Unit 13 Warming up
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1.I think that vegetables are good food because they contain lots of vitamins.
我以为蔬菜是很好的食物,因为它们含有丰富的维生素。
contain vt. vi 包含,包括,能容纳；忍住， 抑制。不用于进行时。
Beer contains alcohol.
啤酒含有酒精。
The speech contained some interesting ideas.
这个讲演包括一些有趣的思想。
At the sight of this cruelty , he could hardly contain his anger.
见此残暴情形， 他无法克制自己的愤怒。
5.Take this medicine three times a day.
服这种药每天三次。
1) medicine药, 医学, 内科学, 内服药
take medicine 服药
A person who wants to become a doctor has to study medicine.
一个想当医生的人得学习医学。
A good medicine tastes bitter.
良药苦口(忠言逆耳)。
2）time n. “次”,“度”。 一次 once 两次 twice
three times a month 每月三次。
four times a year 每年四次。
twice a week 每周两次。
He has been to London three times .
他曾去过伦敦三次。
How many times did you see movie？
那部电影你看了几遍？
6.And I advise you not to eat fruit that isn't ripe in the future.
我建议你今后不要吃不成熟的水果。
advise vt. Vi. 劝告,建议。后跟动词的-ing形式作宾语或动词不定式的复合结构。
跟从句时，从句中用should + 动词原形。
I shall act as you advise.
我将按你的忠告去做。
The doctor advised me to take more exercise.
医生嘱咐我多加锻炼。
They advised that we should ripe fruit.
他们建议我们吃成熟的水果。
Reading
6. Choosing what to eat is no longer as easy as it once was.
1) No longer = not … any longer
指时间和状态不再延续，常与延续性动词连用。
No more = not… any more
指强调数量，次数不再增加和动作终止的结果，常与名词或瞬间动词连用。
China is no longer what it used to be .
= china is not what it used be any longer.
He wanted no more money from his parents.
= he didn’t want any more money from his parents.
2) what to eat 是疑问句+ 不定式的结构，在句中作宾语，另外这一结构也可作主语、表语、定语等。
What to do next hasn’t been decided yet.(主语)
I don’t know whether to answer it.（宾语）
The question is how to put it into practice.（表语）
They exchanged views on the question of whom to elect.（介词宾语）
The key with which to open the door has been lost.（定语）
注： 这种结构含有情态意义，它相当于一个带should 的从句。
I can’t decided which sweater to buy
= I can’t decide which sweater I should buy.
3) once 用法回顾
adv. 曾经、昔日 ( at some time in the past)
he once knew her, but they are no longer friends.
Adv. 一次 （one time ）
We have been there only once.
Conj. 一旦 （if ever）
Once you begin, you must continue.
注： once 引导的从句经常可以采用省略形式。
Once ( he is )there ,he is lost.
Once opened, the food must be eaten up within three days.

7.Our eating habits have changed ,as has our way of life.
我们的饮食习惯改变了，正如我们的生活方式。
as此处用作代词,“如......一样" 承接前句内容。
As的用法较多，常见如下：
1）。当连词用，指“象, 按照, 如同；当..., 的时候 , 一边...一边, 随着；因为, 既然；以致于, 以便；虽然, 尽管”等。
Leave it as it is.
保持原状, 不要动它。
She sang as she worked.
她一边工作一边唱歌。
I saw him as he was getting off the bus.
正当他下公共汽车时, 我看见了他。
As a child, he lived in America.
他小时候住在美国。
You will grow wiser as you grow older.
随着你年龄的增长, 你会变得更聪明。
As you are tired, you had better rest.
(既然)你累了, 最好休息一下。
Be so good s to come and join us.
务请来参加我们的活动。
Try As he would, he could not lift the rock.
他虽然尽了最大努力, 仍不能搬动那块石头。
2）。 用作代词，指“这一点”，也用在 such...as; the same... as 结构中罢，表示“象...一样”。
as is well known 众所周知
The statement reads in full As follows:
声明全文如下:
3） 用作介词，指“作为, 当作, 担任”
He worked as a teacher.
他当教师。
As a work of art it is very poor.
