英语语法(牛津版)第十一章 be , have 和 do be 作助动词 |
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113 构成各种时态的形式及用法 A 形式 动词的主要变比形式:be,was/were,been 动名词/现在分词:being 现在时: 过去时: be作普通动词用时,各种变化均与上表所列相同。其他时态变化均与普通动词的变化一致。但be除了在被动语态中和第115节B中所述情况下可用进行式外,通常不用进行式。 B 用于构成时态 be用于进行式的主动形式: He is working/will be working等 be用于所有被动形式: He was follwed/is being followed等 注意:be可用于被动进行式: 主动:They are carrying him. 他们正抬着他。 被动:He is being carried. 他正被抬着。 (关于be与形容词连用于进行时,参见第115节B。) 114 be+不定式 A be+不定式结构,如 I am to go,是很重要的用法。它可以用于以下几个方面: 1 传达命令或指示: No one is to leave this building without the permission of the police. 未经警方人员的允许,任何人不得擅自离开这所房子。(没有人能离开) He is to stay here till we return. 在我们回来之前他必须呆在这里。(他必须留下) 给出指示的这种语气比较超然,因而主要用于第三人称。与第二人称you连用时,它常常暗示说话人把别人所发出的指示传达给对方。请看以下两个句子: (a) Stay here, Tom. 留在这里,汤姆。 (b)You are to stay here, Tom. 汤姆,要你留在这里。 它们之间的区别在于:(a)句中是说话人要汤姆留在这里,而在(b)句中他只是把另一个人的要求转达给汤姆。 在间接引语中自然就没有这种区别。be+不定式结构是可以用来表达间接命令的一种形式,尤其是在引导动词为现在时的情况下: He says,‘Wait till I come.´ 他说:“等到我来为止。”相当于: He says that we are to wait till he comes. 他说我们得等到他来为止。 祈使句前面有一个从句时,也可以用这种形式: He said,‘If I fall asleep at the wheel wake me up.´ 他说,“如果我开车时打瞌睡,就把我叫醒。” He said that if he fell asleep at the wheel she was to wake him up. 他说,如果他在开车时打瞌睡,她必须把他叫醒。 这种形式还用来把征询指示的请求变为间接引语: ‘Where shall I put it,sir?´he asked. “先生,我把它放在什么地方?”他问道。相当于: He asked where he was to put it. 他问他该把它放在哪里。(参见第318节B。) 2 表达一种计划安排: She is to be married next month. 她预定在下个月结婚。 The expedition is to start in a week´s time. 探险队预定在一周后出发。 这种结构常用于新闻报导: The Prime Minister is to make a statement tomorrow. 首相将在明天发表声明。 在新闻标题中,be常被省略: Prime Minister to make statement tomorrow. (译文同上。) 过去时: He was to go. 当时他是预定去的。(不定式的一般式) 他本来是预定要去。(不定式的完成式) 第一句并没有告诉我们计划是否执行了,第二句则用来表示一个未实现的计划。又如: The Lord Mayor was to have laid the foundation stone but he was taken ill last night so the Lady Mayoress is doing it instead. 市长大人原订要来行奠基礼,可他昨天晚间病了,所以市长夫人替他代行。 B was/were+不定式结构可用来表达一种“命运”的意念: He received a blow on the head. It didn´t worry him at the time but it was to be very troublesome later. 他的头上挨了一下子。他当时不感到怎么样,但是这事后来竟变得很麻烦。(结果是很/证明麻烦的) They said goodbye,little knowing that they were never to meet again.他们相互道别,根本没有想到竟再也不能相见了。(命运注定不再相见) C be about+不定式结构表示即将发生的动作: They are about to start. 他们就要出发了。(他们正准备开门。) 加上副词just能使将来更加具有即时感: They are just about to leave. 他们马上就要离开了。 这个句式同样也可以用于过去时: He was just about to dive when he saw the shark. 他当时正待扎进水里,却看到了鲨鱼。 be on the point of+动名词与 be about+不定式意思相同,但比后者动作还要快一点。 be 作普通动词 形式:关于作助动词(参见第113节A。) 115 be 表示存在,be+形容词 A be通常用来表示人或物的存在,或提供有关情况: Tom is a carpenter. 汤姆是木匠。 The dog is in the garden. 那只狗在花园里。 Malta is an island. 马耳他是一个岛国。 The roads were rough and narrow. 