英语语法(牛津版)第二十三章 不定式

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238 形式
A 动词不定式各种形式的举例 不定式的现在式:
不定式的现在进行式:
不定式的完成式:
定式的完成进行式:
不定式的现在式的被动形式:
不定式的完成式的被动形式:
to work,to do
to be working,to be doing
to have worked,to have done
to have been working,to have been doing
to be done
to have been done
B 不定式的整个形式包括两个字:to+动词,如上所示;但在一些特定的动词和表达方法之后用不带to的不定式形式(参见第246节):
You had better say nothing.
你最好什么也不说。(参见第120节。)
C 一般不宜在to与动词之间置入别的字;但有时有人这样用,见第248节分裂不定式。
D 为了避免重复,有时不定式的to可代替整个不定式:
— Do you smoke?
—No,but I used to(smoke).
—你吸烟吗?
—不,但我以前吸烟。(参见第247节。)
239 用法
A 不定式可以单独使用,如 We began to walk(我们开始走了);或作为不定式短语的一部分,如 We began to walk down the road(我们开始沿路步行)。
B 不定式可作句子的主语。(参见第240节。)
C 不定式可作表语:
His plan is to keep the affair secret.
他的计划是将这件事保密。
D 不定式可作动词的宾语或宾语的一部分,直接跟在动词之后:He wants to pay(他想要付钱)。(参见第241节与第243节。)或跟在动词+ how, what等结构之后。(参见第242节。)或跟在动词+宾语之后: He wants me to pay(他想要我付钱)。(参见第243节与第244节。)
E be+不定式可表示命令或指示。(参见第114节。)
F 不定式可表示目的。(参见第334节。)
G 不定式可用于某些形容词之后:
angry glad happy sorry(参见第26节。)
fortunate likely lucky(参见第27节。)
H 不定式可连接从句。(参见第249节。)
I 不定式有时可代替关系从句。(参见第77节与第250节。)J 不定式可用于某些名词之后。(参见第251节。)
K 不定式可与too/enough以及某些特定的形容词/副词连用。(参见第252节。)
L 某些不定式短语如 to tell the truth, to cut a long story short等可置于句首或句末。(参见第253节。)
240 作主语
A 不定式或不定式短语可作动词appear,be,seem的主语,这时不定式可位于句首:
To compromise appears advisable.
看来以妥协为好。
To lean out of the window is dangerous.
身探出窗外很危险。
To save money now seems impossible.
现在好像不可能存钱。
B 但更经常的做法是将代词it置于句首,而将不定式或不定式短语移至句末:
It appears advisable to compromise.
It is dangerous to lean out of the window.
It seemed impossible to save money.
在这里的it称为先行主语。注意它在疑问句中使用的情况:
Would it be safe to camp here?
在这里宿营安全吗?
Wouldn´t it be better to go on?
继续走下去不是更好吗?
这里必须用 it结构,否则会产生 Would+to camp和Wouldn´t+to go on那样的语序,而那样是不可以的。
C 通常这一类不定式结构由 it+be+形容词+不定式组成。
(参见第26节与第27节。)
但有时也可用名词代替形容词:
It would be a crime/a mistake/a pity to cut down any more trees.
再砍伐树木将是一种犯罪/是一个错误/是个遗憾。
It is an offence to drop litter in the street.
在马路上乱丢废物是违章的。
D cost/take+宾语+不定式(主语)也是可行的:
It would cost millions/take years to rebuild the castle.
重建这座城堡需要花数百万元/许多年的时间。
E 从一般的角度考虑一种动作时,可用动名词而不用不定式,但用不定式更为保险。但我们想要指特定的一次时,必须用不定式:
He said,‘Do come.´It was impossible to refuse.
他说:“一定来。”不可能拒绝他的要求。
但是说:
It is not always easy to refuse invitations.
别人的邀请往往无法轻易拒绝。
It is not always easy to refuse invitations可以用 Refusing invi- tations is not always easy来代替。在这里这一动作是从一般的角度考虑的,所以动名词和不定式都可以。(另参见第258节。)
F it+不定式结构可位于 believe/consider/discover/expect/ find/think(that)和wonder(if)之后:
He thought(that) it would be safer to go by train.
