谭老师暑假讲语法(一)
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连词解释
一.because,for,since,as,的区别
because语气强,表示客观必然原因：He is absent,because he is ill .比较:He is absent,for he is busy.
（“生病”是“缺席”的必然原因，“忙”不是必然原因。）for 语气轻,表示非客观必然的原因,是主观可改变结果的原因,甚至是猜测可能的原因:He must be ill, for he is absent. “缺席”不一定是“生病”，只是交流猜测。for 不能放句首,它是并列连词.
since,as 都是不讲自明的原因,是已知的原因.
Since I am a boy, let me carry the case.
As you don't feel well ,you had better stay at home.
1.我不进去了,因为我爸爸在里面.
I won't go in .for my father is there.
2.他的电脑一定是坏了,因为在QQ上不见他.
3.昨晚是下雨了,因为地很湿.
It must have rained last night,for the ground is web.
4.地是湿的,因为昨晚下雨了.
The ground is web,because
5.因为我18岁了,我不能要你的钱.
6.因为不高兴,他不想出去了.
He diden't wanted to go out ,for he was unhappy.
3.既然你工作忙，你就不必跟我们一道去了。
Since/As you are busy, you had better not go with us.
4.他付给我比别人少的钱,因为我是个女的.
He paid me less than the others,for I'm female.
5.他付给我比别人少的钱,仅仅因为我是个女的.
He paid me less than the others,only because I'm female.
5.既然大家都在这,我们开始开会吧.
Since everybody is here,let's begin our meeting.
As you don't feel well,you'd better stay at home.
二.when,while,as引导时间状语时的异同.
when,表示时间点,时间段都可以.如状语是短暂动作时,多用when ,是时间段时则三个连词都 可以.When/While/As I was walking in the street,I met a friend of mine.
只能用when 的句型:
1.放句中,主句是进行时,从句是短暂动作,表示"这时突然" I was reading in the room, when a girl shouted for help.我正在房间看书，这时突然听到有一个女孩喊救命！
2.从句是短暂动作:When I got up, I heard the bell ring.
只能用while
1.I am poor while you are rich.表示对立予盾的对比，这时while相当于but。
Tom is strong ,while John is weak.
2.Go to see the film while it is still on.表示“趁着还来得及的时候,赶快...."
1.趁热打铁.Strike while it is hot.
2.趁着老师还在教室,你赶快去问他吧.
You should go to ask the teacher while he is still in.
只能用as
1.She sang as she walked."一边....一边..."稳定的动作当从句,不稳定的动作当主句"
他一边洗澡一边吹口哨."
He whistled as he had a bath."
我一边看书一边听音乐.
I listened to music as I read.
他一边唱歌一边弹钢琴.
他一边画画一边吃苹果.
2.As you know, the earth moves around the sun.
He failed as we had expected."正如....所知道,预料的一样.... as 在此是关系代词,不能用which代替.
1.正如众所周知的一样,地球是圆的.
As everybody can see,the earth is round.
2.我们都知道,月亮上没有人.
3.正如我们所预料的一样,中国足球队赢了印尼.
As we had expected,Chinese Football Team betean Indian
三.as 与like的区别
1.表示"象...一样"时,as接从句,like 接短语
Do everything as I do. He is/looks like his mother.
2.as当介词接短语时,表示"作为..."不是"象...一样"的意思啦.like 当动词时,是"喜欢"的意思,不要搞混为"象..."
As a Party Member, I should............
We should study as Lenin studied.
He is/looks like his mother.
As a League Member,I should take everything in the lead.
The bird (likes, looks like, ) a cock.,it is very big.
三.untill, I'll not go untill the bell rings.
unless 条件I'll not go unless you go .
I waited untill he came肯定句延续 He lived here until he was 90.
I didn't leave untill he came.短暂not until,
I won't stay with you unless you drive the dog out.
四.and ,but,however,yet,
He studied hard and became a college student.顺趋势自然而然发展
He studied hard but failed in the exam.逆趋势转折
He studied hard , however,he failed in the exam.中间有逗号，语气轻用however 不能用but
He studied hard ,yet he failed in the exam.
Althought he studied hard ,yet he failed in the exam.（yet可以与although，though连用，but不能。
五.就近原则，对称原则，附加不理原则
谓语动词就最近距离主语原则：
Either he or his parents (is ,are) wrong.
Either you or he (is ,are) wrong.
(is ,are) you or he wrong?
连词后成分对称原则：Both ....and neither....nor
not only.....but also.......
She can (either sing,sing either)English songs or Chinese songs.
She can (either sing,sing either)English songs or dance well.
with后名词附加不影响谓语原则
He as well as his wife and daughters (like, likes)
music very much.
He with his sons (get,gets )up early every day.
I but you (are,am)wrong.
连词练习
1.It's going to rain.(A.because B.for C.since D.as)my mother's leg is aching.2.My mother's leg will ache , (A.because B.for C.since D.as)It's going to rain.
3.(A.Because B.For C.Since D.As)you are here,you should clean your room.
