动名词的逻辑主语探微 |
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赵 国 强 动名词是指主语、宾语及部分表语、定语中的的动词-ing形式。该短 语之前可添上自身的逻辑主语,其逻辑主语可用名词所有格(物主代词) 或名词普通格(代词宾格)等形式。一般而言,如果只涉及明确动作执行 者时多用宾格,或是口语与书面语相互比较,二者区别甚微。略举几例: Can you imagine my mother('s) approving? 你能想象我母亲会赞成吗? You should offer to help without my/me having to ask. 你应该不用我请求就提供帮助。 What worried him most was their not going there. 最使他担心的是,他们没有上那儿去。 但在某些特定的场合,所有格和宾格不宜互换。分别叙述如下: 1、(名词)普通格或(代词)宾格作动名词的逻辑主语 1)无生命的东西作逻辑主语,多只用普通格或宾格。如: Usually at the beginning of school, the noise of desks being opened and closed could be heard out in the street. 平常开始上课时,在街上就可听得见书桌开关的声音。 If I bring my suits for dry-cleaning, is there any chance of it being ready this afternoon? 如果我将衣服拿来干洗,今天下午能成吗? 2)较长的名词词组或一个以上的人名作逻辑主语,多只用普通格或宾格。如: I've never heard of a person of humour refusing to go to such a wonderful party. 我还从未听说过富有幽默感的人会拒绝参加这样棒的晚会。 Do you remember Jim and his uncle coming to see us last month? 你记得吉姆和他的叔叔上月来看过我们吗? 3)不定代词、指示代词或表时间的it作逻辑主语,多只用普通格或宾格。如: I was astonished by someone knocking at the door. (听见)有人敲门,我惊讶了。 She is looking forward to that being said at the meeting. 她正盼望这事儿在会上说说。 I'm surprised at it being so late. 我真想不到就这么晚了。 即使有互换的场合,也应注意更稳妥的表达。譬如: She hates anyone smoking here in the room. 她讨厌任何人在这房间里抽烟。(较少用anyone's) 2、名词所有格或物主代词作动名词的逻辑主语 1)句首的逻辑主语,只用所有格或物主代词。如: The soldier's being killed in the war is her one regret. 那位战士的阵亡是她的一件憾事。 只有在极其随便的谈话中才偶尔也用宾格,以避免重复。如: Him recognizing his faults is a good thing. 他认错,这是好事嘛。 2)形式主语后的动名词,逻辑主语较多使用所有格或物主代词。如: It's no use your pretending not to know the rules. 你装着不知道规章,这没用。 但如果逻辑主语以-s结尾的名词复数,则用名词普通格。如: It's a catastrophe the bosses shutting all those factories. 3)少数动词(如 deny, delay, postpone, defer等), 其后动名词的逻辑主语(包括无生命的东西),大都采用所有格或物主代词。如: He denied their having ever been there. 他矢口否认他们曾到过那儿。 The dense fog delayed the plane's taking off. 大雾耽误了飞机起飞。 But you kept postponing your coming. 可你一直在推迟你的来访。 The boss deferred Mr Jackson's going home until next month. 老板将杰克逊探家的事推迟到下个月。 4)有些动词如advise, allow, permit, forbid等,要么用不定式作宾语补足语,否则动名词短语前的逻辑主语须用代词所有格。如: I advised him to start at once.或I advised his starting at once. 我劝他立即出发。 We shouldn't allow them to park in the street. 或 We shouldn't allow their parking in the street. 我们不应该让他们把车停在街上。 The heavy rain forbade us to go out.或The heavy rain forbade our going 大雨使我们没法出去。 I have too much to do to permit my coming yet. 我有太多的事要做,这不允许我来。 顺便提到的是,当分词与句子的主语不一致时,大都也采用自己独立的逻辑主语,但均不涉及所有格,而动名词的逻辑主语很多场合只用所有格。因此,把主语、宾语中的动名词与状语、宾语补足语中的分词等进行比较,对于帮助使用逻辑主语是大有裨益的。试比较: 1) Many people's being absent made the chairman upset. 许多人缺席,这使主席伤脑筋。(动名词) Many people being absent, the chairman felt quite upset. 由于许多人缺席,主席感到很是心烦。(分词) 2) I was ready to leave when she insisted on me/my staying for dinner. 我正准备离开的时候,她硬是留我吃饭。 (动名词) I was wandering down the street when I caught him stealing. 逛街时,我突然碰上他正在行窃。(分词) 3) We're considering the child('s) going on a trip. 我们正在 考虑孩子旅游的事。 (动名词) He smiled at the child running away. 他笑着看见那孩子跑开。 (分词) 本文登于《英语知识》97年第10期 相关链接:教学论文
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