道路既崎岖又狭窄。 Gold is a metal. 金是一种金属。 Peter was tall and fair. 彼得身材高大,皮肤白皙。 B be可以用来表示身体和精神状况: I am hot/cold. 我感到热/冷。 He was excitnd/calm. 他激动/冷静。 They will be happy/unhappy. 他们会感到愉快/不快。 be和某些形容词例如quiet/noisy,good/bad,wise/foolish等连用时可以用进行式,如Tom is being foolish(汤姆此刻正在说傻话或做傻事),意指主语此刻正在表现出这种特征。试把这个句子与Tom is foolish(汤姆很愚蠢)相比较。后一句意指汤姆在言谈和行动上总是愚蠢的。同理: The children are being quiet. 孩子们现在不吵不闹。相当于: They are playing quietly now. 他们在安静地玩着。 但如果说The children are quiet,则可能意指孩子们平时总是安静地玩。 另外一些形容词也可以用于进行式: annoying generous/mean cautious/rash helpful/unhelpful clever/stupid irritating difficult mysterious economical/extravagant optimistic/pessimistic formal polite funny selfish/unselfish 其中有些形容词如 stupid,difficult,funny,polite等用于进行式时,可以意味着主语有意这样做。 You are being stupid(你有意装傻)可以意指 You are not try-ing to understand(你不想努力弄懂)。 He is being difficult(他故意犯别扭)通常意味着 He is raising unnecessary objections(他正在提出一些不必要的异议)。 He is being funny(他在故意做出滑稽可笑的样子)通常意味着He is only joking.Don´t believe him(他只是开玩笑,不要相信他)。 She is just being polite(她只是做出有礼貌的样子)可能意指She is only pretending to admire your car/clothes/house等(她装做表示羡慕你的车子/衣服/房子等)。 C 表示年龄: -How old are you? -I am ten./I am ten years old. -你多大岁数? -我十岁了。(但不能说:I am ten years.) -How old is the tower? -It is 400 years old. -那座塔有多少年历史了? -它有400年的历史了。(在说明事物的年代多久时,必须用years old。) D 表示尺寸和重量: -How tall are you?/What is your height? -I am 1.65 metres. -你有多高? -我一米六五。 -How high are we now? -We´re about 20, 000 feet. -我们现在的飞行高度是多少? -大约两万英尺。 -What is your weight?/What do you weigh?How much do you weigh? -I am 65 kilos./I weigh 65 kilos. -你体重多少? -我65公斤。 E 表示价格: -How much is this melon?/What does this melon cost? -It´s £1. -这甜瓜怎么卖? The best sats are(=cost)£5. 最好的座位的票价是五英镑。 116 there is/are/was/were等 A 表示不定的人或物的名词作动词be的主语时,通常用there+be+名词结构。可以说A policeman is at the door(门口站着一位警察),但通常说There is a policeman at the door(有一位警察站在门口)。 注意:虽然there像是主语,但真正的主语却是跟在动词之后的名词。如果该名词是复数,动词在数上就必须和它一致: There are two policemen at the door. 有两个警察站在门口。 上述两种句子结构(即名词+be结构和there+be+名词结 构)都是可行的,当be意为exist(存在)/happen(发生)/takeplace(发生)时there结构是必要的: There is a mistake/There are mistakes in this translation. 这篇译文里有错误。 这个句子不能改写成A mistake is/Mistakes are等。 在下列句子中,例句之后加(R)的表示there结构可被名词/代词+动词结构代替: There have been several break-ins this year. 今年发生了好几起强行入室盗窃事件。 There will be plenty of room for everyone. 将有足够的房间分给大家。 There were hundreds of people on the beach.(R) 海滩上有成千上万的人。 B there同样也可以与someone/anyone/no one/something等连用: There´someone on the phone for you.(R) 有你的电话。 C there+be+something/nothing/anything+形容词结构也是可以的: -Is there anything wrong(with your car)?(R) -No,there is nothing wrong with it.(R) -(你的车)出了什么毛病吗? -不,没出什么毛病。 