4.He got up late ,(A.because B.for C.since D.as) it was Sunday
5.(A.because B.forC.sinceD.as)Marx was a German,he couldn't speak Chiness
6.He was whistling( 吹口哨),(A.when B.while C.as)he was riding a bike.
7. (A.when B.while C.as) we were walking ,he was riding a bike.
8.He is right,(A.when B.while C.as) you are wrong.
9.He came in (A.when B.while C.as) I was reading in the room.
10.I was reading in the room (A.when B.while C.as) he came in.
11.You must hurry (A,so B.or C.but D.howerer) you'll be lake.
12.I hurried (A,since B.so that C.as if D.or) I wouldn't be lake.
13.You'll be late (A.unless B.until C.if Dor.)you leave immediately.
14.You'll stay here (A.unless B.until C.if D.or) the building falls down.
15.(Whenever ,whether, If ,that)our team win is not known.
16.(A.when B.while C.as) the day went on, the weather got worse.
1. I'm sorry _____ your grandfather has passed away.
　A. how B. why　C. when D. that
2. _____ surprised me most was _____ he could speak Chinese so well.
　A. How/that B. Why/how　C. When/that D. What/that
3. I'm not sure _____ she'll be here on time.
　A. when B. how soon　C. how long D. whether
4. ____ you hurry, you'll be late. A. If not B. IfC. Although D. Unless
5. Do _____ you were told.A. asB. likeC. according to D. following
6. The old man will not hear you _____ you shout.
　A. except B.untill　C. since D. while
7. _____ there is life, there is hope.
　A. Until B. Where C. After D. Before
8. The film brought the hours back to me_____ I was taken good care of in that far-away 　village.
　A. until B. that　C. when D. where
9. Please take an umbrella with you _____ it should rain.
　A. now that B. sinceC. in case D. because
10. Henry ___ his younger brothers goes to school from Monday to Friday.
　A. and B. plus　C. as well as D. as good as
11. _____ I know, he went to Japan with the aid of his Japanese relatives.
　A. As long as B. As far as　C. Now that D. When
12. Man couldn't live without air _____ water.
　A. as well as B. and　C. or D. but
13. Is it necessary _____ we learn foreign language well?
　A. whether B. if　C. that D. how
14. _____ you have come all the way here, you'd better stay a while.
　A. When B. While　C. Now that D. Although
15. _____ a beginning is made, the work is half done.
　A. While B. Once　C. Unless D. As if
16. It was the first time _____ I had been to a palace ball.
　A. when B. that　C. at which D. for that
17. A computer can only do ______ you have instructed it to do.
　A. what B. how　C. after D. when
18. It is still a question _____ we shall have our meeting.
　A. if B. that　C. which D. when
19. It was not long _____ he returned from abroad.
　A. when B. as　C. that when D. before
20. _____ coal is burned, the chemical energy is turned into heat energy.
　A. Because B. While　C. When D. For
21.Either you or I (A.am B.areC.is) wrong.
22.(A.Am BAreC.Is) either You or I wrong?
23.He can (A.speak both B. both speak)English and German.
24.he can (A.speak both B. both speak)Englis and play violent.
非谓语练习
把划线部分变成非谓语动词,其它是选择题.
1.When I went to school (当我上学的时候), I fell down .
2.Because he is tall(因为他很高), ---- he is good at playing basket-ball.
3.If I know any news如果我知道消息, -----, I would tell you first .
4.他坐在那里看书. He sat there，------
5.As he was a student(作为一个学生)， he was interested in books.
5.He returned home and found his mother's letter(发现母亲的信)。
6.He returned home and found his father dead.(发现父亲死了).,
7.He returned home and got his coat(取大衣) -----his coat . .
8.The boy (坐) in the front is our monitor.
9.The boy sold (被卖) to Guangdong was found.
The boy named/called Tom is tall
Baten, the boy cried.
Heated ,water will change into stream.
10.Because he didn't know English, Not knowing English, he kept silent.
11.Because I hadn't received his letter, Not having received I worried about him.
12.That he won made everybody happy.
----- made everybody happy.
13.The techer was angry that John was late.
The techer hated ------.
14.That she didn't listen to her mother
made her mother angry.
---- to her mother made her mother angry.
15.The classroom by us is large.
16———— (如果被加热) , it will be boiling
17.(A. Listening B.When I listening )to the teacher ,I thought of my hometown .
18.(A. Living B.Having lived C.Because living ) in the south ,he loves swimming.
19.______anything about the accident, he went to work as usual..
A. Not known B. Known not C. Knowing not D. Not knowing
20. The secretary worked late into the night, ___a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare B. preparing C. having prepared D. was preparing
21. She is writing a letter to a friend of hers, _____ him to attend the meeting.
A. having invited B. inviting C. to invite D. invited
22. Our town has dozens of factories, ___________several saw mills.
A. included B. are including C. are included D. including
23. ___ the classroom, the students went to the playground to watch the football match.
A. To clean B. Having cleaned C. Cleaned D. Cleaning
24_____ anything about the accident, he went to work as usual..
A. Not known B. Known not C. Knowing not D. Not knowing
25. There was terrible noise ___________ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed
26.The secretary worked late into the night, __ a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing
27. "Can''t you read?" Mary said ___________ to the notice.
