it off to the nines[口]干得漂亮, 干得出色, 做事聪明伶俐 8)up to the nines华美地; 考究地; 整整齐齐地; 十全十美地 9)nine tenths十之八九, 几乎全部 10)A nine day's wonder --- 轰动一时而后又被遗忘的事情;昙花一现。 11)To look nine ways --- 斜眼看人。 (六)十全十美 10.TEN 1) ten a penny平平常常的;毫无价值的 2)ten to one十之八九;很可能 Ten to one he has forgotten it. 他很可能已经忘记了。 3) Another ten!再划十下! 继续加油(最后冲刺时舵手的口令)! 4)take ten[美口]休息十分钟, 小憩 5)the upper ten (thousand) 上流社会; 贵族阶层 6) tens of thousands好几万 (七)百发百中 11.HUNDRED 1) a cool hundred[口]百镑巨款 2)a great hundred一百二十 a long hundred一百二十 3)a hundred and one许多 4)a hundred percent(=one hundred percent)百分之百; 纯粹; 完全;[常用于否定句]身体好, 恢复健康 5)a hundred to one一百与一的比; 可能性极大 6)by the hundred, by hundreds数以百计, 大批地 7)like a hundred of bricks[口]以压倒的势力; 来势猛烈地 8)ninety-nine out of a hundred百分之九十九; 几乎全部; 差得不远 9)the four hundred[美]上层社会; 上层人物; 豪富阶层 10)hundreds and thousands撒在糕饼上做装饰的蜜饯[小糖果] 11)hundreds of好几百, 许许多多 12)hundreds of hundreds of数以万计 13)hundreds of thousands of几十万, 无数 附谚语 A fool may throw a stone into a well which a hundred wise men cannot pull out. 傻子一个投石井内,智者百位难以捞回 (或:一愚闯祸,百智难补)。 A hundred pounds of sorrow pays not one ounce of debt. 百镑愁难还一分债(或:烦恼不能还债)。 Buyers want a hundred eyes; sellers,none. 买东西的要有百只眼,卖东西的可以不长眼. (卖者装马虎,买者要小心). If you kill one flea in March you kill a hundred. 三月杀跳蚤,杀一少百。 One cannot do a foolish thing once in one's life,but one must hear of it a hundred times. 蠢事一生不可做一件,但一定会听到成百上千。 One enemy is too much for a man in a great post,and a hundred friends too few. 身居要职,朋友百人太少,敌人一个太多。 One father is more than a hundred school masters. 胜过师长百位。 One good head is better than a hundred strong hands. 强手百双,莫如智者一人。 One man is worth a hundred and a hundred is not worth one. 一人可抵一百,一百不抵一人。 When angry,count ten before yoll speak; if very angry,a hundred. 生气时说话前先数十,大怒中数百后再开口。 (八)千里之行 12.THOUSAND 1) one in a thousand千里挑一的极好的人或事;不可多得 2) (a) thousand and one无数的, 非常多(源自阿拉伯故事集《一千零一夜》) 3)a thousand to one千对一, 几乎绝对的, 几乎可以肯定 4)by the thousand (=by the thousands, by thousands) 数以千计, 大批大批地, 论千, 按千(出售等) 5)different in a thousand and one ways千差万别 6)for the thousand and first time无数次, 三番五次 7) the upper ten thousand [古、口]上流社会, 贵族阶层 8)thousands of thousands of千千万万 thousands upon thousands成千上万 9) A thousand thanks(千分感谢) (九)万里之遥 13.MILLION 1)the million: the common people; the masses 大众普通老百姓;群众: entertainment for the millions大众娱乐 2) a million to one百万分之一的机会; 可能性极小的 3)make a million发大财 4) Thanks a million万分感谢 (十)半斤八两 14.DOZEN 1)a baker's [devil's, printer's] dozen十三个 2)be six of one and half a dozen of the other dozen半斤八两 3)by the dozen按打计算 4)daily dozen(每天起床后的)健身操(因最初为十二节, 故名) ;日常事物, 例行公事 5)great [long] dozen十三个 6)sell by the dozen整打出售 7)talk [run, speak]thirteen [nineteen] to the dozen喋喋不休 8)dozens of许多 15.SCORE 1) three score (years) and ten七十岁, 古稀之年 2) by [in] scores大批, 许多 3)scores of十几个;许多 16.ELEVENTH at the eleventh hour在最后的时刻; 刚好来得及; 在危急的时候 17.TWELVE 1) the Twelve 【宗】耶稣的十二门徒 2) in twelves【刷】十二开本 3)strike twelve显出全副本领[获得大成功] 3) Twelfth-day【宗】主显节(圣诞节后的第十二天) Twelfth-night【宗】主显节之夜 