There´s something odd/strange about this letter. 这封信有点奇怪。 D 名词或someone/something等后面可跟关系从句: There´s a film I want to see. 有部电影我想去看。 There´s something I must say. 我有些话必须得说。 或后面跟动词不定式: There´s nothing to do. 没事可干。(没我们干的事/必须干的事。) (参见第250节。) E there结构可以与另一个助动词+be结构连用: There must be no doubt about this. 这一点不能含糊。 There may be a letter for me. 大概有我一封信。 或与seem+be,appear+be连用: There seems to be something wrong here. 这儿好像有点不大对劲。 F 以上这么用的there通常不重读。 注意不要将有以上用法的there与当做副词用并带有重音的there搞混: ´There´s a man I want to see. 那就是我想见的人。(他站在门口。) 请比较: ´There´s a man I want to see. 我要见个人。(这个人存在。) 117 it is和there is的比较 关于it is的用法参见第67节。 以下这些例子有助于防止把这两种形式混淆: A it is+形容词;there is+名词: It is foggy./There is a fog. 有雾。 It was very wet./There was a lot of rain. 很湿。/下了不少雨。 It won´t be very sunny./There won´t be much sun. 天气不会很晴朗。 B it is与there is都可以表示时间和距离: It is a long way to York. 到约克路很远。 There is a long way still to go. 还有很长的路要走。(我们还有好多英里的路程。)It is time to go home. 该回家了。(我们一般是6点回家而现在6点了。) There is time for us to go home and come back here again before the filmstarts. 在电影开演之前我们有时间先回家一趟再回到这里。(还有足够的时间) C there is+名词/代词和用于识别人或物的 it is+名词/代词的比较: There is someone at the door.I think it´s the man to read the meters. 门口有个人。我想他是来抄(水、电等)表的。 There is a key here.Is it the key of the safe? 这里有一把钥匙。是开保险箱的吗? D 用于分裂句的it is(参见第67节D)以及there is的比较: It is the grandmother who makes the decisions. 做出决定的是老奶奶。(是老奶奶而不是家里的其他成员) …and there´s the grandmother,who lives in the granny-flat. ……还有老奶奶,住在专用套房里的那位。(有老奶奶其人) 118 构成各种时态的形式及用法 A 形式 主要变化形式:have,had,had 动名词/现在分词:having 现在时: 否定式的另一种缩略形式(主要用于完成时): I´ve not, you´ve not,he´s not等 否定疑问式:have I not?/haven´t I? have you not? haven´t you?hashe not?/hasn´t he?等 have的其他时态变化规则,与普通动词的相同。 B 用于构成时态 have与过去分词连用,构成以下时态: 现在完成时:I have worked. 过去完成时:I had worked. 将来完成时:I will/shall have worked. 条件完成时:I would/should have worked. 119 have+宾语+过去分词 A想对 I employed someone to do something for me(我雇用了某人为我做事)这一类句子作更简洁的表达时,可以用这种结构:即不说 I employed someone to clean my car,而说 I had my car cleaned(我叫人擦了车子)。又如不说 I got a man to sweep my chimneys(这里got= paid/persuaded等),而说I had my chimneys swept(我叫人通了烟囱)。 注意必须用have+宾语+过去分词,否则意思就变了: He had his hair cut. 他理了发。相当于: He employed someone to do it. 他雇人理发。 但是: He had cut his hair.(过去完成时) 他自己理了发。(在说话之前的某个时刻他自己给自己理了发) have这样用时,其否定式和疑问式的现在时和过去时都要用 do来构成: -Do you have your windows cleaned evny month? -I don´t have them cleaned;I clean them myself. -你每月都要叫人擦窗户吗? -我不叫别人擦,我自己擦。 He was talking about having central heating put in.Did he have it put in in the end? 他那会儿总说要找人装暖气。到底装上了没有? 这种结构可以用于进行时态: I can´t ask you to dinner this week as I am having my house painted at the moment. 这一周我不能请你来吃饭了,因为现在我正让人刷房子呢。 