A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily
C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing
28. ---I must apologize for ______ahead of time. ---That's all right.
A. letting you not know B. not letting you know
C. letting you know not D. letting not you know
29.---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. ---Well, now I regret ___________ that.
A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done
30.I forgot (A. to close B. closing )the windows ,the rain will make my desk web .
31.The boy tried (A.to go B.going) out of the school ,but fail.
主语从句
1． 例句：That Zhao anlai died made the whole counter sad。
What he had heard made him sad。
When and where we should hold the meeting has not been decided。
How I can learn English well is still a question for me .
Whether he will come is not known.
2． 构成：关联词(that,what,whether等)+简单句+谓语动词+宾/表语
3． 引导主语从句的关联词有三类：
(1) 从属连词that。 如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.
很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。
that 引导的从句特点:
1).that后的句子完整,that不充当句子的宾,主语,即从句不缺宾语,主语.
That he came made her happy.(he came是完整句子,不缺宾语.
2.)that 从句表示的是已发生或在过去发生的一件事,一条消息,表示这件事的性质(如真假,被人知否,使别人怎么样,消息传播范围)等.
3)That 本身没有意思,只起引导作用.但that 不能省略.
(2)what 引导从句的特点:
1)what是从句的主语或宾语,从句去了what后因缺了主宾语意思不通,从句不成立.
What he said is not true.
What must be said has been said.
2)what从句往往翻译为"你所说的""他刚才所吃的""该做的"之类被人的具体行为支配的事物.
"你刚才看见的不是一条蛇,是绳子.
"我们听到的是你输了."
"我要说的就是这些."
"该说的都说了."
"该做的我都做了,不该做的我也替你做了."
3)whether。如：
Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。
whether引导的从句的特点:
1)它与that名词性从句一样,后面的句子不缺主,宾语,但它不象that名词性从句一样确定,肯定,它在肯定,否定两者之间摇摆不定,是有疑问的,未知结局的问题或事情.可以与"or not "连用.翻译成汉语时也常有"是否"等字眼.往往是末发生的末知的事情,往往可以与"is not known""hasn't been decided.""is still a question."等句子搭配.
"他是否是个老师并不重要."
"今天下午是否下雨还不知道."
"我父母是否能拿出这么多钱还是个问题."
(3) how引导的从句：
How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。
how句子也象whether句子一样不缺主宾语,但在"怎么样"的方式上是不确定,有疑问的.
"猴子怎么摘到树上的苹果还是个问题."
"你怎么去那里不关我的事."
4)when,where引导的主语从句的特点:
可以是不确定的时间,地点:
When he will come back home is still not known.
Where Ben ladan hides is not known.
这时when,where从句就等于"某人在什么时候""某人在什么地方"
它也可以是确定的时间,地点:
When the Party was born is known to every student in China.
Where I live is a beautiful place.
这时when从句就等于that time/day"那个时刻,那一天,where从句就等于the place 那个地方
4)who,whom引导从句的特点:
可以是不确定的人,翻译为"谁":
Who will be our monitor is not known.
谁是正确的还不知道.
也可以是确定的人,翻译为"那个.....的人" :
Who you shaked hands with just now is Chairman in China.
你刚才看见的那个人是爱因斯坦.
你刚才和他谈话的那个人是个记者.
whoever,wherever,whenever与who,where,when不同的地方就是它们表示让步,即表示"无论......都"的意思
Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。
Wherever you are is my home ---- my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家----我唯一的家。
Whenever you will come back is not important.
解释：
1． 主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有：
A. It+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句。如：
It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。
It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。
B. It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that从句。如：
It’s a pity that we can’t go. 很遗憾我们不能去。
It’s no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我们没赢这场比赛真意外。
C. It+be+过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.)+that从句。如：
It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到了北京。
It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.
据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。
D. It+seem, happen等不及物动词及短语+that从句。如：
It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice似乎不来参加晚会。
It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。
E. It+doesn’t matter (makes no difference, etc.)+连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句。如：
It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。
It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我们在哪里开会毫无区别。
F. 当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：
Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week? 下周那位科学家将给我们作报告是真的吗？
Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow? 他们明天不来很要紧吗？
G. 当主语从句出现在感叹句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：
How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子们这么安静真奇怪！
2．注意连接代词whoever, whatever, whichever等引导主语从句的含义
Whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever=the person who) 来的人将受到欢迎。
Whatever he did was right. (whatever=the thing that) 他所做的事情是正确的。
Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. (whichever=anyone of you who) 你们当中不论哪个进来将会得到奖励。
which 那一个
which recorder do you want ？the red one or green one
1.The man is Mr Smith.
the man is an English teacher.
The man who is an English teacher is Mr Smith.
the man is with a pair of thick glasses
the man is talking with my father
My father is talking with the man
the man with whom my father is takling is .........
2.I know the man
3.The house is very large.
where I live is ........;
where I built 错
that/which/x I built/visit/buy
where sb. live /work
4.the days will never be forgotten.
