陈老师课堂点拨高非谓3
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<<陈老师课堂>>重点难点点拨 高三英语语法
Non-verbs form非谓语动词（3）
非谓语动词是高中英语语法教学中难度最大的一个项目.它的重点与难点要具体从动词不定式,动名词和分词三个方面来进行探讨. 今天探讨分词.
动词的现在分词形式有两种类型, 即: 一般式和完成式
动词现在分词的一般式是在动词原形的基础上加上词尾-ing (动词原形词尾有e的，要去掉e后再加-ing)。例如：working，knowing，writing，having，studying， saying，taking等。它所表示的动作通常和谓语动作同时进行的。
动词现在分词的完成式用 “having + 动词的过去分词”构成。例如：having
written，having worked，having studied，having known，having discovered，having taken等。它所表示的动作通常在谓语动词所表示的动作之前已经完成了。
动词的过去分词形式只有一种类型
规则动词的过去分词是在动词原形的基础上加上词尾-ed (动词原形的词尾有e的，只要加上d)。例如：cooked，worked，asked，moved，developed，surprised，called，washed，returned，escaped等。
现在分词的被动语态形式及其用法:
及物动词现在分词一般式的被动语态用“being + v-ed”构成。
及物动词现在分词完成式的被动语态用“having + been + 动词v-ed”构成。
不及物动词的现在分词没有被动语态形式。
如果现在分词与句子的主语是主动关系，现在分词就用主动形式。如果现在
分词与句子的主语是被动关系，现在分词就用被动形式。现在分词的被动形式常常用做定语，状语及宾语补足语。E.g.
The building being repaired is our library.
He asked who is the man being operated on
You will find the topic being discussed everywhere.
As we came near the village, we saw many new houses being built.
Being asked to give a talk, she couldn’t very well refuse.
Having been given such a good chance, how could he miss it?
过去分词和现在分词的区别:
过去分词表被动，现在分词表主动；
1.
Seen from the hill, the park looks beautiful.
Seeing nobody around, the thief stole into the room.
过去分词表示动作已经完成，现在分词表示动作正在进行；
rising sun，risen sun，developing country，developed country。
All the trees planted in the garden are alive.
The man planting trees in the garden is his uncle.
现在分词有多种形式，而过去分词只有一种形式；
分词做表语：
分词做表语时，现在分词往往表示主语所具有的特征，过去分词往往表示主语所处的状态。
The music is pleasing to the ears.
The film is frightening.
This article is well written.
They are satisfied with their present job.
The girls looked frightened when they saw the snake.
能够用于表语的分词常见的有：
amusing有趣的，astonishing令人惊讶的，confusing迷惑的，discouraging令人丧气的，disappointing令人扫兴的，encouraging令人鼓舞的，promising大有希望的，exciting令人兴奋的，interesting有趣的，missing不见的，moving动人的，promising大有希望的，shocking令人震惊的，puzzling莫名其妙的，surprising令人奇怪的，broken破碎的，moved感动的，tired疲劳的。
分词做定语：
现在分词做定语表示动作正在进行。
a waiting taxi一辆正在等人的出租车，a walking child走路的孩子，an interesting story有趣的故事，a sleeping boy睡觉的男孩，the boiling water沸水，working people劳动人民。
Do you know the man talking to the headmaster?
A girl looking after his small children can get 500 yuan a month from him.
完成式的现在分词短语不能用做定语。
过去分词作定语表示动作已经完成。
a piece of burnt paper一张烤焦了的纸，a fallen leave一片落叶，a developed country发达国家，boiled water开水，a fallen tree一棵倒下的树，a pleased
2.
look / expression满意的表情，a devoted friend忠实的朋友，a troubled place是非之地。
分词作定语的几种情况：
分词作定语修饰复合不定代词something，everything，anything，nothing，
nobody等或指示代词those时，要放在这些词之后
There is nothing doing!
He is one of those involved.
Is there anything unsolved?
There’s almost nothing changed since I left the town two years ago.
分词短语要放在被修饰的名词之后。
Those were the problems puzzling her day and night.