While I was having my hair done the police towed away my car. 我(让人)做头发时,警察把我的汽车拖走了。 The house is too small and he is having a room built on. 房子太小了,他正叫人添盖一个房间。 get能够像have一样用于上述句中,但更口语化。句中提到完成动作的那个人的时候,也可以用get: She got him to dig away the snow. 她让他把雪挖走。(她雇/说服他……) (have与不带to的不定式连用也能起同样的作用,如She hadhim dig away the snow。但在英国英语中get结构要常用得多。) B have+宾语+过去分词结构在口语中可以用来代替常表示意外或不幸遭遇的被动态动词。如 His fruit was stolen before hehad a chance to pick it(他树上的果子还没来得及摘就被人偷掉了)可由He had his fruit stolen before he had a chance topick it来代替。Two of his teeth were knoceked out in the fight(他的两颗牙在打架中被打掉了)可由He had two of his teethknocked out…来代替。 在本节A中,可以看到主语是命令别人做某事的人,而在这儿,主语则是承受行为结果的人。这里主语也可以是物: The houses had their roofs ripped off by the gale. 房子被狂风掀掉了屋顶。 这里也可以用get代替have: The cat got her tail singed through sitting too near the fire. 猫坐得太靠近炉火,尾巴上的毛被烤焦了。 120 had better+不带to的不定式 这里had是指不真实的过去;其含义是现在或将来时: I had/I´d better ring him at once/tomorrow. 我最好还是现在/明天就给他打电话。 其否定式是在better之后加上not: You had better not miss the last bus. 你最好不要误了最后一班公共汽车。(误了这趟车是不明智的或者我劝你/提醒你不要误了这趟车。) had通常在代词后用缩略形式,在口语中有时轻读甚至弱读到将近听不到的地步。 had better通常不用于普通的疑问式,但有时用于否定疑问式,作为一种劝告句式: Hadn´t you better ask him first? 你先问一下他不更好吗?相当于: Wouldn´t it be a good thing to ask him first? 是不是先问一下他比较好? you had better是一种很有用的劝告句式: You had better fly. 你最好是乘飞机走。(我劝你乘飞机走。) 在间接引语中,had better与第一、第三人称连用时保持不变,与第二人称连用时可以保持不变,或者转述为advise+宾语+不定式: He said,‘I had better hurry.´ 他说:“我最好快一点。”相当于: He said(that)he´d better hurry. 他说他最好快一点。 He said,‘Ann had better hurry.´ 他说:“安最好快一点。”相当于: He said(that)Ann had better hurry. 他说安最好快一点。 He said,‘You´d better hurry. 他说:“你最好快一点。”相当于: He said(that) I´d better hurry. 他说我最好快一点。 He advised me to hurry. 他劝我快一点。 121 have+宾语+现在分词 A 这种说法常常和表示将来某段时间的短语连用: I´ll have you driving in three days. 我将使你在三天之内学会开车。(由于我的努力,过三天你就学会开汽车了。) 但也可以用于过去时和现在时: He had them all dancing. 他使得他们全都跳起舞来。(他教/说服他们都跳舞。) I have them all talking to each other. 我使得他们全都相互交谈起来。(我鼓励/说服他们都相互交谈起来。) 这种结构也可以用于疑问式: Will you really have her driving in three days? 你真的能在三天之内就教会她开车吗? 但通常不用于否定式。 B If you give all-night parties you´ll have the neighbours complaining. 你如果举办通宵晚会,会搞得邻居们都抱怨你的。(邻居们将抱怨你的。) If film-stars put their numbers in telephone books they´d have everyone ring them up. 电影明星们如果把他们的电话号码列入电话簿,就会招致所有的人给他们打电话。(人人都会/不断地给他们打电话)。 在第一例句中you´ll have表达了这样的意思:“你将遭到这样的事”。同样,在第二句中they´d have含有这样的意思:“他们会遭到这样的事”。 If you don´t put a fence round your garden you´ll have people walking inand stealing your fruit. 如果你不把你的果园用篱笆围起来,人们会走进来偷摘果子。(人们将走进来/不断进来偷摘果子,即:你要遭到这类事。) 这种结构可以用于疑问句或否定句中: When they move that bus stop you won´t have people sitting on your steps waiting for the bus any more. 