作为艺术品这是十分拙劣的。
8. Traditional diets often have too much fat and too many calories for the 21st-century person..
1) diet 既可作可数名词，又可以作不可数名词，
8.If we want to keep up with the high pace of modern life,we had better learn to make the right choices about what and how we eat.
如果我们想要跟上现代生活的步伐，我们最好学会正确选择吃什么以及怎样吃 1)keep up with 跟上, 不落在......后面。
Don't run — I can't keep up with you.
别跑了，我赶不上你了。
Are wages keeping up with inflation?
工资跟得上通货膨胀吗？
2）pace n . 步速 ，步调；一步；步幅;（工作等的）速度
go at a good /fast/slow pace 快速/慢步前进
keep pace（常与with连用）跟上，与…同步；并驾齐驱
I stepped back a pace or two .
我向后退一两步 。
The fence is only ten paces from the house.
围墙离屋子只有十步远。
A policeman with plain clothes stood a dozen paces behind me watching me.
"一个穿便衣的警察站在我后面十几步远的地方,监视着我。"
pace 还可以用作动词，指“慢慢地走；踱步”。例如：
The lion paced the floor of its cage.
狮子在笼里踱来踱去。
He paced the room.
他在房间里踱来踱去。
9.Many people today make choices about their eating habits based on what they believe .
如今许多做出的选择是建立在他们所相信的饮食习惯基础上的。
1) choice n.挑选；选择；抉择; 入选者；被选中的人或物
make a choice = take a choice 做出选择
have no choice but[后跟动词不定式]非...不可, 除...之外别无他法
She had to make a choice between the two dresses.
她得在两件衣服中选择一件。
She is the people's choice for Prime Minister.
她是人民选出来的首相。
Which is your choice?
你选哪一个?
2)base 可以当名词使用，指“底；基础; 基地；本部”。例如：
A bottle has a flat base.
瓶子有一个平的底。
That company has offices all over the world, but their base is in Paris.
这个公司的办事处遍布全世界，但本部在巴黎。
base也用作动词 ，（与on, upon连用）表示“以...为基础,把...基础放在... ”。
Advertisements based on these facts have been printed in newspapers and magazines but have not helped much.
根据这些情况拟定的广告词登载在报纸和杂志上,但是效果不大。
One should always base one's opinions on facts.
意见应以事实为根据。
10.Eating habits become part of who we are; people become vegetarians either because they believe it is healthier not to eat meat or because they do not think we should kill animals for food.
饮食习惯已成为我们的一部分；人们成为素食者部分因为他们相信不吃肉更健康，或者因为他们认为我们不应该猎杀动物做食物。
1)part与of连用时,指全体中不特定的部分,通常不加冠词. 用part of...作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于of后面的名词,名词是单数,谓语动词用单数；否则用复数。
Part of the city was destroyed in the earthquake.
这座城市有一部分在地震中被毁。
Parts of the books have been given out to students.
有部分书籍已发到学生手中。
2）either...or... 或者...或者 ;并列连词,类似的有: neither...nor...; not only...but also ; both...and .可以引导并列的主语、宾语、状语等等。
You can either do it by yourself ,or ask someone else to do it.
你可以(或者)亲自做,或者叫其它人做。
Either you or I am to blame.
要么是你受责备，要么是我受责备。
Neither you nor he is wrong.
你不错，他也不错。
They can both read English and speak it well.
他们不但会读英语而且说得也很好。
11.Organic vegetables are vegetables that are grown without chemicals that can be harmful to human beings and the environment.
绿色蔬菜指的是不含化学农药的蔬菜，而那些化学药物对人类及环境是有害的。
此句中含有两个定语从句。第一个that引导的定语从句修饰先行词vegetables。
第二个that引导的定语从句修饰先行词chemicals。
be harmful to 对...有害
Your smoking can be harmful to the health of your children.
你吸烟会危害到你小孩的健康。
harm既是动词又是名词，指“伤害；损害；危害；对...有害处”。例如：
do sb/sth harm=do harm to sb/sth伤害...危害...
Did the storm do any harm to the corn?
风暴损害庄稼了没有？
The child fell over but came to no harm.
小孩跌倒了，可是没伤着。
I mean no harm to her.