I spent the days with you
The days that/which/x I spent with you will never be forgotten
I have been to Beijing in those days.
I studied in Yulin in those days.
I live in the country in those days.
4.Have you been to the city?
I visited the city yesterday
4.Do you know the reason.(why)
he is late.
5.The pen is lost.
I write with the pen.
I broke the pen
I borrow the pen from you.
the one
Is this the house _ _you built?
This is the house you built.
从句:一.名词性从句:主语.宾语,表语
二.状语从句:修饰整句话,表示时间.原因,条件,
定语从句:名词后的从句,
定语从句解释
（一）定义及相关术语
1．定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。
2．先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。
从句前有一个名词，不是定语从句就是同位语从句。
3．关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有when, where, why等。
关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如：
The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. 该句中，who is shaking hands with my father 是定语从句，
我是一个爱唱歌的女孩.
I am a girl who likes singing.
这是一个很大的学校.
This is a school which/that is large.
这个很大的学校是我的母校.
The school which/that is large. is my mother school.修饰先行词the man， “who”是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词the man，在定语从句中作主语。
（二）关系代词引导的定语从句
1．who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。
The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。
Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. 想去博物馆的人必须在明晨7点到大门口集合。
Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。
That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 那就是教我们物理的老师。
坐在后面的男孩是我们的班长。The boy ——is our monitor。
我讨厌那个在上课时说话的女孩。I hate the girl-----------。
2．whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。
Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus. 刘先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。
Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see. 李明正是我想要见的男孩。
The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come. 你正在等的教授已经来了。
The girl ( whom ) the teacher often praises is our monitor. 老师经常表扬的那个女孩是我们的班长。
注意：关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替，也可省略。
The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend.
3．Which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。
Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。
The factory which makes computers is far away from here. 制造计算机的那家公司离这儿很远。
He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. 他喜欢外国作家写的书。
The house which is by the lake looks nice. 湖边的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。
This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天买的钢笔。
The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all. 他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。
4．That 指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。
The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. 每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。
Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? 我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？
The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind. 你介绍给我的那个人很友好。
The season that / which comes after spring is summer. 春天以后的季节是夏季。
Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from Australia. 昨天我收到了一封来自澳大利亚的信。
只能用that三种情况:1.不定代词后all that,sth .that2.最高级后3.序数后
只能用which: 1.在介词后2.在逗号后的非限制定从.
5．Whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。
I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. 我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。
He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。
I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in.
I have a book_whose__ cover is red 我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。
注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?
（三）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。
The school (which / that/x) he once studied in is very famous.
The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾经就读过的学校很出名。
Tomorrow I'll bring here the magazine (which / that) you asked for.
Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine for which you asked.明天我将把你要的杂志带来。
This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday.
This is the boy with whom I played tennis yesterday. 这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。
We'll go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talked about.
We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.我们将去听那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家演唱。
The man with whom I talked just now is a doctor.
The man x /who/whom/that I talked with just now is a doctor.
The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions.
The manager in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions.
我工作的那家公司的经理十分注意改善我们的工作条件。
注意：１． 含有介词的转义短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for, look after,（这两个“look”都不是“看”了，词义转化了。 take care of “care”不是“细心”了。
This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正) 这是我正在找的手表。
This is the watch for which I am looking . (误)
The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. (正) 那个保姆照看的小宝宝们都很健康。
The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. （误）
２．若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who, that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。
The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正) 你刚才跟他谈话的那个人是我的邻居。
The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (误)
The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (正)我们去加拿大所乘坐的飞机实在很舒服。
The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (误)
３．“介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。可以是介词短语如：
This is our classroom, in front of which there is a tree.
The students , 25 of whom are girls, like watching TV.
He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. 他深深地爱着他的父母，他们俩待他都很好。
In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. 篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。
There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. 我们班总共有４０个学生，大多数来自大城市。
Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life. 迄今为止，他写了１０部小说，其中３部是关于农村生活的。
（四）关系副词引导的定语从句
1． when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。
I still remember the day when I first came to this school. 我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。
In This year when I was born ,there is a flood
The time when we got together finally arrived. 我们团聚的时刻终于到了。
October 1, 1949 was the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded. 1949年10月1日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。
Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents. 你还记得在农村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年吗？
2． where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。
Shanghai is the city where I was born. 上海是我出生的城市。
The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 我十年前住的房子已经被拆掉了。
I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised . 我参观了那个饲养了许多奶牛的农场。
Is this the place where they fought the enemy? 这是他们当初打敌人的地方吗？
3． why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。
Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 请告诉我你误机的原因。
The reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。
I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 我不知道他今天为什么看上去不愉快。
注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如：
From the years when / in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up. 自从他在农村读小学时，他就已经知道长大后要做什么。
Great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live. 他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。
The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear. 他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。
（五）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
形式上：
不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。
用逗号“，”与主句隔开。
意义上
非限制性定从的名词在意义上包括全部对象，即“全体都...”
限制性定从的名词不是全部对象,是"其中一个"或"其中一些"
The student who is tall is named Li Ping.
Li Ping, who is very tall, is dressed in red.
The students who arrived yesterday began to be trained.