Do you know the number of people coming to the party?
The book written by him is very popular.
This is a letter written in blue ink.
The girl dressed in red is my daughter.
过去分词作定语时，及物动词的过去分词可改为被动语态的定语从句。
lost time---time which is lost
a well-known artist---an artist who is well-known
不及物动词的过去分词作定语时，可改为完成时态或表状态的定语从句。
a returned soldier---a soldier who has returned
retired workers---workers who have retired
分词做宾语补足语：
现在分词做宾补表示正在进行的主动意义，过去分词做宾补则表示已经完成的被动意义。感觉动词feel，find，hear，smell，catch，notice，watch，observe，see，look at，listen to以及有些使役动词如have，send，leave，set，get，keep等都可以接现在分词或过去分词做宾补。例如:
I hear someone knocking at the door.
What he said set me thinking carefully.
On the way home , I saw Tom changing the tyre of his car.
I’ll have the taxi waiting at the entrance.
I can smell something burning in the room.
I won’t have you saying such a thing to your mother.
They had their ears hurt by the noise of the machines.
3.
They had their houses damaged in the earthquake.
We ought to have her examined by the doctor.
When he fell off his bike, he had his legs hurt.
分词做状语：
表伴随情况: 分词短语做伴随状语位于句尾。在功能上相当于并列谓语。
They sat in the garden, talking about the days they spent together.
She stood there waiting for the bus.
He turned away disappointed.
The teacher went out of the classroom, followed by his students.
Laughing and talking, they went into the park.
表原因: 分词短语做原因状语一般位于句首。功能上相当于原因状语从句。 Being ill, he couldn’t come to school today.
Not knowing English, she couldn’t understand the film.
Not having received a reply he decided to write another letter.
Disturbed by the noise, he turned off the radio.
Moved by Lei Feng’s examples, they did countless good deeds.
表时间: 分词短语做时间状语一般位于句首。功能上相当于时间状语从句。
Seeing from the top of the hill, we can see a beautiful park.
Hearing the news, they were much surprised.
Having finished the work, they had a rest.
Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.
表条件: 分词短语做条件状语一般位于句首。功能上相当于条件状语从句。
Having time, I’ll come and help you.
Thinking it over carefully, you’ll take the job.
Given more time, we can finish the work successfully.
Given better condition, the crops could have grown better.
表结果: 分词短语做结果状语一般位于句尾。功能上相当于结果状语从句。
His wife died, leaving him with three children.
He hit a parked car, thus breaking one of his legs.
表让步: 分词短语做让步状语一般位于句首。功能上相当于让步状语从句。
Being ill, he still came to school today.
Though having a lot of money, he is unhappy.
Whether supported or not, I’ll go on with it.
The dog remained faithful to its owner through treated badly.
4.
学好分词的关键--掌握分词的逻辑主语
分词作定语时，逻辑主语是它所修饰的名词：E.g.
exciting news，rolling stones，boiling water，disappointed boys，wounded soldier，the locked door，boiled water，improved conditions。
分词作状语时，逻辑主语是句子中的主语：E.g.
Knowing English well, he translated the article without much difficulty.
Heated, water changes into steam.
= When water is heated，it changes into steam.
分词作宾语补足语时，逻辑主语是它前面的宾语：
We often hear the girl singing in English.
We often hear the song sung in English.
分词作表语时，逻辑主语是句子中的主语：
The news was encouraging.
We were encouraged at the news.
It sounds exciting.
We all felt excited.
分词构成独立主格结构
表示时间(相当于状语从句)
Spring coming on, the trees turned green.
Our work having been finished, we went home.
The signal given, the bus started.
表示原因
It being Sunday, the library was closed.
There being no buses, we had to walk home.
The key having been lost, he could not enter the room.
With the child leading the way, they had no trouble in finding the house.
表示条件
Time permitting, we’ll visit the Summer Palace.
表示伴随情况或补充说明
I have bought a new coat, the old one being worn out.
Liu Hulan died for the people, her deeds touching the hearts of the people.
5.

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