语法讲座之虚拟语气
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基本概念
基本概念
一．语气的定义和种类。
1 语气(mood)
语气是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。
2 语气的种类
a. 陈述语气：表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：
There are two sides to every question.每个问题都有两个方面。
Were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙吗？
How good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老师啊！
b. 祈使语气：表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。如：
Never be late again!再也不要迟到了。
Don´t forget to turn off the light.别忘了关灯。
c. 虚拟语气：表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如：
If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。
I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通过考试。
May you succeed!祝您成功！
二．虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法。
条件从句有两类，一是真实条件句，另一是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况可能发生，是真实条件句，这种情况下谓语用陈述语气。如：
If time permits, we´ll go fishing together.如果时间允许，我们就一起去钓鱼。
如果假设的情况是不存在的或不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。如：
If you had come yesterday, you would have met that famous professor.如果你昨天来，你就会见到那位著名的教授了。（隐含的事实是：你昨天没来，也没见到那位著名教授）。
在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气，现将其形式列表如下： 动词形式 时间 从句
主句
与现在事实相反 动词过去式(be的过去式用were) would(could/should/might)+动词原形
与过去事实相反 had+动词过去分词 would(could/should/might)+have过去分词
与将来事实可能相反 动词过去式
should+动词原形
were to+动词原形 would(could/should/might)+动词原形
注：主句中的should只用于第一人称，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should可用于各种人称。
1．表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。如：
　　　　　　　　　　　　 ??? If I were you, I should(would ,could, might)tell him the truth. 要是我是你，我就会告诉他真相了。（事实上我不是你）
??? If she had time, she would(could, might)help me.如果她有时间，她就会帮我了。（事实上她没有时间）
2 表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。如：
If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I should(would, could, might)have telephoned you.如果昨天我知道了你的电话号码，我就会给你打电话了。（事实上我昨天不知道你的电话号码。）
If you had taken my advice, you wouldn´t(couldn´t) have failed in the exam.如果你听了我的建议，你就不会考试不及格。（事实上你根本没听我的。）
3 表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如：
If it should rain, the crops would(could, might)be saved.假如天下雨，庄稼可能就收获了。
---What would happen if I put the paper on the fire?
---It would burn.
---我若把只放在火上会怎么样？
---纸会烧着。
注：在表示与将来事实可能相反的条件从句中，were to + 动词原形比较正式，常用于书面语中。如：
If you were to go to Beijing, you would (could, might) have a chance to visit Tian An Men Square.
三．虚拟语气的其它用法。
1 虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法。
在“It is important (strange, natural, necessary) that…”这类句型中，that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “(should)+动词原形”结构，表示某事是“重要”，“奇怪”，“自然”，“必要”等意义。如：
It is important that every Beijinger (should) be able to speak English. 重要的是每个北京人能说英语。
??? It is necessary that he (should) be sent to hospital at once. 有必要马上把他送医院。
2 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法。
（1）在动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或对将来的主观愿望，从句通常省略连词that。
a.表示对现在情况的虚拟：从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be的过去式用were )表示。如：
I wish I knew the answer to the question.