The students who arrived yesterday began to be trained.
The students who arrived yesterday began to be trained.昨天来的学生已开始军训.(其它的末开始)
The students , who arrived yesterday.began to be trained学生们已开始军训,他们是昨天来的.
限制性定从是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。
专有名词当先行词必须用非限制性定从.因为它是包括全部对象.先行词是整体中的其中之一,整体中的部分对象必须用限制性定语从句.
先行词被所有格修饰,一般应该用非限制的.
His house,which he bought last year,is burned.
The house 限制性定从是句子中不可缺少的组成部分,不可删除,删除后句子意思不完整..
非限制性定从只是对先行词的补充说明，可以译为另一句较独立的句子,如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。
译法上
限制性常译成:先行词的定语：“．．．的+先行词+主句其它部分”The boy who was dressed in white is named Tom.
非限制性通常译成主句的并列句,即两句各自独立的句子。Tom,who is dressed in white,is good at English .
关系词的使用上
A．作宾语时可省略
A．不可省略
B．可用that
B．不可用that
C．可用who 代替whom
C．不可用who 代替whom
限制性定语从句举例：
The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. 老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。
China is a country which has a long history. 中国是一个历史悠久的国家。
In the street I saw a man who was from Africa. 在街上我看到一个来自非洲的人。
非限制性定语从句举例 ：
His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。
China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 中国是1949年成立的， 现在正变得越来越强大。
Last summer I visited the People’s Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year. 去年夏天，我参观了人民大会堂，在那儿每年都要举行许多重要会议。
注意区分下列几组句子的不同含义：
1. The brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college.
她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学。（意含： 她还有其他哥哥。）
Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her to go to college.
她哥哥是当兵的，他总是鼓励她上大学。（意含： 她只有一个哥哥。）
2. All the books that have pictures in them are well written.
所有里面带插图的书都写得很好。（意含： 不带插图的书则不一定写得好。）
All the books, which have pictures in them, are well written.
所有的书都带插图，这些书都写得很好。（意含： 没有不带插图的书。）
（一）限制性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的情况
1．当先行词是everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, few, little, some等代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。如：
Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? 李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？
There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。
All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的都做好了。
There is little that I can do for you. 我不能为你干什么。
He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed. 他呆在图书馆查找所需的资料。
注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who，如：
Any man that / who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing. 任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事。
All the guests that / who were invited to her wedding were important people. 所有应邀来参加她婚礼的客人都是重要人物。
2．当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。
3．当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：
This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
4．当先行词被the very, the only修饰时。如：
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 这正是我要买的词典。
After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns. 家里发生了火灾过后，那辆旧车成了他的唯一拥有。
注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。如：
Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting. 王华是我校唯一出席会议的人。
5．当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。如：
Who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在门口的那个人是谁？
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 哪件T恤衫最合我的身？
6．当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。如：
They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school 他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。
Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street.　瞧瞧那个沿街走来的人和他的 毛驴。　
（二）关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句
as 和which 引导非限制性定语从句时， 其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是：
1. as 和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如：
He married her, as / which was natural. 他跟她结婚了，这是很自然的事。
He is honest, as we can see. 他很诚实， 这一点我们看得出来。(表示人从日常主观常识,经验对某一事情的看法,评价,用as为妥.)
2. as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。 which 引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as 常常有“正如、正像”的含义。如：
As is known to all, China is a developing country. 众所周知，中国是发展中国家。
He is from the south, as we can know from his accent. 他是南方人，这一点我们从他的口音可以知道。
John, as you know, is a famous writer. 正如你所知， 约翰是个著名作家。
Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I don’t believe. 张华已去过巴黎十多次了，这一点我不相信。
注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，先行词是客观具体的一件事时,关系词往往只用which。如：
Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry. 汤姆老是迟到，这使得老师很恼火。
These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy. 这些桌子是金属的，这使得这些桌子很重。
1. 当先行词受such, the same 修饰时，关系词常用as。 如：
I’ve never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过象他讲的这样的故事。
He is not such a fool as he looks. 他可不象他看上去的那样傻。
This is the same dictionary as I lost last week. 这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样。
注意：当先行词受the same 修饰时，偶尔也用 that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。如：
She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. 她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。
She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。
(三) 以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which或that引导，而且通常可以省略。如：
The way (that / in which ) he answered the questions was surprising. 他回答这些问题的方式令人惊奇。
I don’t like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her. 我不喜欢你冲她的样子。
（四）关系代词与关系副词的选择
用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（即所担当的成分）。试比较：
A. I know a place where we can have a picnic. 我知道一个我们可以野炊的地方。
I know a place which / that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. 我知道一个以自然景色优美而闻名的地方。
B. I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together. 我永远忘不了我们一起度假的日子。
I will never forget the days that / which we spent together. 我永远忘不了我们一起度过的日子。
C. This is the reason why he was dismissed. 这就是他被解雇的原因。
This is the reason that / which he explained to me for his not attending the meeting. 这就是他向我解释的他没有参加会议的原因。
（五）but 有时也用作关系词引导定语从句。如：
There are very few but admire his talents.　很少有人不赞赏他的才干的。（but = who don’t）
（六）定语从句与同位语从句的区别
1．定语从句修饰限定先行词，它与先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，它与先行词是同位关系。
The plane that has just taken off is for Paris. （定语从句） 刚刚起飞的那架飞机是开往巴黎的。
The fact/news that he has already died is quite clear. （同位语从句） 他已经去世了，这个事实很明了。内部内容
The news that/which/x I have heard is true. 定语从句 外部限制
The news that we won is true.
