动词的时态和语态(1)
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高中英语语法复习应围绕两大主题展开, 第一: 从句部分(定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句)；第二：动词部分（动词的时态和语态、情态动词、非谓语动词、虚拟、倒装），其中前三部分为复习的重点。
动词的时态 --- 基本概念
1. 一般现在时
例句1 --- You’re drinking too much.
--- Only at home. No one ___ me but you.
A. is seeing B. has seen C. sees D. saw
正确选项为C, 说话人此时指目前一个经常性的行为。
例句2 I bought a radio here yesterday, but it ______ work.
A. didn’t B. doesn’t C. won’t D. can’t
正确选项为B, 说话人此时强调的不是动作发生的时间，而是东西的性质，即收音机的质量不好。
基本概念: 指经常性的行为或强调东西的特性，而忽略时间概念。
特殊用法: 主句为一般将来时，状语从句要用一般现在时（如强调动作的结果，可用现在完成时）。
例句1 I’ll tell him when he comes back.
2 We’ll go out if we are free tomorrow.
3 Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.
4. Please tell me as soon as you have finished it.
(注意：主句是祈使句时，动作还没有发生，因此看成一般将来时。)
2. 一般将来时
基本形式:
A. will (shall) do B. be going to do
两种形式有时可以互换，但A 更强调意愿；B更强调计划和安排。
例句1 --- You’ve left the light on.
--- Oh, so I have. I’ll go and turn it off.
2 I’m going to fly to Shanghai tomorrow.

其它可表将来时的形式
1) 表运动动词 ( come; go; leave; arrive, …) 的进行时--- 表计划或安排
* He’s arriving tomorrow.
2) be to do --- 表计划或安排
* We are to meet at the station at six tonight.
3) be about to do … --- “… 马上就要…”
* The train is about to leave.
be about to do … when… --- “ 正要… 突然…”
* He was about to leave when the telephone rang. (此句为过去将来时。)

3. 一般过去时和现在完成时
以上两种时态是时态部分难点，首先，为什么要将这两种时态放在一起讨论？
例句：1. Who put forward the suggestion?
2. When did he leave?
3. She often came to help us. （他过去常来帮我们。）
4. I didn’t know you were so busy. （我没想到你这么忙。）
以上各句中用的都是一般过去时，显然，说话的人是强调过去某时发生的动作或情况。
5. How many pages have you covered today?
6. I haven’t seen him for many days.
7. I’ve always walked to work.
8. The students have already left.
9. The city has taken on a new look.
10. Thank you. I’ve had my supper.
以上各句用的都是现在完成时，可以看出，与一般过去时一样，现在完成时所表示的动作也是发生在过去（说话以前），但它强调的是：
1）动作从过去持续到说话这一时刻（例5---7）
2）过去的动作对现状有某种影响（例8---10），说话人强调的是现在如何。
注意在现在完成时的第一种用法中，时间状语常用for…; since…短语（从句）
如：We haven’t seen each other for many years./ since he left 10 years ago.
此时（主句）谓语动词不能用非延续性动词。如：
* He has left home for many years.（错误）
* He has been away from home for many years. (正确)
* He has died since 1990. （错误）
* He has been dead since 1990.(正确)
两种时态的比较练习:
1. --- Where __you __ (put) the book? I can’t see it anywhere.
--- I ___(put) it right here. But now it’s gone.
A. did ; put; put B. have; put; put C. did; put; have put D. have; put; have put
2. We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose _______ to her?
A. was happening B. happens C. has happened D. happened
3. Hello, I ____ you were in London. How long _________ here?
A. don’t know; were you B. hadn’t known; are you
C. haven’t known; are D. didn’t know; have you been
4. I’m glad to tell you that we _____ the work in less time than we _____ expected to.
A. finished; were B. have finished; are
C. have finished; were D. had finished; were
5. It _____ that pleasant music keeps people from becoming tired at their work.
A. finds B. has found C. was found D. has been found
6. When I was at college I _______ three foreign language but I ________ all except a few words of each.
A. spoke; had forgotten B. spoke; have forgotten
C. had spoken; had forgotten C. had spoken; have forgotten
Key:
1. B 前者强调的是 I can’t find it anywhere (now), 因此用现在完成时;后者强调的是I put it right here(just now).
2. C 说话者强调Jane 目前的状况.
3. D didn’t know 强调见面前原不知道.
4. C 全句含义为 “我们现在已经比预期的(强调过去)提前完成任务( 强调现在).
5. D 为被动语态的现在完成时, 强调that 从句的内容现在已被发现,为人所知.
6. B 注意when I was at college 是指过去的某一时间,动词应用一般过去时; I have forgotten 是指现在的情况.
4. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时
I’ve been sitting here all afternoon.