他认为乘火车去较安全。
这样用的 find之后可省略 that+动词 be:
He found(that) it was easy to earn extra money./He found it easy to earn extra money.
他发现赚点外快很容易。
He will find(that) it is hard to make friends./ He will find it hard to make friends.
他会感觉到交朋友困难。
有时think也可这样用:
He thought it safer to go.
他认为去更安全一些。
在其他动词之后仍以不省略be为好。(关于类似的动名词结构,参见第258节。)
G 不定式的完成式也可作句子的主语:
To have made the same mistake twice was unforgivable.
两次犯同样的错误是不可原谅的。
这里同样也可用it作为先行主语:
It is better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all.
241 作宾语和作表语
A 后面直接跟动词不定式的动词 agree** be determined** pretend* aim
endeavour proceed appear* fail
promise* arrange** forget* prove*
ask** guarantee* refuse
attempt
happen* remember* bother(否定) hesitate
resolve** care(否定) hope seem*
choose learn * swear* claim**
long tend condescend manage
threaten* consent neglect trouble(否定)
decide** offer try(=attempt) decline
plan undertake* demand** prepare
volunteer determine** be prepared vow
* 参见D。
** 参见F。
助动词 be dare have must
ought will can do
may need shall used
(关于动词后接宾语+不定式,参见第244节。关于动词后接不定式或动名词,参见第二十五章。)
B 后面也可接不定式的短语
be about
be able+afford
do one´s best/
do what one can
make an/every effort
make up one´s mind*(=decide)
it+occur*+to+宾语(否定式或疑问式)
set out
take the trouble
turn out*(=prove to be)
* 参见D。
C A和B的例句
She agreed to pay £ 50.
她同意付50英镑。
Two men failed to return from the expedition.
探险队有两个人未能返回。
I managed to put the fire out.
我好歹把火扑灭了。
They are preparing(= getting ready) to evacuate the area.
他们正准备从这一地区撤离。
We are not prepared(=willing) to wait any longer.
我们不准备再等了。
The tenants refused to leave.
房客拒绝搬出。
Prices always tend to go up.
物价总是趋于上涨。
She volunteered to help with Meals on Wheels.
她自愿帮助给老、弱、病、残送饭上门。
He is just about to leave.
他正要离开。(参见第114节C。)
We can´t afford to live in the centre.
在市中心生活,费用我们负担不起。
He didn´ t bother/trouble to answer personally.
他嫌麻烦不愿亲自回答。
与上面相反的例子:
He took the trouble to answer personally.
他不嫌麻烦亲自回答。
D 上面标有星号的词或短语也可以与that从句连用(参见第346节):
I promise to wait.相当于:
I promise that I will wait.
我答应等候。
He pretended to be angry.相当于:
He pretended that he was angry.
他假装生气。
occur to+宾语+ that用于肯定式、否定式和疑问式。注意这个结构跟occur+不定式在意义上的区别:
It didn´t occur to me to ask him for proof of his identity.
我没有想到向他要身份证明。(我没有想到要这样做。)
It occurred to me that he was trying to conceal something.
我突然想到他是在想法隐瞒什么。(这念头出现在我的脑中。)
appear, happen, seem, turn out与 that结构连用时,要求用 it 作句子的先行主语:
It turned out that his ‘country cottage´ was an enormous bungalow.
他的“乡下的小房”原来是一座极大的平房。
请与不定式结构比较一下:
His ‘country cottage´ turned out to be an enormous bungalow.(译文同上。)
E 但动词+不定式结构的意思并不一定与同一动词+ that从句结构的意思相同。在learn,forget,occur(参见上面D)和remember后面,这两种结构的意思不同:
He learnt to look after himself.
他学会照料自己。
He learnt(=was told) that it would cost £ 100.
他听说那会花去100英镑。
He forgot to leave the car keys on the table.
他忘了把汽车钥匙留在桌上。(他没有留下。)
He forgot that his brother wanted to use the car.