2．定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分，关系代词在从句中作宾语时经常可省略。同位语从句主要由连词that 引导，在从句中一般不担当成分；有时也由where, when, how, who, whether, what 等连词引导，这些连词则在从句中担当成分。
The news that he told me is true. （定语从句） 他告诉我的消息是真的。
The news that he has just died is true. （同位语从句） 他刚刚去世了，这个消息是真的。
The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. (定语从句) 我们现在面临的问题是如何筹集这么多资金。
The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve. （同位语从句） 我们如何筹集这么多资金，这个问题很难解决。
The question that he raised puzzled all of us. （定语从句） 他提出的问题让我们很为难。
The question whether he is sure to win the game is hard to answer. （同位语从句） 他是否一定会赢得那场比赛，这个问题很难回答。
3．同位语从句与先行词一般可以用动词be发展成一个完整的句子, 而定语从句则不能。如：
A. The idea that he we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. （同位语从句）我们可以向老师请教，这个主意不错。
The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.
B. The fact that the earth moves around the sun is known to all. （同位语从句） 地球围绕太阳转，这个事实人人皆知。
The fact is that the earth moves around the sun.
C. Pay attention to the problem how we can protect the wild animals. （同位语从句） 请注意如何保护野生动物这个问题。
The problem is how we can protect the wild animals.
定语从句练习
1(A.As B..Which C.That D.what) we had expected, Beijing succeeded in biding the OLlimpic 2008.
2.Beijing succeeded in biding the OLlimpic 2008,(A. as B.which C.that D. what) made us very excited.
3.Beijing is not the same city (A.which B.as C.that D. what) you visited twenty years ago.
4.(A.It B.That C.which DAs )is known ,the compass was first made in china.
5.Air is necessary to us,(A.as B.which C.that D.it) is known to us all.
6.Everybody breathes air, (A.as B.which C.that D.it)makes us get oxgion.
7.There are 50 students,most of (A.them B.who C. whom)love sports.
8.There're 50 students,(A.they B.Who C.Whom D.which)I believe love sports.
9.It's such a bad road (A.as B.which C.that D. what)we couldn't passed it.
10.It's such a bad road (A.as B.which C.that D.it)we've never seen.
11.This is Mr Smith, (A.who B.whom C.that D./)I think has something to say.
12.Anything (A. that B. which C.what )can be eaten has been eaten.
13.It's the most beautiful city (A.where B. that C.Which )I have seen .
14.It's the most beautiful city (A. where B.that C.which) I've lived .
15. He came from Henan Province ,(Awhere B.which C..it)is far from here.
16.He came from Henan Province ,(where ,.that,.which) you've never been.
17.He (A.that B.who C.which )won't work hard won't succeed at last.
18.Is (A.this school B.this the school C. this school where school one) some German friends visited last week?
19.Next month, (when .which .that) you'll spend in your hometown,is coming 20.Next month,(.when .which .that) you'll be in your hometown,is coming.
21.Do you know the reason (A.that B, which C. why D.as )he got angry?
22.He is ill ,it is (A.why B.because C.that D.the reason) he is absent.
23.He is absent, it is (A.why B.because C.that D. the reason )he is ill.
24.(A.That B.WhatC .which )you told me is very interesting.
25.The story (A.that B.what C.which)you told me is very interesting.
27.You said (A.that B.what C.which )I wanted to say.
28.Has all (A. that B.what C.which)must be done (A.be B.been) done"
29.More and more people are beginning to learn English，______ is becoming very popular in China.
2.Word came______ our class adviser would come to call at my house.
3.This is the biggest laboratary______ we have ever built in our school.
4.They stood at the window，from______ they could see was happening in the street.
5.The day finally came______ I was given a job.
6.I have such materials ______ are used in the library.
7.The Great Wall of China is one of the wonders of the world，______ is well known.
8.Was it in 1949______ my hometown was liberated　
9.He came on time，______ was expected.
10.This is the reason______ she was so upset.1.（1）This is the bus ______ I took the other day.
（2）The bus______ I went to work broke down.
A.which B.with which C.by which D.where
2.（1）Is the flat______ you once lived in　
（2）Is this the flat______ you once lived　
（3）Is this the only flat______ you once lived in　
（4）Is this the flat in______ you once lived　
（5）Is it the flat______ you once lived in　
A.which B.where C.the one D.that
3.（1）This is one of the best novels ______ last year.
（2）This is the only one of the best novels______ last year.