现在完成进行时强调动作从过去持续到现在,而且目前还在进行。
这里需要注意两点：
1）有少数动词（如：work, study, live, teach等）用现在完成时和现在完成进行时的意思是无大的区别的， 如：
* They have lived / have been living here all their lives.
* She has worked / has been working here for eight years.
在强调动作延续时间的长久时，用现在完成进行时更多些, 如：
2）大多数动词现在完成时强调动作的结果；现在完成进行时强调动作的延续，
* I’ve been writing an article. (还在写)
* I’ve written an article. (已完成)
练习：
1. --- Hi, Tracy, you look tired. “
--- I am tired. I _______ the living room all day.
A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted
2. --- Have you had any letters from him?
--- No, I haven’t, but my wife _______ him regularly .
A. has heard from B. has been hearing from
C. had heard from D. hears
Key: 1. C (强调动作从过去到现在的延续，而非动作的结果)
2. B ( 非强调结果，A错；不是指目前一般的情况，D错；是指从过去延续到现在的情况，故B对。)

动词的时态和语态(2) 动词的时态 --- 基本概念 5. 现在进行时和过去进行时 基本概念: 指目前(一点或一段时间) / 过去(一点或一段时间)正在发生的动作. 例句 1. I don’t really work here. I ____ until the new secretary _______. A. just help out; comes B. have just helped out; will come C. am just helping out; comes D. will just help out; has come (正确选项 C, 指目前一段时间正在发生的动作, until 引导的是时间状语从句,动词需用一般现在时.) 2. --- When shall we leave? --- As soon as I ______ what I _______. A. will finish; do B. have finished, am doing C. finish, will do D. finish, do (正确选项B, as soon as 从句前省略了主句, 时间状语从句中动词强调将来的结果用现在完成时; what I am dong 指目前正在做的事.) 3. At that time he _____ in the library. A. worked B. had worked C. was working D. would work (正确选项C, was working 指 at that time 正在发生的行为.) 4. The students ____ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she____in the office. A. were working; had left B. worked; left C. had worked; left D. were working; would leave (正确选项A, 句中went 是说话人给定的时间, work 和leave发生的时间都要看它们与went 的时间关系, work 与went动作同时发生, 强调正在做,用过去进行时; leave 在went之前发生, 应用过去完成时.) 5. --- Hey, look where you are going! --- Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _______. A. I’m not noticing. B. I wasn’t noticing. C. I haven’t noticed. D. I don’t notice. E. I didn’t notice. F. I won’t notice. (正确选项B, 对话的后者显然是在解释刚才不小心冒犯对方时正在做的事情.) 6. 一般过去时和过去进行时 比较下列句子： * I wrote a letter yesterday. （信写完了） * I was writing a letter yesterday. （一直在写信，但不一定写完了） * I was writing a letter when he came in. (他进来时，我正在写) 从以上例句可以看出，一般过去时常常用来表示过去的一个有结果的动作，而过去进行时1）强调动作在某一时刻正在发生2）动作在过去一段时间内一直在发生，无论哪一种情况都不强调动作的结果。再如： *He ______ a book about China last year, but I don’t know if he ______ it. wrote; has finished B. was writing; has finished C. was writing; had finished D. wrote; will finish 正确选项为B. 从I don’t know if he has finished it. 推断，他去年正在写。 * Tom ________ into the house when no one ___________. A. slipped; was noticing B. had slipped; noticed C. slipped; had noticed D. was slipping; noticed 正确选项为A. slip和notice 为同时发生的动作，因此B、C为错误选项，slipped指过去有结果的动作（他溜进去了），when no one was noticing 指他溜进去的一刹那发生的情况（没有人注意）。 * As she ________ the newspaper, Granny _________ asleep. A. read; was falling B. was reading; fell was reading; was falling D. read; fell 正确选项为B(道理同上)。 * The last time I _________ Jane she __________ cotton in the fields. A. had seen; was picking B. saw; picked C. had seen; picked D. saw; was picking 正确选项为D(道理同上)。 7. 过去完成时 基本概念: A) 表过去某一时间以前有结果的行为 * She said she had seen the film. 这里需要注意的是，had seen 一定是发生在said之前的行为，而不是之后。 再如： * The old man _____ two days after he had been sent to hospital. A. died B. would die C. had died D. has died 正确选项为A, 因为died是发生在had been sent to hospital之后而不是之前的行为；died 是站在现在时间角度看过去，是强调过去发生了的事情，而不是强调现在如何，因此D错，B错（过去将来时是站在过去的时间角度看过去的将来）。 * Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but soon ______ to his old ways. A. returned B. returns C. was returning D. had returned 正确选项为A(道理同上)。 B) 表延续到过去某一时间的行为 * She said she had been a doctor for 20 years. C) 表过去某一时间以前未曾实现的愿望或打算 * I _____ my son _____ a doctor, but he wasn’t good enough at science. A. hoped; would become B. had hoped; would become C. had hoped; will become D. hope; will become 正确选项为B。 * I _____ to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away. A. hope B. have hoped C. had hoped D. hoped 正确选项为C。 8. 过去将来时 基本概念: 表过去某一时间之后将要发生的行为（过去的将来）。 * We were all surprised when he made it clear that he _____ office soon. A. leaves B. would leave C. left D. had left
正确选项为B。
* She said she ___(leave) the next morning.