18.TWENTY-TWO Catch-22第十二条军规;左右为难的尴尬境地 19.THIRTEEN 1) the thirteen superstition(西方)以十三为不吉利数字的迷信 2) the old Thirteen美国早期的国旗(上有十三颗星表示十三个州) 20.SEVENTEEN sweet seventeen妙龄, 二八年华 21.NINETEEN run[talk, go] nineteen to the dozen说个不停, 喋喋不休 22.FORTY 1) to have forty winks(小睡,打吨儿), 2) like forty[美口]非常厉害地; 猛烈地 3) the Hungry Forties【史】饥饿的四十年代(1840-1849, 英国贫苦人民生活极其困苦, 要求政治改革) 23.NINETY-NINE ninety-nine times out of a hundred一百次中有九十九次, 几乎总是 项目成员:朱 丹 方菁菁 许 静 叶筑甬 李 珍 组 长:朱 丹 参考资料:英语惯用法词典 朗文当代英语词典 现代汉英词典 www.google.com www.3721.com www.gosearch.com等。 小 结:新学期开学后组长把研究成果整理上墙展示,并且单列一节课小组成员讲解研究过程。经过这些活动后,学生对英语习语有了更深的认识,因而对英语产生了更浓厚的兴趣。令人满意的是学生扩大了视野,如在习语的基础上增加了相关的谚语,并且提高了鉴赏独特的英语韵味的能力。同学们还发现英语习语与汉语成语的不完全等值现象。 高二放寒假前学生自主讨论了假期研究性学习的课题。初中课本里有He was black and blue,平时课外阅读中遇到过He is sure to be a dark horse等,所以确定了“与颜色相关的英语习语”的课题。还有学生发现国籍也有一些奇怪的习语,如a French window,a Chinese cabbage等,因而敲定了另一课题,即“与国籍相关的英语习语”。见附表3和4。 附表3: 研究性学习 高二上学期英语课题小组(1) 五彩缤纷的英语颜色习语 高二(6)英语兴趣小组 1. 张 琼 You look blue today. What's wrong with you?你今天看起来闷闷不乐,出了什么事? a blue Monday――倒霉的星期一 in a blue mood――情绪低沉blue moon/once in a blue moon――罕见之至,极不可能,千载难逢 When Jack's brother got a new bike, Jack was green-eyed.杰克嫉妒哥哥买了一辆新自行车。 green-eyed/green with jealousy/green with envy嫉妒,吃醋 green hand――生手,新手 black coffee――纯咖啡 white coffee――加了牛奶的咖啡 black sheep――害群之马 give sb. a black look――恶狠狠地瞪某人一眼 in a black mood――情绪低落 a black mark――令人不满意之处 black tea――红茶 black and blue――青一块紫一块 buy a white horse比喻“浪费金钱”。 莎士比亚有句名言:A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.(玫瑰花即使换了另一个名称,仍旧如此芬芳。) 2.张 莹 one of the white days of sb's life是指“某人生活中的吉日之一”。 black market(黑市)、black-hearted(黑心)、 blacklist(黑名单)、 Black Hand(黑 手党)等词语都表明black(黑)与坏的、邪恶的特征相联系。 red-letter day(喜庆日子),paint the town red (狂欢痛饮),roll the red carpet for sb.(隆重欢迎某人) be born in the purple意为“出身于王室或显贵之家”; raise sb.to the purple就是“立 某人为帝王或把某人升为红衣主教”; marry into the purple指嫁人名门望族。 Greenpeace是保护动植的“绿色和平组织”,greenbelt为绿化地带,green house是温室, green keeper是高尔夫球场看管人。 Green Card是绿卡 黄页电话簿(Yellow Pages)――黄色书籍(filthy books) 称热心促成别人姻缘的人为“红娘” go-between或match一maker。 红眼病green-eyed女红needlework, “红得发紫”是enjoying great popularity; “红白喜事”weddings and funerals 3.朱旭峰 blue Monday描写度过愉快周未后的上班族在周一的不佳情绪。 blue blood(蓝血)指出身高贵或地位显赫,与汉语的“蓝田生玉”可谓殊途同归。 “青布”是black cloth,青椒”是green pepper, 青红皂白”、“青史留名”、“青天 白日”、“青云直上”等语,只宜译为right and wrong、 leave a name in history、 broad daylight、rapid advancement in one’s career。 “红人”、“红榜”、“红粉佳人”、“红旗手” 译成英语是a favourite with sb.in power、honour board、a young beauty及outstanding or model worker。 但英语中“red flag”的语用意义则含有贬义:(1)表示危险的信号;(2)表示叛 乱的旗帜;(3)惹起危险之物。 red ink 指金融赤字或透支的支票帐目 see red“火冒三丈” draw a red herring across the track是“转移对主要问题的注意力”, red alert是“紧急警报”,red cap却是“搬运工”。 a white lie译成汉语是“不怀恶意的谎言”; white hands是“廉正诚实”white feather指“懦夫”; white-headed boy指“宠儿” white hope指“被寄予厚望的人或事物”。 汉语中如“白费力气”、“白 手起家”与“白字连篇”to beat in the air, start from scratch与pages and pages of wrongly written characters。 “情绪低沉”与“精神忧郁”――in blue mood或having the blues, 美国英语中的blue book则指刊载社会名流和政府要员的大名的蓝皮书。 blue room指白宫中总统会见至亲好友的接待室 a bolt from the blue (晴天霹雳)、 into the blue(无影无踪)、 once in a blue moon(难得有一次)、 till all is blue (到极点,无限期地) “青出于蓝”――the pupil surpasses the master green as grass表示“无生活经验”, in the green tree指“在无忧无虑的环境中或青年时代”, not as green as one is cabbage-looking是“不像看上去那么傻”, green with jealousy表示“十分嫉妒”, green-horn指“新到一个地方不了解当地习惯的人”,该词常用于移民,且有轻微的贬义色彩。 4.陈 莹 和“颜色”相关的习语 1 In the black 盈利 2 In the red 亏损,负债 3 Black and blue 青一块,紫一块 4 The black sheep of the family 败家子 5 In black and white 写出或印出 6 Not so/as black as one is painted 不如所形容的坏 7 A bolt from the blue 晴天霹雳 8 In a blue funk 惊恐万状 9 Once in a blue moon 偶尔为之 10 Disappear/Vanish in to blue 突然消失 11 Give...green light to... 批准......做...... 12 Green with envy 非常嫉妒 13 Catch ...red-hand 当场被捕 14 Roll out the red carpet 隆重欢迎 15 Cut the tape 取消繁文缛节 16 See red 突然发怒 17 Turn as white as a sheet 脸色变得苍白 18 A white lid 善意的谎言 19 A white -collar worker 白领工人 20 A grey area 含糊不清之处 5.陈 超 中文里的颜色词不少,与颜色有关的惯用语也很特出。英语也如此,下面便是些例子: (1) In the black 盈利: Having paid off all the debts, the company is now in the black.. (2) In the red 亏损;负债 On account of mismanagement and some unexpected bad debts, some financial companies are in the red. (3) Black and blue 青一块紫一块: The shop-keeper quarrelled with a rascal and was beaten black and blue. (4)The black sheep of the family败家子: Among Mr Brown's Children, Alex did not behave himself and eventually became a social outcast. He was the black sheep of the family. (5) In black and white 写出或印出: I don't want a verbal promise but an agreement in black and white. (6) Not so/ as black as one is painted 不如所形容的坏: Many people complained about Daniel's behaviour, but he was not as black as he was painted. (7) A bolt from the blue 睛天霹雳: The woman was shocked at the bad news, which came like a bolt from the blue. (8) In a blue funk 惊恐万状: Jenny has been in a blue funk since she failed in her first job interview. (9) Once in a blue moon 偶尔为之: For lack of leisure, some working people went shopping once in a blue moon. (10) Disappear/Vanish into the blue 突然消失: A bird was standing on a window sill. All at once, if flew away and disappeared into the blue. (11) Give ... green light to ... 批准……做……: The authorities have given our department the green light to purchase the equipment required. (12) Green with envy 非常妒忌: On hearing about Cathy's promotion, Jane is green with envy. (13) Catch ... red-handed 当场被捕: The shop-lifter stole something valuable and was caught red-handed. (14) Roll out the red carpet 隆重欢迎: When a foreign dignitary comes to visit the country, the government often rolls out the red carpet for him. (15) Cut the red tape 取消繁文缛节: If the authorities concerned can cut the red tape, a lot of work can be more quickly done. (16) See red 突然发怒: When Mrs Lin entered the guest room, it was in a mess; she saw red and scolded the maid for not tidying it up (17) Turn as