A.which were published B.which was published
C.that were published D.that was published
现在一般时与现在进行时
1) He works hard.（强调始终如一）He is working hard.（强调现在）
2) What do you do? (干什么工作的）What are you doing?（在干什么）
3) Here comes the bus! (表高兴和欣慰）
The bus is coming.（汽车到来的情景）
4) I forget his name.(现在仍忘记) I'm forgetting his name.(差点把他的名字忘了）
5) You don't eat much. (强调胃口不大）
You're not eating much.（你怎么不吃呀）
6) The match starts at 7 o'clock. (公共活动时间表,比较固定，不能由非权威部门改变）
The match is starting at 7 o'clock.（讨论将来计划,可以改变）
7) Tom always comes late. (叙述事实,无语气色彩)Tom is always coming late.(表示不满，责备）
8)Tom goes to college now.
Tom is going to college now.(这两句区别不大，后者更生动）
9） I tell you.（我可以告诉你）
I'm telling you.(我告诉你吧，有感情色彩）
10) He always sleeps in the afternoon.
He is always sleeping in the afternoon.(后者意味着埋怨,"整个下午都睡掉了,太懒了!）
11) I expect you to phone me. ( 几乎等于命令）
I'm expecting you to phone me.（婉转"你最好）
12) What do you say?
What are you saying?(你说些什么呀，表说话人惊讶，不满）
12) I find that the book is too difficult for me.(强调结果）
I'm finding that the book is too difficult for me. (强调过程，逐渐感到）
13) Apples cost more these days.(强调事实)
Apples are costing more these days.(越来越贵)
14) He always thinks of others.
He's always thinking of others.(表示赞扬)
15) Whenever I see him, he argues with somebody.(强调两个动作有先后) Whenever I see him, he is arguing with somebody.(强调两个动作同时进行)
16) I hope you'll give us some advice.
I'm hoping you'll give us some advice.(表示语气婉转)
17) I must go. (我应该去)I must be going.(我该走了)
18) We can discuss this while we eat.(说话时没用餐)
We can discuss this while we are eating.(进餐已开始)
一般现在时与现在进行时使用频繁,应理解如下两点。一、准确理解两种时态的主要含义：Ａ、一般现在时１、表示事物的本质特性或客观存在，没有时限性。
The table ____ soft。 (feels ) 表特性特征。Japan ___ to the east of China。　 (lies ) 表客观事实２、现阶段经常性、习惯性的行为，可带频率时间。
The shop closes at 7:30 p.m. Father doesn’t smoke. ?(习惯　)
３、表说话时的状态，感觉或结果，一般用状态动词，如It doesn’t matter.Does it hurt? (感觉结果)
４、特殊用法：－在条件、时间、让步从句中用现在时代替将来。
－If you go there tomorrow, I’ll help you.—用在begin ,come ,go ,leave ,return ,open ,close 等短暂位移动词表规定计划。The plane takes off at 11:30. （不受主观支配的计划）－在剧本、解说、标题或there (here)开头的句中表进行
There goes the bell/Here comes Mr.Wang.
I declare the meeting opens.(正在宣布)
He meets the ball and hits back to No.2 (正在发生)?
B.现在进行时
1.说话时正在发生,进行的动作Look! Dark clouds are gathering . (正在发生)
2.表现阶段正在进行，但此刻不一定正在进行的事。He usually gets up at 6:00 , but this week he is getting up at 7:00. (现阶段正在进行，但说话时不一定在起床)
I live in Guigang.
sb. be living .
My sister is living at home now.
３、现在进行时的特殊意义－表示主观打算常用于 go , come , leave , start , begin 等，位移、趋向动词。
How long are you staying here ? (准备停留)－表示眼前刚过去的语意即“话音刚落”，适用于tell , say , talk , discuss ….
You don’t believe it ? You know I’m telling the truth.
－表示安慰、关心、喜欢、讨厌……感情色彩。He is always making noises in class. (讨厌)－在条件、时间、让步状语从句中表示将来正在进行。Don’t bother him if he is reading this time tomorrow.?
二、严格区分进行时与一般时的语义。
a) 持续动词的一般时表持续情况，经常性，习惯性行为或客观存在的事实，进行时表暂时性或有限时刻的持续。
He lives in Beijing.(生活在北京－习惯性)
He is living in Beijing.（目前住在北京暂时性）b) 短暂动词的一般时叙述事实，特征，能力而短暂动作进行时描述反复发生，即将发生或刚开始行为。He jumps high. (特征)He is jumping very high. (反复)
c) 短暂动词和静态动词一般时表示实际情况客观状态、结果、特征、特性，进行时表未完成含开始或渐进之意。The bus stops. (车停了－事实)The bus is stopping. (渐渐停下来)Ｉlove the job. (静态事实)Ｉam loving the job. ( 渐渐爱上了)
d) come ,go ,leave ,start ,return ,move ,reach ,sail ,fall 等一般时态表客观规定计划，进行时表主观打算推测。
Flight 254 leaves at 5:30. (表公共时间表,客观要求)
The plane is taking off an hour later.(主观打算)
e) 现在进行时带always ,often ,usually ,sometimes ,等频率副词表感情色彩，一般现在时则没有此用法。
［示例］考题
１　　I don’t really work here! I ----___ until the new secretary arrives.(94)A. just help out B. Have just helped out C.am just helping out D. Will just help out分析　　依题意“我不在此工作”，说明help out这一行为只是眼前暂时发生的事，选Ｃ。
考题２　　It seldom ___ here but it ____ heavily.A. snows/snows B.snows /snowing C. Is snowing /I s snowing D. Is snowing /snows分析　seldom 表频率叙述经常性事实用一般现在时，but 转折描述眼前暂时情况，用现在进行时，故选Ｂ。
［训练］１． Water _boils___ at 100c and at this time the glass filled with it _____.