他忘了他的兄弟要用汽车。
remember后面的两种结构同样可以有不同的意思。
agree/decide+不定式表示意图。
agree that… 表示同意一种观点。
decide that… 表示一种结论或决定,但并不一定会将之付诸行动。
F 上面带两个星号的动词后面可接不定式,也可接that… should结构。that…should结构在被动语态中尤其常用(参见第302节):
They decided/agreed to divide the profits equally.
他们决定/同意平均分配利润。
They decided that the profits should be divided equally.
他们决定利润平分。
I arranged to meet/for Tom to meet them.
我安排去接/安排汤姆去接他们。
I arranged that Tom should meet them.
我安排好叫汤姆去接他们。
I arranged that they should be met.
我安排人去接他们。
G 不定式的进行式常常用在appear,happen,pretend和seem等动词之后:
I happened to be looking out of the window when they arrived.
他们到达时我碰巧正向窗外望去。
He seems to be following us.
他似乎在跟着我们。
不定式的进行式也可用在 agree, arrange, decide, determine, hope, manage, plan之后和助动词之后。(参见第254节。)
H 不定式的完成式可以用在appear,hope,pretend,seem等之后和助动词之后。(参见第255节。)
242 动词+ how/what/when/
where/which/why+不定式
A 这类动词中最常用的有 ask, decide, discover, find out, for- get,know, learn, remember, see(= understand/perceive),show+宾语, think, understand, want to know,wonder:
He discovered how to open the safe.
他发现了打开保险柜的方法。
I found out where to buy fruit cheaply.
我找到了买便宜水果的地方。
I didn´t know when to switch the machine off.
我不知道什么时候关掉机器。
I showed her which button to press.
我告诉她应该按哪一个按钮。
She couldn´t think what to asy.
她想不出说什么。
(注意:这种结构不常用于动词think的现在式和过去式之后,但可以用于think的其他形式之后,或者如上面最后一个例句那样,用于前面还有一个助动词的think之后。)
B whether+不定式同样可以用于 want to know, wonder之后:
I wonder/wondered whether to write or phone.
我不知道应该写信还是应该打电话。
这种结构还可以用于表示否定意义或疑问意义的decide, know, remember和 think后面:
You needn´t decide yet whether to study arts or science.
你现在不必决定学习文科还是理科。
He couldn´t remember whether to turn left or right.
他没记住向左拐还是向右拐。
C ask,decide,forget,learn,remember 等词后也可以直接跟不定式。(参见第241节。)但其含义并不一定相同。
learn how+不定式(=acquire a skill学会技能):
She learnt how to make lace.
她学会了怎样做花边。
如果是相当普通的技能,通常就不用how:
She learnt to drive a car.
她学会了开汽车。
learn+不定式(不带how)可以有另一种含义:
She learnt to trust nobody.
她信不过任何人。相当于:
She found from experience that it was better to trust nobody.
经验告诉她,谁都不可靠。
同时注意:
I decided to do it.
我决定要做这件事。相当于:
I said to myself,‘I´ll do it.´
我心里想:“我要做这件事。”
I decided how to do it.
我决定了如何去做这件事。相当于:
I said to myself,‘ I´ll do it this way.´
我心里想:“我要这样做。”
I remembered to get a ticket.
我没忘了弄一张票。(我弄到一张票。)
I remembered where to get a ticket.
我记得到哪儿买票。(我记得可以从音乐节办公室买到票。)
243 动词或动词+宾语之后的不定式
A 这类动词中最重要的有 ask, beg, expect, would hate, help, intend,like(=think wise/right), would like(=enjoy),would love, mean, prefer, want, wish:
He likes to eat well.
他喜欢吃得好一点。
He likes his staff to eat well.
他喜欢要他的工作人员吃得好一点儿。
I want to ride.I want you to ride too.
我想骑马。我想要你去骑马。
B ask和 beg
ask+不定式的含义与ask+宾语+不定式不同:
I asked to speak to Mrs Jones.
我要找琼斯太太谈话。相当于:
I said,‘Could I speak to Mrs Jones?´
我说:“我能跟琼斯太太讲话吗?”