white as a sheet 脸色变得很苍白: When the car driver received a traffic police's summons, he turned as white as a sheet. (18) A white lie 善意的谎言: As Jenny did not want to go to Tom's party, she told him that she was busy. Such a white lie is better than hurting his feelings in other ways. (19) A white-collar worker 白领工人: A secretary is a white-collar worker, while road repairing is a blue-collar job. (20) A grey area 含糊不清之处: The motorists backed their cars and knocked against each other. Who was in the wrong? It's a grey area, isn't it? green hand 新手 green fingers 有园艺技能 white lie 无恶意的谎言 white elephant 无用而又累赘的东西(尤指大而昂贵之物) a black look 恶狠狠的瞪 black sheep 败家子,害群之马 once in a blue moon 难得 black and blue(遍体鳞伤) red green line(敌戒分界线) blue men (穿制服的警察) in the red (无损) blue in the face (精疲力竭得说不出话) blue meat(牛肉、羊肉) He looks blue today(他今天情绪很低落) 附表4: 研究性学习 高二上学期英语课题小组(2) 风味各异的国籍习语 高二(6)英语兴趣小组 I.沈 芳 王鲁波 1. American plan 包食宿 2. American cloth 彩色防水布 3. China ink 黑汁 4. Chinese checkers 跳棋 5. Dutch bargain 不公平交易 6. Dutch wife 枕头 7. double Dutch 莫名其妙的话 8. spoil the Egyptians 夺取敌人的财物 9. French grey 浅灰色 10.. Indian rubble 橡胶 11. Irish bull 自相矛盾的说法 12. Irish potato 马玲薯 13.Jndia cedar 柳杉 14.Jordan almond 杏仁 15.Mexican bean beetle 瓢虫 16.Russian olive 沙枣 17.Russian dressing 蛋黄酱 18.Swiss roll 面包卷 19.Scotch broth 牛肉蔬菜汤 20.Scotch collops 洋葱肉片 21. Scotch cousin 远亲 22.Turkish bath 蒸汽浴 23.Spainish athlete 好吹牛的人 24.Turkish paste 拌砂软糖 II. 王晓静 徐莎莎 1. China ink 墨汁 2. Chinese cabbage 大白菜 3. Chinese checkers 跳棋 4. Dutch bargain 不公平交易 5. Dutch wife 枕头 6. double Dutch 莫名其妙的话 7. spoil the Egyptians 夺取敌人的财物 8. French fries 炸土豆条 9. French window 落地窗 10. take French leave 不辞而别 11. French grey 浅灰色 12. India paper 印刷纸 13. Indian rubble 橡胶 14 Irish bull 自相矛盾的说 III. 朱淑雯 李 珏 China rose月季花 Russian blue淡蓝 American cloth 彩色防水布 China ink 黑汁 Chinese cabbage 大白菜 Dutch bargain 不公平交易 Chinese checkers 跳棋 Dutch wife 枕头 double Dutch 莫名其妙的话 American plan 包食宿 French fries 炸土豆条 French window 落地窗 take French leave 不辞而别 French grey 浅灰色 India paper 印刷纸 Indian rubble 橡胶 Irish bull 自相矛盾的说法 Irish potato 马玲薯 Russian olive 沙枣 Russian dressing 蛋黄酱 china shop 瓷器店 go Dutch 各自付账 小 结:本次活动采取先分散,后集中的方式。通过研究与颜色相关的习语,学生们发现英语和汉语的表达方式大相径庭,而且英语颜色习语表意功能更加强大。学生的兴趣逐渐变成自觉的行为,如有的同学写作文时,会学以致用,使作文增色添彩。研究与国籍相关的习语时,学生们发现了语言所包容的深厚的历史、地理、风俗等背景知识,因此学生有意识地扩大阅读的广度和深度,以满足求知欲和探究心理。 平时的教学中,我有意识地让学生接触一些与动物有关的习语,如Love me, love my dog、a black sheep、a white cow、It rains cats and dogs等。由于学生平时对动物和与动物相关的习语感兴趣,五一长假期间布置学生研究十二生肖在英汉两种文化中的对比,进一步引导学生了解语言所承载的文化内涵。请见附表5。 附表5: 研究性学习 高二下学期英语课题小组 十二生肖与英语对解 高二(6)英语兴趣小组 1.子鼠 老鼠的生物习性不被人们接受,创造汉字、汉词的祖先们对这种头小尾长,贼眼溜溜的小动物也没有什么好感,给予它们的大量的贬义词:鼠目寸光、鼠牙雀角、鼠肝虫臂、孤维腐鼠、鼹鼠饮河、首鼠两端、抱头鼠窜、胆小如鼠、猫鼠同眠、鼠目寸光、鼠肚鸡肠、鼠窃狗盗、投鼠忌器等。 MOUSE 1)(as) drunk as a mouse大醉, 烂醉 2)(as) poor as a church mouse一贫如洗 3) (as) still [quiet, silent, mute] as a mouse非常安静, 不声不响 4)like a drowned mouse象落水鼠一样 (狼狈), 一副可怜相 5)play cat and mouse with sb. 残酷地对待某人, 戏弄[蒙骗]某人 6) mouse and men一切生物, 一切生灵 7)a mouse胆小怕羞的人 The mouse that has but one hole is quickly taken. [谚]只有一个穴洞的老鼠必然很快被人抓到。 