A.boiled/breaks B. Boils/will break
C. is boiling /is to break D. will boil/breaks
2. What is wrong with the cat? ?It ___work whose engine ___any how.
A. won’t /won’t start
B. Doesn’t /won’t start?
C. doesn’t /won’t be started
D. won’t / is starting
3.----Does Tom live here? --- Yes , but he ___ here now.
A. doesn’t live B. Hadn’t lived C. Isn’t living D. will live
4.____ hard ? Why don’t they stop working?
A. isn’t it raining B. Hasn’t it rained C. Won’t it rain D. wasn’t it raining
5.---I ___ the failure was your fault.----Yes, I see ,you only want to learn the details.
A. didn’t think B. Was not explaining C. Am not suggesting D. haven’t expected
6.Don’t speak loud., father_____.
A. will sleep B. Is sleeping C. Has slept D. sleeps
现在进行时一般现在时用法比较
　　现在进行时与一般现在时都属于现在时的范畴，但是它们在用法上有一定的区别。
　　1、现在进行时表示说话时或现阶段正发生的动作，常与时间状语now,today,this week,this year等连用，汉语常译为“正在……，正在……着”如： He is reading an English text now.他现在正在读一篇英语课文。 The workers are mending the machine this week.这周工人们正在修理那台机器。 现在进行时经常与引起对方注意的look,listen等省略主语的单词作祈使句连用。如：Look!They are playing football. 看！他们正在踢足球。 Listen! Tom is singing over there.听！汤姆在那边唱歌 有时根据上下文来确定现在进行时。如： Don't make a noise.My brother is sleeping. 不要吵闹，我弟弟正在睡觉。
　　2、一般瑞时主要强调经常性，习惯性的动作，通常和副词often,usually,　sometimes,always或介词短语in the moring/afternoon/evening,on Sunday.等连用。如： Li Lei often reads English.李磊经常读英语。 We usually watch TV on Sunday. 我们通常在星期天看电视。 Sometimes she sings and sometimes she dances. 她有时唱歌，有时跳舞。
　　表示这客观真理用一般现在时。如： The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。 表示主语特征或状态用一般现在时。如： We are very busy every day.我们每天都很忙。
　　表示计划或安排要做的事用一般现在时。如： Jim leaves for Shanghai tomorrow.吉姆明天去上海。
　　3、某些动词的现在进行时，可以表示一个在最近按计划或安排要发生的动作。这样的动词有go,come,leave,start,return,arrive等。如： Don't worry.He is coming to see you this afternoon. 不要着急，今天下午他就来看你。 Hurry up!The train is starting. 赶快，火车就要开了。
　　4、现在进行时常与always(总是)连用，表示一种感情色彩，如赞叹，厌烦等，语气委婉；而一般现在时语气比较肯定。如： You're always saying I am a child. 你总是说我是个孩子。 You say I am a child. 你说我是个孩子。
　
一般现在时的基本用法
　　1 表示经常发生的动作或存在状态
　　常和always，usually，often, sometimes，every day，every week等时间状语连用。
　　He is often late.
　　他常常迟到。
　　He goes to work every day.
　　他每天去上班。
　　Do you drive？
　　你开车吗？
　　He teaches English.
　　他教英语。
　　2 表示普遍真理
　　由于是众所周知的客观事实，所以一般不用时间状语。
　　The earth is round.
　　地球是圆的。
　　3 有些表示心理状态或感情的动词往往用一般现在时表示。
　　I want your help.
　　我需要你的帮助。
　　I don't think you are right.
　　我以为你错了。
　　Does it （you leg） hurt？疼吗？（腿疼吗？）
　　4 在时间、条件状语从句中表示将来的动作。
　　If it doesn't rain tomorrow，we'll go to the SummerPalace.
　　如果明天不下雨，我们去颐和园。
　　When he gets to the village，he will write to me.
　　他到村里后就写信给我。
　　5 表示已经预先计划或安排的肯定将要发生的动作。
　　主要用于come，go，start，begin，leave，return，stop等瞬间动词，句中常有表示将来时间的状语。
　　Next week they leave for Shanghai.
　　下周他们动身去上海。
　　Our holidays begin in a week.
　　一周后，我们的假期开始。
　　6 其他
　　Here comes Li Ming！
　　李明来了
　　There goes the bell！
　　铃响了。
　　Here he comes.
　　他来了。
二、公众时间表
Today is Tuesday。Tomorrow is Webnsday。
The plane/train leaves at ten。
三.舞台说明,球赛说明
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