但是:
I asked Bill to speak to her.
我要比尔找她谈一谈。
I said,‘Bill, would you speak to her?´
我说:“比尔,请你找她谈一谈好吗?”
beg也是同样情况,尽管beg之后通常不直接跟不定式:
I begged(to be allowed) to go.
我请他允许我去。相当于:
I said,‘Please let me go.´
我说:“请让我去。”
I begged him to go.
我要求他去。相当于:
I said,‘Please go.´
我说:“请你去吧。”
ask和beg后面可接that…should结构。(参见第235节。)
C expect+不定式和expect+宾语+不定式可有相同含义:
I expect to arrive tomorrow.
我预计明天到达。相当于:
I think it is likely that I will arrive tomorrow.
我想我很可能明天到达。
I expect him to arrive tomorrow.
我预计他明天到达。相当于:
I think it is likely that he will arrive tomorrow.
我想他很可能明天到达。
但expect+宾语+不定式常常含有义务的意思:
He expects his wife to bring him breakfast in bed at weekends.
他指望他妻子在周末把早饭送到床边。(他认为他妻子有义务这样做。)
expect后面也可跟that+主语+动词结构,这时不含有义务的意思。
D 关于 care, hate, like, love和 prefer与不定式或动名词连用的例句请参见第294至第298节。intend,mean和want后面也可接动名词。(参见第266节。)
244 动词+宾语之后的不定式
A 这类动词中最重要的有: advise forbid make(b) show how
allow force oblige teach/teach how
bribe hear(b) order tell/tell how
command implore permit tempt
compel induce
persuade train
enable instruct remind urge
encourage invite
request warn
entitle let(b) see(b) watch(b)
feel(b)
(b)意指“不带to的不定式”。(参见第246节。)
advise,allow和permit也可以与动名词连用。
(关于表示知道和思想一类意思的动词,参见第245节。)
B 动词+宾语+不定式举例如下:
These glasses will enable you to see in the dark.
这眼镜能使你在黑暗中也能看到东西。
She encouraged me to try again.
她鼓励我再试一遍。
They forbade her to leave the house./She was forbidden to leave the house.(较常用)
他们不允许她离开房间。/不许她离开房间。
Nothing would induce me to do business with them.
什么也不能诱使我同他们打交道。
They persuaded us to go with them.
他们说服我们同他们一起走。
They are training these dogs to sniff out drugs.
他们正在训练这些狗嗅出毒品。
C show/teach/tell+how
show 与不定式连用时要加 how:
He showed me how to change a fuse.
他给我示范怎样换保险丝。
tell how +不定式(= instruct教):
He told me how to replace a fuse.
他教我怎样换保险丝。(他给我必要的知识或说明。)
tell+宾语+不定式(= order命令):
He told me to change the fuse.
他叫我换保险丝。相当于:
He said,‘Change the fuse. ´
他说:“换一换保险丝。”
teach how(教……如何):
要表达教某人(如何)游泳、跳舞、打字、骑马等时可以说:
He taught me how to light a fire without matches.
他教我如何不用火柴就能点火。
对比较普通的技能提问时虽可以使用how,但how常可以省略:
He taught me to ride.
他教我骑马。
teach+宾语+不定式(不与how连用)也可以意指教导或训练某人以某一方式行事:
He taught me to obey all commands without asking questions.
他教我毫无疑义地服从命令。
D remind, show, teach, tell后面也可以接 that结构:
He reminded me that the road was dangerous.
他提醒我道路危险。
He showed me that it was quite easy.
他向我表明这是很容易的。
注意: tell+ that从句的含义不同于tell+不定式:
He told(= ordered) me to go.
他叫我走。
He told(= informed) me that I was late.
他告诉我说我迟到了。
E request 后面也可以接that+ should结构,这主要用于被动语态:
He requested that the matter should be kept secret.
他请求对这件事保密。
245 表示知道和思想等的动词之后的不定式
A 在 assume, believe, consider, feel, know, suppose, understand 等之后可接宾语+ to be:
I consider him to be the best candidate.