When the cat’s away, the mice will play. [谚]猫儿一跑耗子闹。 RAT 1)a rat 鼠辈,卑鄙小人令人生厌,狡猾的人物,特别是出卖或告发同伴的人 2) smell a rat觉得可疑 3)a rat leaving a sinking ship不能共患难的人 4)die like a rat被毒死 5)have a rat in a garret不安;想入非非; 6)like a drowned rat(湿得)象落汤鸡 7)like a rat in a hole象瓮中之鳖 2.丑牛 牛在汉语里是欢迎的动物,如老牛舐犊、牛角挂书,孺子牛;当然也有贬义,如对牛弹琴、吴牛喘月、牛鬼蛇神。 COW母牛 1) till the cows come home Informal: for a long time; indefinitely长时间地;无限期地: The guests stayed till the cows came home. 客人们作长时间的逗留 2) Holy cow ! [口]哎呀! 好家伙! 3) milch cow奶牛; 财源, 摇钱树 4) sacred cow(印度的)圣牛;神圣不可侵犯的人[事物]; 不容许别人批评的人[事物] 5) salt the cow to catch the calf[美口]用转弯抹角的手段来达到目的 Curst cows have curt horns. [谚]恶牛角短(指有心伤害人的人常常能力有限)。 If you sell the cow,you sell her milk too. 事难两全。 You can't sell the cow and sup the milk. 事难两全。 Many a good cow hath a bad calf. 虎父生犬子。 The cow knows not what her tail is worth until she has lost it. 有时不爱惜, 失后徒叹息。 OX公牛 1) The black ox has trod/ trampled on sb's foot. 灾祸已降到某人头上。某人已到老年。 2) You cannot flay the same ox twice. [谚]一头牛不能剥两次皮。 CALF小牛 1) eat the calf in the cow's belly指望得太早, 所望过奢 2) kill the fatted calf准备设宴庆祝或欢迎 3) smack calf-skin[calf's skin] [口]在法庭上吻圣经宣誓; 发誓 4) the fatted calf最好的款待 5) the golden calf金犊(古犹太人在摩西不在时所崇拜的偶象); 金钱 worship the golden calf崇拜金钱, 追求物质利益; 为利欲放弃原则 If you agree to carry the calf, they will make you carry the cow. [谚]你若答应背小牛, 人家连母牛也要你背。 3.寅虎 虎在汉语里以褒义居多,如虎背熊腰、虎踞龙盘、虎头虎脑、如虎添翼等。 TIGER 1)a tiger凶恶的人,虎狼之徒被认为是有野心、卤莽或凶残的人 2) three cheers and a tiger三声欢呼一声吼 3) blind tiger [美、俚]价廉质劣的威士忌酒 4) tiger sweat[美俚]威士忌酒 4.卯兔 兔子在汉语成语里以贬义居多,如守株待兔、兔死狐悲、兔死犬饥、狡兔三窟、兔死狗烹,但是也有形容其敏捷的动如脱兔。 RABBIT 1) be as frightened as a rabbit胆小如兔 2)like rabbits in a warren挤得水泄不通 HARE 1)a hare [英俚]坐车不买票的人 2) (as) fast as a hare快得象野兔一样 (as) mad as a March hare疯里疯气, 疯疯颠颠 (as)timid as a hare胆小如鼠 3)catch a hare with a tabor (=set the tortoise to catch the hare) 敲鼓捉兔; 做不可能做到的事 4)cook a hare before catching it乐观过早 5) hunt the wrong hare估计错误, 搞错目标, 错怪某人 run the wrong hare估计错误, 搞错目标, 错怪某人 6) make a hare of sb. 愚弄某人 7)run after two hares做徒劳无益之事 8) run with the hare and hunt with the hounds (=hold with the hare and run with the hounds) 两面讨好, 耍两面手法 9) seek a hare in a hen's nest白白浪费精力; 缘木求鱼 10) start a hare把兔子从躲藏的地方赶出来(以供猎取); 话离本题; 提出枝节问题, 转移目标 11)start another hare另起话题, 改变话题 First catch your hare then cook it . [谚]到手才算数。 If you run after two hares, you will catch neither. 脚踏两只船, 必定要落空。 First catch your hare (then cook him).(谚) 勿谋之过早。 Hares may pull dead lions by the beard. [谚]野兔可捋死狮须; 死老虎人人敢打。 5.辰龙 龙在汉语里有威严、神秘、皇室、威力的含义,如龙蟠凤逸、龙肝凤髓、龙盘虎踞、龙腾虎跃、龙飞凤舞、望子成龙、笔走龙蛇,龙的传人、龙生龙,凤生凤等,少有贬义,如龙钟老态、屠龙之技、群龙无首。在英语中dragon却是想象出来的有翅有爪会喷火的怪物。 DAGON 1)a dragon凶暴的人, 严厉而有警觉性的女人 2) blind dragon青年男女初谈爱情时的陪客(一般为已婚妇女) 3)like a dragon凶猛地 4)the Chinese dragon中国古代传说中的龙 5)the (old) dragon撒旦, 魔鬼 6.巳蛇 由于蛇的习性,蛇在英汉两种文化中有许多相似之处,如汉语成语蛇蝎心肠、杯弓蛇影、打草惊蛇、引蛇出洞、虎头蛇尾、牛鬼蛇神,但是偶尔有褒义,如笔走龙蛇。 