答案可以是：A. would leave B. was leaving C. was going to leave
由此可以看出, 我们在一般将来时中讨论的将来时的多种形式均可灵活地运用于过去将来时中。
9. 将来完成时
基本概念:
在讨论了现在完成时和过去完成时之后，我们应该认识到：完成时的概念其实就是两条1）表结果 2）表延续 ，站在现在时间角度看，就是现在完成时；时间移到过去就是过去完成是；时间移至将来就是将来完成时，因此，将来完成时
A) 表到将来某一时间前要完成的行为
* By the end of 2000 they will have built the factory.
* We will have finished the work before she arrives tonight.
B) 表延续到将来某一时间的行为
* I will have been a teacher for 20 years by the end of next year.

动词的被动语态
以上我们讨论了动词主动语态的各种时态，与主动语态一样，被动语态也有相同的各种时态。因此，我们只要关注被动语态的某些特殊用法就可以了。
被动语态的某些特殊用法
A. 有些及物动词有时形式上为主动, 表达主语的特性或特征
* The kind of cloth washes well.
* The book sells / writes well.
* Your hands feel cold.
动词的时态和语态(3) --- 基本概念检测
(动词的时态和语态)
Choose the right answer
1. They _____ friends since they met in Shanghai.
A. have made B. have become C. have been D. have had
2. The secretary is going to report to the manager as soon as he ______.
A. will arrive B. arrives C. is going to arrive D. is arriving
3. We all know that ice ______.
A. feel cold B. is felt sold C. is feeling cold D. feels cold
4. ---This cloth _____ well and _____ long.
--- OK. I’ll take it.
A. washes ; lasts B. is washed; lasted
C. washes, is lasted D. is washing, lasting
5. ---Is this raincoat yours?
--- No, mine ______ there behind the door.
A. is hanging B. hangs C. has been hanged D. hung
6. Helen _____ her key in the office so she had to wait until her husband _____ home.
A. has left; comes B. left; had come
C. had left; came D. had left; would come
7. It _____ every day so far this week.
A. is raining B. rained C. rains D. has been raining
8. In ancient days （古代）the earth ______ to be flat.
A. is believed B. was believed C. has believed D. believed
9. --- Are you going to the movies tonight?
--- Yes, I ______ my work by that time.
A. will finish B. finish C. am going to finish D. will have finished
10. --- Was the driving pleasant when you vacationed in Mexico last summer?
--- No, it _____ for four days when we arrived, so the roads were very muddy.
A. was raining B. would be raining C. had been raining D. has rained
11. However much _____, it will be worth it
A. does the watch cost B. costs the watch
C. the watch will cost D. the watch costs
12. If the dog wins tomorrow, he _____ sixteen races in the past three years.
A. has won B. will win C. will have won D. would have won
13. I decided to go to the library as soon as I _______.
A. finish what I did B. finished what I did
C. would finish what I was doing D. finished what I was doing
14. You won’t know if the coat fits you until you _____ it on.
A. will try B. are trying C. tried D. have tried
15. My dictionary _______, I have looked for it everywhere but still _______.
A. has lost; don’t find B. is missing; don’t find
C. has lost; haven’t found D. is missing; haven’t found
16. --- How long ______ each other before they _____ married?
--- For about a year.
A. have they known; get B. did they know; were going to get
C. do they know; are going to get D. had they known; got
17. --- Come in, Peter, I want to show you something.
--- Oh, how nice of you. I _____ you _____ to bring me a gift.
A. never think; are going B. never thought; were going
C. didn’t think; are going D. hadn’t thought; were going
18. When Jack arrived he learned Mary _______ for almost an hour.
A. had gone B. had set off C. had left D. had been away
19 --- I’m sorry to keep you waiting.
--- Oh, not at all. I ______ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will
20. The police found that the house _______ and s lot of things ______.
A. has broken into; has been stolen B. had broken into; had been stolen
C. has been broken into; stolen D. had been broken into; stolen
21. --- Have you moved into the house?