我认为他是最佳人选。
但that+普通动词的结构比这常用得多:
I consider that he is the best candidate.
(译文同上。)
宾语+不定式与 think, estimate和 presume 等动词连用是极少见的。这种表达方法常用that从句来代替:
I think that he is the best player.
我认为他是最好的演奏家/演员/运动员。
It is estimated that the vase is 2,000 years old.
据估计这个花瓶有两千年历史。
B 然而,如果这些动词是以被动形式出现的,那么它们后面常常带不定式而不是带that结构:
He is known to be honest.相当于:
It is known that he is honest.
众所周知,他是个老实人。
He is thought to be the best player相当于:
It is thought that he is…
人们认为他是最好的演奏家/演员/运动员。
This vase is estimated to be 2,000 years old.
据估计这个花瓶有两千年历史。
C 注意suppose的被动态时往往有责任或义务之意:
You are supposed to know the laws of your own country.
你应该懂得你们自己国家的法律。相当于:
It is your duty to know/You are expected to know…
你有义务懂/人们认为你该懂……
D 在这些动词后面也可以用不定式的进行式:
He is thought to be hiding in the woods.
人们以为他正躲在森林里。(人们认为他正躲着。)
He is supposed to be washing the car.
他应该在洗车。(他该正在洗它。)
E 如果想到的是早先发生过的动作,则用不定式的完成式:
They are believed to have landed in America.
人们相信他们在美洲上了岸。(据信他们已登上了。)
supppose+不定式的完成式不一定有责任或义务之意。
They are supposed to have discovered America.相当于:
It is thought that they did.
人们认为是他们发现了美洲。
但 You are supposed to have read the instructions(你应已看过操作说明)通常意味着你本应看过。
(关于动词的被动式之后的不定式结构,另参见第306节。)
246 不带to的不定式
A can,do,may,must,shall,will之后接不带to的不定式:
They could do it today.
他们可以今天做这件事。
I may as well start at once.
我还不如马上就动身。
He will probably object.
他可能会反对。
B need和dare之后也接不带to的不定式,但它们不作为情态动词而是同助动词do/did或will/would连用时除外:
You needn´t say anything.
你不必说什么。
但是说:
You don´t/won´t need to say anything.
你不需要/将不需要说什么。
I dared not wake him.
我不敢叫醒他。
但是说:
I didn´ t/wouldn´ t dare(to) wake him.
我没敢/不敢叫醒他。
理论上,在最后一个例句中要求用to,但实际上常被省略。按语法规则来说,如果dare和used用为助动词,它们就像大多数助动词一样后面接不带to的不定式;如果它们用为普通动词并与do/ did等连用,就像普通动词一样后面接带to的不定式。
C feel, hear, see和 watch:
I heard him lock the door.
我听见他锁了门。
I saw/watched him drive off.
我看见他开车走了。
但see和hear在被动语态的句子中要与带to的不定式连用:
He was seen to enter the office.
有人看见他进了办公室。
He was heard to say that…
有人听见他说过……
但feel,hear,see和watch经常是与现在分词连用:
I heard them shouting.
我听到他们在大声喊叫。(参见第273节。)
D let在主动语态和被动语态的句子中都与不带to的不定式连用。但let在被动语态的句子中常常被另一个词所代替: Theylet me know… 在被动词态的句子中被 I was told… 所代替,而 They let him see the documents则被 He was allowed to see them所代替。
let之后的不定式/不定式短语有时为了避免重复而被省略:
She wants to go out to work but he won´t let her(go out to work).
她想要出去工作,可他不让她去。
在下面的习语中,let没有宾语:
Live and let live.
宽己容人。
(关于 let us/let´s 用于表示命令和建议,参见第281节与第289节。)
E make
make 在主动语态的句子中与不带to的不定式连用:
He made me move my car.
他迫使我挪动我的汽车。
但在被动语态的句子中make与带to的不定式连用:
I was made to move my car.
我被迫挪动了我的汽车。
为了避免重复,有时make(主动语态)之后的不定式可省去:
—Why did you tell him?
—He made me(tell him)!
—你为什么要告诉他?