SNAKE 1) a snake in the grass阴险而伪善的朋友 2)a snake不可靠的人; 冷酷阴险的人;卑鄙[虚伪]的人 3) a snake in one's bosom恩将仇报 [背信弃义]的人 4)be above snake[美]活着, 生存着 4)black snake[美]长皮鞭 5)Great snakes! 啊呀! 天哪! 6)have snakes (in one's boots) [美俚]烂醉如泥, 患震颤性酒狂病[谵妄] see snakes喝醉酒, 患震颤性酒狂病[谵妄] 7)poor snake穷人;干苦活的人 8)raise [wake] snakes无故惊扰人, 制造恐怖 9)scotch the snake (not kill it) 刺伤了蛇身(却没有把它杀死); 使暂时不能为害(仍留有后患) 10)warm [cherish, nourish] a snake in one's bosom养虎遗患, 施恩于忘恩负义的人 SERPENT 1)a serpent阴险毒辣的人;诱使别人做坏事的人 2) The (old)Serpent撒旦, 魔鬼 3)wise as a serpent象蛇一样地灵巧 VIPER 1)a viper阴险人, <美俚>毒品贩子 2) cherish [nourish] a viper in one's bosom厚待忘恩负义的人, 姑息养奸 7.戊马 马的形象决定了它的褒义成语居多,如一马平川、一马当先、人欢马叫、万马奔腾、车水马龙、犬马之劳、汗马功劳、老马识途、快马加鞭、兵强马壮、塞翁失马,但是也有几个贬义的成语,如人仰马翻、人困马乏、心猿意马、盲人瞎马、声色犬马,还有俗语马大哈、马后炮、马屁精等。 HORSE 1) dark horse黑马(比赛中爆出冷门的优胜者);出人意料的获胜者;[美政]出冷门的候选人 2)eat like a horse大吃 3) hold (one's) horses控制自己 4)put the cart before the horse本末倒置 5)a horse of another color or a horse of a different color完全另一回事;其他事情 a horse of the same colour[口]同一回事 6)beat a dead horse or flog a dead horse 炒冷饭; 白费口舌; 浪费精力 7)be on (one's) high horse or get on (one's) high horse趾高气扬,目空一切,盛气凌人 8)the horse's mouth可靠信息原始的或勿庸置疑的信息来源 9)flog /spur a willing horse对努力工作的人进行不必要的督促 10)as strong as a horse非常健壮, 精力充沛 11)ask a horse the question(赛马骑师)力求竞赛的马竭其全力;(赛马前)试马测验其速度和持久力 12)back the wrong horse(赛马时)赌错了马; 估计错误; 支持失败的一方 13)be off the high horse放下臭架子, 不再骄傲自大; 不再生气 14)buy a white horse【航海】[口]浪费金钱 (white horse 指浪花) 15)change horses换马, 换班子; 调换主持或领导人 change horses in midstream中流换马, 在危急中作出重大的变动 16)dead horse已经预付工钱的工作; 旧债; 令人厌恶的工作;已经解决的问题; 不值得讨论的问题; 琐事 17) flying horse/ winged horse文艺女神 18)go round like a horse in a mill象驴推磨一样千篇一律地干活; 干单调乏味的工作 19)hitch one's horses意见一致; 相处得很好 20) enough to make a horse laugh 极其可笑。 21)shut the barn after the horse is stolen. 贼去关门; 亡羊补牢。 22)Look a gift horse in the mouth. 对礼物吹毛求疵; 品评礼物的好坏。 23)pay for a dead horse花冤枉钱 24)play horse做骑马游戏;把...搞得一塌胡涂, 把...搞乱 25)play the horse赌赛马 26)roll up horse and foot击溃敌人; 使敌人全面溃败 27)talk horse谈马;吹牛 28)trial horse[口]在练习或表演赛中陪强手出场的运动员 29)Trojan horse特洛伊木马(希腊神话, 传说); 诡计, 隐患 30)war horse战马;[美口]老兵, 老手 31)wheel horse辕马, 良马;[美](党政团体中)可靠人员, 骨干分子 32)Wild horses shall not drag it out of me. [口]休想从我这里探到口风, 我决不会泄露。 33)willing horse自愿工作的人, 干活主动的人 34)win the horse or lose the saddle[口]孤注一掷 35)work like a horse拼命干活 Never swap horse while crossing the stream.(=Don't swap horses in midstream). [谚]过河中途莫换马; 病重不宜换郎中。危难时不宜作大变动。 A good horse is never of an ill color. [谚]良马无劣色。 A good horse should be seldom spurred. [谚]好马无须加鞭(意指工作积极的人, 不用催促)。 A short horse is soon curried. [谚]矮马容易刷洗; 小事易办。 It is a good horse that never stumbles. [谚]人有失错, 马有溜蹄。 You can take a horse to water , but you can not make it drink. [谚] 老牛不喝水, 不能强按头(意指有的事情必需本人自愿, 强迫无济于事)。 When two ride on one horse, one must ride behind [谚]两人骑一匹马, 总有一人坐在后面(意指只能有一个当第一把手)。 One man may steal a horse, while another may not look over a hedge. [谚]只许州官放火, 不许百姓点灯。 8.未羊 羊温顺、胆小,因此汉语成语也多反映这一点,如羊落虎口、羊质虎皮、亡羊得牛、十羊九牧、顺手牵羊等。 SHEEP 1)a sheep驯服的人易于摆布或领导的人 2) a wolf in sheep’s clothing披着羊皮的狼;口蜜腹剑的人 3)cast sheep eyes at sb.