--- Not yet. The rooms ________.
A. are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painting
22. If the city noises _______ from increasing, people ______ shout to be heard at the dinner table 20 years from now.
A. are not kept ; will have to B. are not kept; have to
C. do not keep; will have to D. do not keep, have to
23. --- ________ the sports meet might be put off.
--- Yes, it all depends on the weather.
A. I’ve been told B. I’ve told C. I’m told D. I was told
24. You don’t need to describe her. I _______ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
25. I don’t think Jim saw me; he ______ into space.
A. just stared (凝视) B. was just staring
C. has just stared D. had just stared
26. --- _______ my glasses?
--- Yes, I _______ them on your bed a minute ago.
A. Do you see; saw B. Had you seen; have seen
C. Have you seen; saw D. Would you see; saw
27. --- We could have walked to the station; it was so near.
--- Yes. A taxi _______ at all necessary.
A. wasn’t B. hadn’t been C. wouldn’t be D. won’t be
28. --- Who is Jerry Cooper?
--- ______? I saw you shake hands with him at the meeting.
A. Don’t you meet him yet B. Hadn’t you met him yet
C. Didn’t you meet him yet D. Haven’t you met him yet
29. --- Nancy is not coming tonight.
--- But she _______!
A. promises B. promised C. will promise D. had promised
30. _______ it with me and I’ll see what I can do.
A. When left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leave
31. --- Can you attend the party tomorrow?
--- I think I can when my headache ________ thoroughly.(完全)
A. will disappear B. is disappearing C. disappears D. is disappeared
32. It is clear that his poor education _______ him back.
A. has been held B. is holding C. will be held D. had held
33. --- How are you planning to travel to Shanghai?
--- I ____ yet, but I ______ taking a train.
A. haven’t decided; am considering B. haven’t decided, consider
C. didn’t decided; am considering D. hadn’t decided; have considered
34. The pen I _______ I _______ is on my desk, right under my nose.
A. think, lose B. thought , had lost C. think , had lost D. thought, have lost
35. --- Have you heard about the new school?
--- No, when and where to build the new one _______ yet.
A. is not decided B. are not decided C. hasn’t decided D. haven’t decided
36. --- Sorry, I’m late.
--- That’s OK. I _____ long.
A. haven’t waited B. don’t wait C. haven’t been waiting D. didn’t wait
37. --- Nancy sat in the front seat on the left side of the classroom.
--- Oh! I thought she ______ in the back.
A. will sit B. had sat C. is sitting D. has sat
38. I must leave, too. I _______ having tea with you, Bill.
A. was enjoying B. am enjoying C. enjoyed D. enjoy
39. I ______ my face when suddenly someone ______ at the door.
A. washed, knocked B. washed, was knocking
C. was washing, was knocking D. was washing, knocked
40. I ______ at the station half an hour ago, but the train _____ yet.
A. arrived, hadn’t come B. was arriving, hadn’t come
C. arrived, hasn’t come D. had arrived, didn’t come
41. --- Why did you come by taxi?
--- My car broke down last week and I still _______ it repaired.
A. haven’t had B. didn’t have C. don’t have D. won’t have
42. I’m surprised to find you here looking well and playing tennis, Jim. Ann said that you _____ sick.
A. are B. were C. would be D. had been
43. The price _________, but I doubt whether it will remain so.
A. went down B. will go down C. has gone done D. was going down
44. --- Did you go to Qingdao for vacation last August?
--- I _______ to go, but I got sick at the last minute.
A. was planning B. had been planning C. planned D. have planned
45. I met him at a party, but I haven’t seen him ______.
A. since B. still C. yet D. then
46. All the preparations for the task ________, and we’re ready to start.
A. completed B. complete C. had been completed D. have been completed
47. I finally got the job I dreamed about. Never in my life _____ so happy.
A. did I feel B. I felt C. I had felt D. had I felt
48. --- How are you today?
--- Oh, I ________ as ill as I do now for a very long time.
A. didn’t feel B. wasn’t feeling C. don’t feel D. haven’t felt
49. The reporter said the UFO ______ east to west when he saw it.
A. was travelling B. travelled C. had been travelling D. was to travel
50. --- I think that you need ______ practice on playing the violin.
--- ______ violin lessons every two weeks, but I think I’ll make it every week from now on.
A. less; I have B. less; I’ve taking C. more; I have D. more; I’ve been having
Key:
1---5 CBDAA 6---10 CDBDC 11---15 DCDDD 16---20 DBDAD
21---25 AAABB 26---30 CADBD 31---35 CBABA 36---40 CBCDC
41---45ABCBA 46---50DDDAD ?

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