我希望知道这个问题的答案。（可惜不知道。）
I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.但愿我的家乡四季如春。（只是愿望，实际根本不可能实现。）
b.表示对过去情况的虚拟：从句动词用 had+过去分词。如：
I wish (that) I hadn´t wasted so much time. 我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。（实际上已经浪费掉了。）
He wishes (wished) he hadn´t lost the chance. 他真希望没有失去机会。（事实上机会已经失去了，他感到惋惜。）
c.表示对将来的主观愿望：谓语动词形式为 “would/should/could/might+动词原形”，此时要注意，主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同，因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现，取决于从句主语的态度或意愿（非动作名词除外）。如：
I wish it would stop raining.但愿雨能停止。
I wish you would be quiet.我希望你安静一些。
（2）在suggest（建议）, demand(要求), order(命令), propose(建议), insist（坚持要做）, command(命令), request(要求), desire(希望)等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用 “(should)+动词原形”，表示建议，要求，命令等。如：
I suggest that we (should) start the meeting at once.我建议马上开会。
The undergraduate insisted that he (should) go to work in the south.这位即将毕业的学生坚持要到南方去工作。
注： 当suggest表示暗示，主语为something；insist表示坚持观点时，后接的宾语从句当用真实语气。比较：
His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.他的沉默暗示着他赞成我的决定。
He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision.他建议我坚持自己的决定。
He insists that doing morning exercises does good to people´s health. 他坚持认为做早操对健康有益。
He insists that he (should) do morning exercises every day.他坚持他每天都要早操。
3 虚拟语气在表语从句中的用法。
当主语为advice, suggestion, order, proposal等词时后接表语从句，表语从句中的谓语动词常用“(should)+动词原形”结构，表示某人建议、劝告、命令等的内容。如：
My advice is that you should practise speaking English as often as possible.我的建议是你尽可能经常地练习说英语。
The order from the commander was that the troops should set off for the front immediately.司令官的命令是部队立即开拔去前线。
4．特殊的虚拟语气结构。
（1）虚拟语气用在状语从句中
由as if 或as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时，从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气。动词形式用动词的过去式(be→were)或had+过去分词。如：
The teacher treats the student as if he were her own child.这位老师带这位学生就象她的亲生孩子一样。
He speaks as if he had been to the United States.他说得好象他真的到过美国似的。
（2）在It is time (that) …; I´d rather (that)…句型中从句的谓语动词常用动词的过去式表示虚拟语气，意思是“该干某事了，时间已经有些晚了”“我宁愿/希望”。如：
It is time that we did something to stop pollution.该我们做些什么制止污染的时候了。
It is time that Father picked up Lily from the kindergarten.该父亲去幼儿园接莉莉的时候了。
I´d rather you told me the truth.我真希望你告诉我真相。
I´d rather I didn´t see you again.我宁愿不再见着你。
（3）虚拟语气用在简单句中
a 情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气，常用于日常会话中。如：
Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office?请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗？
It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好别熬夜到很晚。
b在一些习惯表达中。如：
You´d better set off now.你最好现在就出发。
I´d rather not tell you the secret.我情愿不告诉你这个秘密。
c用 “may+动词原形”表示祝愿，但愿，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。如：
May good luck be yours!祝你好运！
May you be happy!祝你快乐！
May you do even better!祝你取得更大成就！
用动词原形。例如：
Long live the people! 人民万岁！
“God bless you,” said the priest.牧师说：“愿上帝保佑你！”
5．虚拟语气在同位语从句中的用法
在名词advice, suggestion, order, proposal等后接的同位语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气，起形式为 “(should)+动词原形”，说明“建议”，“劝告”，“命令”等的具体内容。如：
The order came that the work should be finished two days ahead of time.提前两天完成工作的命令传来了。
Reluctantly she accepted their proposal that she should be operated on.她勉强接受了他们要她去接受手术的建议。

重点疑难
（一）主从句时间不一致情况下的虚拟语气(混合条件句)
　　 有时条件从句中的动作和结果与主句中的动作，发生的时间不一致，这时动作的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。如：
??? If you had followed my advice, you would be able to finish the work now.如果你当时听了我的话，现在就能完成这份工作了。（从句说明过去，主句说明现在。）
??? If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party.如果我是你，我就去参加她的生日晚会了。（从句说明现在，主句说明过去。）
??? If you hadn´t lent me some money, I couldn´t have bought the new house and most likely I would be still living in the dangerous house now.假若你不借钱给我， 我不可能买下这幢新房，很可能现在还住在危房里。（从句说明过去，主句说明过去和现在。）
（二）含蓄条件句
非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表出来，只暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况；
1.条件暗含在短语中。如：
(1)What would I have done without you　　? 如没有你，我会怎么办呢？(条件暗含在分词短语without you中)
(2) It would be easier to do it this way.　　 这样做会比较容易。(条件暗含在不定式短语to do it this way中)