向某人抛眉眼 4)follow like sheep盲从 5)sheep without a shepherd乌合之众 6)the sheep and the goat好人和坏人(来自《圣经》) separate the sheep from the goats区别好人和坏人 7) a black sheep败类;害群之马;不肖之徒 8)a lost sheep迷途羔羊, 迷失正道的人 9)a sheep among wolves落入狼群; 落在一群恶汉手中的善良人 10)as a sheep among the shearers仿佛落在剪羊毛工人手里的绵羊 11)as well be hanged for a sheep as for a lamb [谚]偷大羊或偷小羊反正都得挨绞刑; 一不做二不休 12)count sheep数羊(心里计数以求入睡) 13)Neptune’s sheep(海面上的)白浪头 14) return to one's sheep [muttons] 回到本题 One scabbed sheep infects the whole flock. [谚] 一只羊生疮整群羊遭殃。 There is a black sheep in every flock.. [谚]到处都有害群之马。 RAM公羊 1) milk the ram作徒劳无益的事 2) ram sth. down sb’s throat(填鸭式地)反复对某人灌输某事 3) ram home把道理讲到家; 充分证明 EWE母羊 one's ewe lamb自己最珍视的东西 9.申猴 猴子动作敏捷、好动、叫声凄惨,汉语成语反映充分了这些特征,如猿啼鹤唳、杀鸡吓猴、心猿意马、尖嘴猴腮。 MONKEY 1)a monkey顽皮的小孩; 受人嘲笑、愚弄的人 2) have a monkey on one's back有服用麻醉品的瘾; 对别人耿耿于怀, 怀恨别人 3)I am a monkey's uncle! [口]真想不到! (表示惊异) 4) make a monkey of oneself做蠢事, 丢丑 make a monkey of sb ./ make a monkey out of sb .使某人出丑; 愚弄某人 5)(as) tricky as a monkey象猴子样诡计多端, 极端狡猾 6) monkey tricks[口]恶作剧; 胡闹; 捣蛋 APE 1) an ape模仿者; ,粗野的人 2) go ape变得极兴奋,变得如痴如狂 3) an ape leader老处女 4) a God's ape生来的傻子 5) hairy ape退化的人 6) lead apes in hell终身未嫁 7) make sb. one's ape愚弄[欺骗]某人 8) play the ape模仿; 效颦;逗笑; 装傻 9) put an ape in sb.'s hood愚弄或欺骗某人 10.酉鸡 鸡在中国文化中,褒义的用法有闻鸡起舞、鹤立鸡群、鸡犬不惊,但是有许多表示贬义的成语,如鸡犬升天、鸡鸣狗盗、呆若木鸡、鸡零狗碎、鸡犬不宁、鸡犬不留、杀鸡取卵、偷鸡摸狗、牡鸡司晨、嫁鸡随鸡。 CHICKEN 1) count one's chickens before they're hatched打如意算盘;过早乐观;蛋尚未孵先算鸡 2)a chicken胆小鬼;懦夫 4) play chicken(为吓倒对方)互相挑战和威胁 HEN A hen长舌妇女人,尤指嘴碎的老妇人 COCK 1) cock a snoot or cock a snook 向上翻起把拇指放在鼻子上和摆动手指来表示藐视或嘲笑; 2) a cock of the walk/ loft傲慢的或盛气凌人的人 3) live like a fighting cock吃得好 4) red cock火灾 ROOSTER A rooster狂妄自大或好斗的人 11.戌狗 狗是最早与人类发生密切关系的动物之一,因此,在我们的语言里,许多时候都用狗字去比喻事物,内容丰富多彩。但是贬义居多,如狗屁不响、鸡犬不宁、阿狗阿猫、狗尾续貂、狗仗人势、驴鸣狗吠、狼心狗肺、狗皮膏药、蝇营狗苟、行若狗彘、狗肉朋友、赵效狗吠、鸡零狗碎、鸡鸣狗盗、鸡犬不惊、鸡犬不留、狗马驰逐、丧家之犬、鼠窃狗盗、骂鸡骂狗、 狐朋狗党、画虎类犬、二犬对谈等。但是在英语中狗是人类最好的朋友。 DOG 1)go to the dogs堕落;毁灭 2)lead a dog's life过穷困潦倒的日子 3)not have a dog's chance毫无机会 4)top dog当权派;头儿 5)treat /use sb. like a dog不把某人当人看 6)live a dog’s life过着牛马不如的生活 7)put on the dog Informal装模作样装出斯文、有钱或有文化的样子 8)a lazy dog懒汉 a gay dog一个快乐的人 a dirty dog下流坯 a dead dog已经失去作用的人[物], 废物 9)a case of dog eat dog残酷的竞争; 损人利己的角逐 10) like a dog with two tails非常开心[高兴] 11) be (old) dog at (a thing) 对...有经验; 对...很内行 12)blow off one's dogs放弃要做的事业 13)blush like a black/ blue dog不害臊, 厚脸皮 14)call off the dogs停止追逐; 停止调查;中止不愉快的谈话 15)come like a dog at a whistle一呼即来 16)die dog for sb. 对某人极度忠诚, 为某人效犬马之劳 17)die like a dog /die a dog's death悲惨地死去; 可耻地死去; 不得好死; 被绞死 18)give sth. to the dogs扔掉, 丢弃; 挥霍掉;牺牲(某物)以自保 19)help a lame dog over a stile济人之急, 帮助人渡过难关(通常指金钱上的帮助) 20)keep a dog and bark oneself家有佣人而要亲自操劳; 执行自己属下所做的工作 21)lead sb. a dog's life经常折磨某人, 使某人不得安宁 22)let loose the dogs of war发动战争 23)see a man about a dog有点事(通常用来作为离开或缺席的借口) 24)shoot over/ to a dog打猎时用狗找回猎物 25)stay until the last dog is hung逗留到最后一刻 26)teach an old dog new tricks使守旧的人接受新事物 27)teach the dog to bark教狗怎么叫(意指多此一举) 28)try it on the dog(药物等)先拿别人作试验;(新戏)先在小剧院或外地小城试验演出; (影片)先非正式放 映, 以注意其对观众的效果 29)Whose dog is dead?