那个公共汽车站迁走之后,再不会有人坐在你的台阶上等公共汽车了。 这种结构主要用于对have的主语来说是不愉快的行为,就如以上的例句所表示的那样。但也可用在并非不愉快的场合: When he became famous,he had people stopping him in the street and asking for his autograph.相当于: When he became famous,people stopped him in the street and asked forhis autograph. 他成名之后,常有人在街上拦住他要他签名。 但I won´t have+宾语+现在分词通常意指“我不能允许或我不允许此事”: I won´t have him sitting down to dinner in his overalls.I make him change them. 我不允许他穿着工作服就坐下吃饭。我要他换衣服。(我不许他坐下……) 这种用法只限于第一人称。 (关于have用于表达责任、义务等意思,参见第十四章。) 122 have意指possess(拥有) A have的基本含义是“拥有”: He has a black beard. 他长着黑胡子。 I have had this car for ten years. 这辆车我已经买了十年了。 She will have£4,000 a year when she retires. 她退休后,每年将得到4,000英镑。 B 形式 注意否定式和疑问式可用两种形式构成。 C 为表示习惯动作,do与have连用: -Do you have earthquakes in your country? -Yes,but we don´t have them very often. -你们国家地震吗? -有,但不经常。 have没有“习惯”的含义时,在英国更常用have not(got)/haveyou(got)这些形式,虽然其他说英语的国家(特别是美国)在这种场合也用带do的形式。 美国人可能说: Can you help me now?Do you have time? 你现在能帮我吗?你有时间吗? 而英国人却多半要这么说: Can you help me now?Have you got time? 因此用do的形式始终是稳妥的,但住在英国的外国学生也应该练习其他的形式。 D 如上所示,got可以加到have/have not/have you等结构中去而不引起含义上的变化,因此用不用它完全是随意的,但通常 还是加got。然而got不能加到简略答语或附加疑问中去: -Have you got an ice-axe? -Yes,I have. -你有破冰斧吗? -是的,我有。 She´s got a nice voice,hasn´t she? 她的嗓音很美,是吗? have肯定式)接got时通常可以缩略: I´ve got my ticket. 我拿到票了。 He´s got a flat in Pimlico. 他在皮姆利科岛有一套房子。 这时句子重音在got上,而´ve或´s通常仅勉强能听到。have(肯定式)不和got连用时,常常不缩略,这时have和has就要读清楚。 123 have意指take(a meal)(吃<饭>), give(a party)(举行<聚会>)等 A have也可以用来表示: take(a meal/food/drink,a bath/a lesson等)(吃<饭>,吃<东西>,喝<东西>,洗<澡>,上<课>等) give(a party)(举行<聚会>),entertain(guests)(招待<客人>) encounter(difficulties/trouble)(遭受<困难或麻烦>) experience(体验),enjoy(享受),通常和形容词如good连用: We have lunch at one. 我们1点钟吃午饭。 They are having a party tomorrow. 他们明天举行聚会。 Did you have trouble with Customs? 你们在海关遇到麻烦没有? I hope you´ll have a good holiday. 我希望你愉快地度过假期。 B have用于表示上述含义时,遵循普通动词的变化规则,它后面决不能跟got。 它的否定式与疑问式用do/did来构成。 它可以用于进行时态。 We are having breakfast early tomorrow. 我们明天一早吃早饭。(不远的将来) She is having twenty people to dinner next Monday. 下星期一她要请20个人吃饭。(不远的将来) I can´t answer the telephone.I am having a bath. 我不能接电话,我正在洗澡。(当前) How many English lessons do you have a week?I have six. 你一周上几节英语课?我上六节。 You have coffee at eleven,don´t you? 你们一般11点钟喝咖啡,是吗?(习惯) Ann has breakfast in bed,but Mary doesn´t. 安经常在床上吃早饭,可玛丽不这样。 Will you have some tea/coffee? 请喝杯茶/咖啡好吗?(这是一种邀请,我们可以省略掉 Will you,即只说 Have some tea等。) Did you have a good time at the theatre? 你在戏院看戏愉快吗?(你过得愉快吗?) Have a good time! 好好地玩吧! I am having a wonderful holiday. 我正在度一个非常愉快的假期。 I didn´t have a very good journey. 我在旅途中不很舒服。 124 形式 主要变化形式:do,did,done 动名词/现在分词: doing 现在时: 作普通动词用的do的肯定式如上所示,但是它的否定式和疑问式需要在上述形式前再加上do: What does/did she do? 