我对她并无恶意。
I have never harmed anybody.
我从未伤害过任何人。 12.Instead of eating expensive diet foods or going on unhealthy diet, we can simply try to eat less fat and sugar and exercises more.
我们可以少吃脂肪和糖，坚持多锻炼，而不要吃昂贵的减肥食品或继续不健康的饮食。
Exercise 指“运动, 训练, 锻炼；练习；”，可用作动词或名词。
morning exercise 早操 eye exercise 眼保健操
The exercises are mostly translation exercises.
练习大部分是翻译练习。
Here is a special set of exercises which will strengthen your back muscles.
"这是一套专用体操,会使你的背部肌肉更强壮。"
Your weight is increasing, you should exercise more.
你越来越发胖, 应该多运动。
13.We ought to learn more about our body and the fuel it needs so that we can make sure that we're well prepared for the challenges and opportunities in life.
对于我们的身体以及身体所需的燃料,我们应该了解更多.这样我们充分做好准备,迎接生活中的挑战和机遇。
此句构成复杂。so that 引导目的状语，前面三句中it needs 是定语从句，修饰先行词the fuel。在后面的目的状语从句中that引导宾语从句。
1）make sure “确定，查明”或“确定，“务必...”，后跟of短语或that从句。
Go to the train station and make sure that every one of us will get a ticket.
你到火车站去一下，确保给我们每人都买到票。
2）prepare vt.vi 指“准备，配制；调制；配药 ；使有备；制订；布置”等。
I prepared the ground for the seeds.
我整理好土地准备播种。
Working on a part-time basis can prepare them for a future career.
打工为大学生将来的工作作好准备。
Will you help me prepare for the get-together of the old classmates?
你能否帮我为这次老同学聚会做好准备工作?
We must be prepared for all contingencies.
"我们要作好各种准备,以防意外。"
The team prepared themselves for defeat / to accept defeat.
这个队心理上做好了接受失败的准备。
情态动词（-）
情态动词有：can (could ),may(might),must, have to, shall (should), will(would), need, dare(dared), ought to, had better等。
情态动词无人称和数的变化，不能独立使用；它与后面的动词原形构成谓语。下面主要讲情态动词 had better ,should ，ought to的用法。
1）had better 意为“最好”，后接不带to的不定式。
----- We’d better go now .
----- Yes, we'd better.
我们最好现在走。
是的，我们最好现在走。
Hadn’t we better stop now？
难道我们现在还不最好停下来吗？
You’d better have done that. 你最好已经做了那件事。（用于完成态，表示完成动作）。
You’d better...,用于同辈或晚辈,一般不可用于对长辈。
2）should 表示劝告、建议、命令，其同义词是ought to；在疑问句中，通常用should代替 ought to。
Should I open the window ？
我们把窗户打开吗？
You should go to school right away.你应该马上上学。
（1）should用于第一人称时,可以表示说话人的委婉,客气的语气。
I should say you’re mistaken.
依我看，你是搞错了。
（2）should用于if引导的条件句中,表示某件事可能性很小,但也不是完全没可能,相当于“万一”。
If I should be free tomorrow, I will come.
万一我明天有时间,我就来。
（3）why /how+ should 表示谈话人对某事不能理解，感到意外等。意为“竟会”。
Why should you be so late today ？
你今天怎么来得这么晚？
（4）should+ have + 过去分词。表示应该做而事实上没有做到。
shouldn't + have + 过去分词,表示不应该做某事而事实上已经做了。
You should have started earlier.
你应该早点出发。
3）ought to的用法
（1）表示“应该”
You ought to listen to the teacher carefully.
你应该仔细听老师讲。
（2）表示“推测”往往比较含蓄，不十分肯定。must则比较肯定直率。
He ought to be home by now.
他现在应该到家了。
He must be home by now.
他现在一定到家了。
（3）ought to + have+ 过去分词，表示过去应该做某事而实际没做。
You ought to have help him
= You should have helped him .
你本应该帮助他的。
注：在美国英语中,ought to 用于否定句和疑问句时,to可以省略。
Ought you (to)smoke so much ?
你该抽这么多烟吗？
You oughtn’t（to）smoke so much.你不该抽这么多烟。

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