(3) This same thing, happening in wartime, would lead to a disaster.　　? 同样的事，如发生在战时，就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语happening in wartime中)
(4) But for your help we couldn´t have succeeded in the experiment.　　 如果没有你的帮助，我们的实验是不会成功。?(暗含条件是but for your help)
(5) He must have the strength of a hippopotamus, or he never could have vanquished that great beast.??? 他一定是力大如河马，否则他绝不会击败那只庞大的野兽。(暗含条件是连词or)
(6) Alone, he would have been terrified.　　 如是单独一人，他是会感到害怕的。(暗含条件是alone)
2.条件暗含在上下文中。如：
(7) You might stay her forever.?? 你可以永远待在这儿。(可能暗含if you wanted to)
(8) We would have succeeded.? 我们本来是会成功的。(可能暗含if we had kept trying)
(9) Your reputation would be ruined.? 你的名誉会败坏的。(可能暗含if you should accept it)
(10) I would appreciate a little of your time.? 谢谢你给我一点时间吧。(可能暗含if you were so kind as to give me a little of your time)
3.在不少情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。如：
(11) You wouldn´t know.? 你不会知道。
(12) I would like to come.? 我愿意来。
(13) I wouldn´t have dreamed of it. 这是我做梦也不会想到的。
(14) He told the story in such minute detail that he might himself have been an eye-witness.? 他将那事讲的非常仔细，简直就象他亲眼看见一样。
（三）条件从句中省去if的情况
在if引导的表示虚拟的条件状语从句中，常可以省略if，将had, were或should提至句首。如：
Had I seen the film, I would have discussed it with them last night.　　 假如我看了那部电影，昨晚我就可以和他们一起讨论了。
Were I a bird, I could fly freely.?? 假如我是一只小鸟，我就能自由翱翔。
Should it rain next week the farmers would have a good harvest.?? 要是下周能下雨的话，农民们就能有个好收成了。

专项练习
1 He suggested that the meeting ________ put off.
　　 A. not be　　　B. should not　　　C. wouldn´t　　　D. be not
2 What would have happened if you ________ her child?
　　 A. hadn´t helped　　　　　　 B. couldn´t help　　　C. wouldn´t help　　　D. didn´t help
3 It is strange that he ________ so.
　　 A. thinks　　　B. think　　　C. thought　　　D. will think
4 If I ________ with her last summer, I ________ with her now.
　　 A. worked…am getting on very well　　B.had worked…would get on very well
C. had worked… would have got on very well　　D.?had worked…will get on very well
5 I wish I ________ my uncle yesterday.
　　 A. met　　　B. have met　　　C. would meet　　　D. had met
6 The old professor gave orders that the experiment ________ before 6.
　 A. was finished　　　B. will finish C. be finished　　　D. shall be finished
7 It´s high time he ________ home.
　　 A. goes　　　B. went　　　C. will go　　　D. is going to go
8 ________ you succeed and ________ you be healthy.
　　 A. May…may　　　B. Wish…wish　　　C. Hope…hope　　　D. Should…may
9 Galileo insisted that the earth ________ round the sun.
　　 A. should move　　　B. move　　　C. moves　　　D.A or B
10 I was very busy yesterday, otherwise I ________ to the meeting.
　　 A. came　　　B. would come　　　C. had come　　　D. would have come
11 Supposing the weather ________ bad, where would they go?
　　 A. will be　　　B. is　　　C. were　　　D. be
12 ________ your letter, I would have started off two days ago.
　　 A. If I received　　　B. Should I receive　　　C. If I could have received?? D. Had I received
13 If only I ________ to my parents´ advice!
　　 A. listening　　　B. listen　　　C. am listening　　　D. had listened
14 If it ________ rain next week, the farmers could still have a good harvest.
　　 A. should　　　B. could　　　C. would　　　D. might
15 ---Why didn´t you come to the party yesterday?
　 ---I ________ , but an unexpected visitor came to see me.
　　 A. did　　　B. would　　　C. had　　　D. was going to
16 I´d rather you ________ me the news.
　　 A. not tell　　　B. not to tell　　　C. didn´t tell　　　D. hadn´t told
17 I ________ to stay there for one more week, but I changed my mind.
　　 A. would have hoped　　　B. was hoping　　　C. had hoped　　　D. hoped
18 His silence at the meeting suggested that he ________ to your plan.
　　 A. shouldn´t agree　　　B. wouldn´t agree　　　C. hadn´t agreed　　　D. didn´t agree
19 He ________ the job well, but he ________ so careless.
　　 A. hadn´t done, had been　　　B. could have done, was
　　 C. could do, was　　　D. had done, had been
20 Li Ling acted that way as though he ________ a foreigner.
　　 A. were　　　B. had been　　　C. should be　　　D. is
Keys:　　1-5 AABBD　　6-10 CBACD　　11-15 CDDAD　　16-20 CCDBA

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