浅析表示状态变化的连系动词 |
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浅 析 表 示 状 态 变 化 的 连 系 动 词 赵 国 强 英语中,除be动词之外,还有许多表示状态的特征、存在和变化的连系动词。get, become, grow, turn, come, go, fall以及run, wear, make等动词能够表达“成为”、“变成”等意义,即表示状态的变化。如:get ready(准备好), run dry(干枯), go wrong(出毛病),fall due(到期)等。 有些词组的结构搭配较为固定,毋需赘述。但纵观其它连系动词及自身相互比较,表示状态变化的连系动词有以下特点。 一、时态表达 直接自然 一般而言,如果不表达某一特殊含义,连系动词是没有进行时和完成时的。seem, appear等连系动词的进行时和完成时也必须通过其后的不定式或从句来表达。而表示状态变化的连系动词都可以直接用进行时、完成时及将来时来表达正在(渐渐)、已经或将要“变得”或“成为”等时间概念或意义。试比较下列几组句子: 1) He seemed to be writing something.(=It seemed that he was writing something.) 他好象在写什么东西。 Our country is becoming (或getting) stronger and stronger. 我们国家日益强大。 2) He seems (或appears) to have been to Beijing. (=It seems (或appears) that he has been to Beijing.) 他似乎去过北京。 The custom has now become a rule. 那习俗现已变为成规。 This material has worn thin. 这料子已磨薄了。 3) It seems as if it is going to rain. 看来快下雨了。 The milk in the cup will go bad. 杯子里的牛奶要坏了。 二、内部结构 各有侧重 连系动词要跟表语。表示状态变化的连系动词和表语的基本结构如以下图表:(其后的例词为其中部分较常见的结构搭配) 词 例 形容词 名 词 过去分词 不定式 介 词 get ready/ strong/ sick an old man married/ used to/ drunk/ to know/ to like/ to be under way become easy/ silent chairman/ a big problem known/ crowded __ of... grow tall/old/ hot __ excited/ advanced to like/ to be out of fashion/ into.. turn red/pale / sour writer/ traitor un-结构 __ __ into.../ from ...to... come true/ cheap/dear __ to know/ to be on duty go white/ hungry the colour/pink (较少用) unnoticed/ unpunished __ out of fashion/ out of one's mind fall ill/ asleep victim/ (或prey) __ __ in love with/ out of fashion run dry/wild/ short __ __ __ __ wear thin __ __ __ __ make __ a good actor __ __ __ 1、除make外, 均可接形容词,表示“(渐渐)变成(某种状态)”;come表示“算起来(贵、贱等)”。 It grew (或got, became) colder as night drew on. 当夜幕降临时,天气渐渐变得冷一些了。 We may not get wiser as we get older. 不一定年龄越大就越聪明。 Your hair has turned (或gone) grey. 你的头发变白了。 The horse fell lame.那马跛了。 The boy's wish to become an expert has come true. 那孩子想当专家的愿望已经实现。 The expense comes cheap [expensive/dear]. 这开支算起来便宜(昂贵)。 2、become, get, turn, make, fall可接名词,但各有特点。get后的名词前可加to be,而become则不行;turn跟名词时,前面多不加冠词。make必须与有定语的名词连用; fall常与victim,prey(牺牲者、受害者)等名词连用。(go偶尔接颜色类名词) He has become (或got) a (famous) scientist. 他成了(著名)科学家。 He has made a famous scientist. 他成了著名科学家。 He used to be a soldier till he turned writer. 他当作家之前曾是战士。 The guard fell a victim to the dagger of a murderer. 警卫死于凶手的刀下。 She fell (或was falling) an easy prey to him. 她轻易地被他控制着。 3、分词前面多用become和 get表示;也有用grow接分词的情况;以un-开头的过去分词前主要用come,还有用go来表示的。 The room soon became crowded. 屋里一会儿就挤满了人。 At last the truth became (或got) known. 最后真相大白了。 Don't get caught in the storm. 别让暴风雨淋着了。 Has he got engaged [married]? 他定婚(结婚)了吗? Look out! You nearly got hit by the car. 当心!你差点让车给撞了。 The string came undone. 绳子散了。 The buttons on my coat came unfastened. 我的上衣扣子松了。 The package he is carrying is about to come unwrapped. 他扛的包快要散了。 The murderer shall not go unpunished. 凶手必须受到惩罚。 We soon grew dissatisfied with our work. 我们很快对自己的工作不满意了。 4、come, go, get等后面可接不定式,表示一种状态的变化;有些结构中to be可以省略。注:become后不能接不定式。 Mr Smith is getting (to be) an old man. 史密斯先生渐渐成了老人。 I've come to like him. 我渐渐喜欢他了。 She's growing (或getting) to hate those who don't keep their promise. 她渐渐地痛恨那些说话不算数的人了。 He has grown to be a fine young man. 他长成个很好的男子汉了。 5、come, go, grow, get, fall接介词短语的情况较多一些,有些已构成固定表达。如:go into a rage(大发雷庭); fall into despair(陷入绝望之中)。另举几例: He has grown into a fine young man.他长成个很棒的男子汉了。 At nine, she fell in love with the pipa. 她九岁就爱上了琵琶。 The child comes of(或from) a poor family.孩子出身于贫家。 三、褒贬色彩 各居其位 1、有些连系动词受到原行为动词意义的影响,常常褒贬搭配,泾渭分明。如: go bad [hungry, mad, blind, deaf, tired, etc.]变坏(饿、疯、瞎、聋、累……) turn sour [cold, chilly, pale, quarrelsome, etc.]变得酸(冷、寒冷、苍白、爱争吵……) fall ill (或sick) [asleep,silent, etc.]生病、睡着、沉默起来…… come true [right]变为现实(正确) grow rich[ tall, large, clever, old, etc.]变得富裕(高、大、聪明、年老……) 2、颜色类形容词如red, green等前面多用turn和go,亦有用grow等词来表示的。 Her face went (或turned) red with anger. 她脸都气红了。 She went black in the face. 她(气得或累得)脸上发紫。 The fox may grow grey, but never good. (谚语)江山易改,本性难移。 应该注意的是,由于表示状态变化的连系动词均由行为动词演变而成。因此,究竟怎样搭配,还是应该按照不同的意义、语境或结构加以处理,从而表达出某种最准确的固定含义。如: The milk has gone bad.=The milk has turned. 牛奶坏了。 The wheat is coming nicely. 小麦长势良好。 Something has gone wrong with my watch. 我的手表出了毛病。 Everything went well [badly]. 一切情况良好(恶劣)。 本文登于《中小学外语教学》95年第8期 相关链接:教学论文
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