她干什么工作?(参见第126节。) 过去时: ? I don´t know. 我不知道。 Did you see it? 你看到过没有? He doesn´t like me. 125 do用做助动词 A 助动词do用来构成普通动词现在式和过去式的否定式和疑问式: He doesn´t work. 他不工作。 He didn´t work. 他以前不工作。 Does he work? 他工作吗? Did he work? 他以前工作吗? B 想特别加重语气时,可在肯定式中用do/did+不带to的不定式这种形式。它主要用在别人对所提到的动作表示怀疑的场合: You didn´t see him. 你没有看到他。 I´did see him. 我确实见到他了。(did在说话中要特意重读。语气比 I saw him强。) I know that you didn´t expect me to go,but I´did go. 我知道你本没料到我会去的,可我确实去了。 C do也用来避免重复前面已出现过的普通动词: 1 用于简略答语中表示同意和不同意(参见第109节): —Tom talks too much. —Yes,he does./No,he doesn´t. —汤姆话说得太多。 —是的。/不,他说得不多。 —He didn´t go. —No,he didn´t./Oh yes, he did. —他没去。 —是,他没去。/哦,不,他去了。 2 用于补充(参见第112节): He likes concerts and so do we. 他喜欢听音乐会,我们也一样。(注意倒装。) He lives here but I don´t. 他住在这里,但我不住这儿。 He doesn´t drive but I do. 他不开车,但我开。 3 用于附加疑问(参见第110节): He lives here, doesn´t he? 他住在这里,是吗? He didn´t see you, did he? 他没见到你,对吗? D do用于简略答语中,避免重复主要动词: —Do you smoke? —Yes,I do./No,I don´t. —你抽烟吗? —是的,我抽烟。(不说 Yes,I smoke。)/不,我不抽。 —Did you see him? —Yes,Idid./No, I didn´t. —你见到他了吗? —是的,见到了。/不,没见到。(参见第 108节。) E 在比较等级中的用法与D相同(参见第22节): He drives faster than I do. 他开车比我开得快。 F do+祈使语气可使请求或邀请更有说服力: Do come with us. 一定和我们一起来。(比Come with us更有说服力。) Do work a little harder. 务必请你工作再努力一点吧。 Do help me,please. 请一定帮我的忙。 G do也同样用于别人征询是否同意时自己的肯定答语中,以表示赞许或鼓励: -Shall I write to him? —Yes,do./Do. —我是否可以写信给他? —行,写吧。 126 do用做普通动词 do像have一样可用做普通动词,这时它就与do和did连用来构成一般现在时和一般过去时的肯定式和疑问式: I do not do do you do? don´t you do? he does not do does he do? doesn´t he do? I did not do did you do? didn´t you do? 等do可以用在进行式或一般式中: —what are you doing(now)? —I´m doing my homework. —(现在)你在做什么? —我在做家庭作业。 What´s he doing tomorrow? 他明天要做什么?(最近将来) What does he do in the evening? 他平时晚上做什么?(习惯) —Why did you do it? —I did it because I was angry. —你是为什么这么干的? —因为当时我生气。 How do you do?是经过介绍之后双方互致的问候语: Hostess:Mr Day,may I introduce Mr Davis?Mr Davis, Mr Day. 女主人:戴先生,让我来介绍戴维斯先生。这位是戴维斯先生,这位是戴先生。 两位先生这时都说: How do you do? 您好。 原先这是问候对方健康的话,现在仅用为介绍场合中的公式化的问候语。 do的其他用法如: He doesn´t do what he´s told. 他不按照告诉他的去做。(不服从命令) —What do you do for a living? —I´m an artist. —你是做什么工作的? —我是个画家。 How´s the new boy doing? 新来的男孩这两天怎么样?(进展) —I haven´t got a torch. Will a candle do(= be suitable/adequate)? —A candle won´t do. I´m looking for a gas leak. —我没有手电筒。蜡烛行吗? —蜡烛不行。我要查找煤气泄漏的地方。 —Would £ 10 do(= be adequate)? —No,it wouldn´t. I need £ 20. —十英镑行吗?(是否足够) —不够,我需要20英镑。 to do with(只限于动词不定式)有“有关系”的意思。主要用于 it is/was something/nothing to do with+名词/代词/动名词结构: It´s nothing to do with you.相当于: It doesn´t concern you. 这跟你没关系。 相关链接:语法专题指导
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