出了什么事? 怎么一回事? 30)dog eat dog人吃人, 各人顾各人; 残酷无情的竞争 31)a dog in the manger不让别人享用 对自己无用 的东西的人; 占着毛坑不拉屎的人 32)dog it(在比赛, 演出, 工作中)吊儿郎当, 敷衍了事;(在生活, 旅行, 娱乐中)占人家便宜, 让别人出钱 33) put on (the) dog装出了不起的样子, 摆架子; 耍派头, 摆阔气 Dogs that put up many hares kill none. [谚]狗把许多野免赶出巢穴, 必然一只也咬不死; 多谋寡成。 A good dog deserves a good bone. [谚]好狗应该啃好骨头, 有功者受赏。 A living dog is better than a dead lion. [谚]死狮不如活狗。 A stick is soon found to beat a dog with. [谚]欲加之罪, 何患无辞。 An old dog barks not in vain. [谚]老狗不乱吠; 老狗一吠, 就得小心。 An old dog will learn no new tricks. (=You cannot teach old dogs new tricks.) [谚]老狗学不了新把戏; 老年人很难适应新事物。 Dog does not eat dog. [谚]狗不吃狗;同类不相残;盗亦有道。 The dog that fetches will carry. [谚]衔来东西的狗也会衔走东西; 来说是非者, 会是是非人。 The dogs bark, but the caravan goes on. [谚]尽管狗群乱吠, 旅行队照常前进; 说者自说, 做者自做。 The scalded dog fears cold water. [谚]被滚水烫伤的狗, 见了冷水也发抖; 一朝被蛇咬, 三年怕井绳。 One barking dog sets all the street a-barking. [谚]一犬吠影, 百犬吠声。 Scornful dogs will eat dirty puddings. [谚]人到危急时, 平时所不屑做的也要做; 急不暇择, 饥不择食。 Hungry dogs will eat dirty puddings. [谚]人到危急时, 平时所不屑做的也要做; 急不暇择, 饥不择食。 Every dog has his day. [谚]凡人皆有得意日。 Every dog is a lion at home. [谚]狗是百步王, 只在门前凶。 Fight dog, fight bear. [谚]打个青红皂白, 一决雌雄。 Give a dog a bad name. [谚]一旦给人加一个坏名声, 他就永远洗刷不掉; 人言可畏。 Give a dog an ill name. [谚]一旦给人加一个坏名声, 他就永远洗刷不掉; 人言可畏。 Give a dog a bad name and hang him. [谚]一旦给人加一个坏名声, 他就永远洗刷不掉; 人言可畏。 Love me, love my dog. [谚]你若把我当朋友, 也要把我的朋友当朋友; 爱屋及乌。 If you want a pretence to whip a dog, say that he ate up the frying-pan. [谚]欲加之罪, 何患无辞。 Beware of a silent dog and still water. [谚]提防不吠的狗, 小心 静止的水。 He that sleeps with dogs must rise up with fleas. [谚]与狗同眠的人必然惹一身跳蚤; 同坏人为伍必然吃亏。近朱者赤,近墨者黑。 Barking dogs seldom bite. [谚]爱叫的狗不咬人; 咬人的狗不露齿。 It is ill to waken sleeping dogs. [谚]别多事, 别惹麻烦。 Let sleeping dogs lie. [谚]别多事, 别惹麻烦。 Don't wake a sleeping dog. [谚]别多事, 别惹麻烦。 The dog returns to his vomit. 狗回头吃自己吐出来的东西; 重犯旧日罪恶;狗该不了吃屎。 12.亥猪 猪是最早和人类发生关系的动物之一,因此在我们的语言里,许多时候都用"猪"字去比喻事物。猪性莽撞,所以用"狼奔豕突"来形容莽撞蛮干的人。受人之恩而不懂回报的人,称为"豕交兽畜"而"牧猪奴戏"则指"赌博"。 PIG 1)as fat as a pig[蔑]肥得象猪 2)bleed like a pig血流如注 3)bring /drive one's pigs to a fine /pretty /wrong market卖得吃亏; 失败, 失算 4)buy a pig in a poke/ bag没有仔细看货就买下来;盲目答应 5)get the wrong pig by the tail[美]捉错了人; 怪错了人; 搞错了对象 6)give sb. a pig of his own sow以其人之道还治其人之身 7)give sb.a pig of oneself大吃大喝, 吃得太多, 成了贪吃贪喝的人 8)make a pig of oneself狼吞虎咽, 大吃大喝 9)sell a pig in a poke /bag用欺骗手段出售货品; 挂羊头卖狗肉 10)sweat like a pig[口](因出力或恐惧而)全身冒汗 11)teach a pig to play on a flute[口]教猪吹笛, 做荒唐[不可能]的事 12)We don't kill a pig every day. [口]我们不是天天设宴行乐。 13)What can you expect from a pig but a grunt? [口]狗嘴里吐不出象牙来(用来讲粗野无礼的话的人)。 14)when pigs fly除非猪会飞; 决不; 决不可能 15)pig in the middle[口](在争论的双方之间)处在中间的人 16)pigs in clover行为粗鲁的有钱人; 心满意足; 暴发户 SWINE Cast pearls before a swine明珠暗投;对牛弹琴。 相关链接:教学论文
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