—是他迫使我(告诉他)的!
make(被动语态)之后的不定式可由to来代表:
I was made to(tell him).
我是被迫(告诉他)的。
F would rather/sooner, rather/sooner than(参见第297与第298书):
—Shall we go today?
—I´d rather wait till tomorrow.
—我们今天去好吗?
—我宁可等到明天再去。
Rather/Sooner than risk a bad crossing, he postponed his journey.
他不愿冒大风险,推迟了横渡海峡的旅行。
G had better(参见第120节):
‘You had better start at once,´he said.
他说:“你最好马上就动身。”
H help后面接带to或不带to的不定式都可以:
He helped us(to) push it.
他帮我们推它。
I 如果两个不定式由and连接在一起,通常可将第二个不定式的to省略:
I intend to sit in the garden and write letters.
我打算坐在花园里并写些信。
I want you to stand beside me and hold the torch.
我要你站在我身边拿着手电筒。
J but 和 except跟在 do+ anything/nothing/everything后面时,可以与不带to的不定式连用:
He does nothing but complain.
他只是一个劲地抱怨。
My dog does everything but speak.
我的狗除了不会说话以外什么都会。
Can´t you do anything but ask silly questions?
你别一个劲地提愚蠢的问题好吗?(你除了提愚蠢的问题,难道不会干点别的?)
There´s nothing to do but wait.
除了等候没有别的办法。
K 在下列句子中to可有可无:
The only thing to do/we can do is(to) write to him.
唯一可做的事/我们唯一能做的事是给他写信。
All we can do is(to) write to him.
(译文同上。)
247 用to代表的不定式
为了避免重复,不定式可只用一个to来代表。这种用法主要用于下列动词之后: hate, hope, intend, would like/love,make(被动语态),mean, plan, try, want;也用于助动词如have, need, ought之后时以及与 used to, be able to和 be go-ing to结构连用时:
—Would you like to come with me?
—Yes, I´d love to.
—你愿意和我一起走吗?
—是的,我愿意。
—Did you get a ticket?
—No, I tried to, but there weren´t any left.—你有票了吗?
—没有,我尽力找了,可一张也没有了。
—Why did you take a taxi?
—I had to(take one).I was late.
—你为什么坐出租汽车?
—我不得不坐。(因为)我晚了。
—Do you ride?
—Not now but I used to.
—你骑马吗?
—我现在不骑了,但以前骑。
He wanted to go but he wasn´t able to.
他想去,但去不了。
—Have you fed the dog?
—No, but I´m just going to.
—你喂过狗了吗?
—没有,我这就要去呢。
248 分裂不定式
在to和动词原形之间插入另一个词,称为分裂不定式。这种用法过去常被认为是文字不通顺,但现在人们对它的看法比较宽容了。
在日常口语中really常常接在to之后而位于动词原形之前。
It would take ages to really master this subject.
这门学科需要许多年才能真正掌握。
这个地方如用 really to master,反而显得过分正式。
其他一些程度副词如completely,entirely,(un)duly也可同样使用。可以说:
(a) to completely cover the floor完全铺满地板
而不说:
(b) to cover the floor completely
(a) to unduly alarm people过分使人们惊惶
而不说:
(b) to alarm people unduly
但按照惯例,如上面(b)所示则较为安全。
249 可起连词作用的不定式
A 不定式用在only后面时,常表示一种令人失望的后果:
He hurried to the house only to find that it was empty.
他急忙赶到那所房子,却发现空无一人。相当于:
He hurried to the house and was disappointed when he found that it was empty.
他急忙赶到那所房子,但发现房子空无一人时感到大为失望。
he survived the crash only to die in the desert.相当于:
He survived the crash but died in the desert.
飞机坠毁时他幸免于难,后来却死在沙漠里。
B 不定式前不加 only也可以起连接作用,并且不带有不幸的含义:
He returned home to learn that his daughter had just become engaged.
他回到家里,得知女儿才订了婚。
但这类用法主要限于如 find, hear, learn,see, be told这类动词,否则用于起连接作用的不定式就可能被错认为是表示目的的不定式。
250 可替代关系从句的不定式
A 不定式可用于 the first, the second等如此类推及 the last, theonly之后,有时也可用于最高级之后(参见第77节):
He loves parties; he is always the first to come and the last to leave.
他喜欢参加社交聚会,总是头一个来,最后一个走。
She was the only one to survive the crash.
她是这次事故中唯一的幸存者。
这样使用的不定式代替了主格代词+动词结构。下面B中将它与不定式代替宾格代词+动词结构进行了比较。
注意这里不定式的含义是主动的。如果需要被动的含义则用不定式的被动式:
He is the second man to be killed in this way.
他是第二个这样死于非命的人。
the best play to be performed that year那年演出的最精彩的戏
试与下面短语比较:
the best play to perform 一出最适合/最应当由你演出的戏
B1 不定式可以放在名词和代词后面以表示可以怎么使用或处置它们,有时也可表示主语的愿望(参见第77节):
I have letters to write.
我有信要写。
Does he get enough to eat?
他吃得饱吗?
Have you anything to say?
你有话要说吗?
At the customs: I have nothing to declare.
在海关检查站:我没有要报关的。
a house to let待出租的房子
不定式+介词结构也可以这样使用:
someone to talk to可与交谈的人
a case to keep my records in放我的磁带的盒子
cushions to sit on 坐垫
a glass to drink out of 喝水杯
a tool to open it with用来打开这东西的工具
a table to write on写字台
2 不定式被动式的类似用法
There is plenty to do.
(a)有不少事情可做。即可供自娱的事。
(b)有不少工作必须做。
there+ be+名词/代词+不定式结构如有“义务”的含义,如上面(b)所示,则可用不定式的被动形式:
There is a lot to be done.
有大量的事要做。
但不定式的主动形式用得更多。
251 某些特定的名词之后的不定式
常用的可以直接跟不定式的名词有: ability demand failure request
ambition desire offer scheme
anxiety determination plan willingness
attempt eagerness promise wish
decision effort refusal
例句如:
His ability to get on with people is his chief asset.
他与人融洽相处的能力是他的主要资本。
He made an attempt/effort to stand up.
他努力要站起来。
Failure to obey the regulations may result in disqualification.
若不遵守规章,就会被取消资格。
Their offer/plan/promise to rebuild the town was not taken seriously.
他们重新修建城镇的提议/计划/保证没有得到重视。
She was annoyed by his unwillingness to do his share of the work.
他不愿干他那一份工作,这使她很不高兴。
252 too,enough以及so…as 之后的不定式
A too+形容词/副词+不定式
1 too+形容词+不定式
(a)不定式可以是指句子的主语而言,此时它具有主动含义:
You are too young to understand.
你太年轻了没法懂得(这件事)。
He was too drunk to drive home.
他醉得太厉害了,没法开车回家。
(b)不定式也可以指动词的宾语而言,此时它具有被动的含义:
The plate was so hot that we couldn´t touch it.
盘子太烫,碰不得。
可以表示为:
The plate was too hot to touch.
盘子烫得没法碰。
注意:第一句中touch的宾语it在第二句的不定式结构里消失了,因为不定式虽然形式上是主动的,在含义上却是被动的。
有时,不定式的主动式或被动式都可用:
This parcel is too heavy to send/to be sent by post.
这个包裹太重了,不能邮寄。
但并不是在任何情况下以上两种形式都可用,学生因此最好一律使用不定式的主动式。
该结构中不定式之前可以加上for+名词/代词:
The case was too heavy(for a child) to carry.相当于:
The case was too heavy to be carried by a child.
箱子太重了,孩子搬不动。
(c)与此类似的情况是,不定式可以指介词的宾语而言:
The grass was so wet that we couldn´t sit on it.
草地湿得没法坐。
The grass was too wet(for us) to sit on.
草地太湿了,(我们)不能坐。
The light is so weak that we can´t read by it.
光线太暗了,我们无法看书。
The light is too weak to read by.
光线太暗,不能看书。
2 too+形容词+a+名词+不定式
He was too shrewd a businessman to accept the first offer.相当于:
As a businessman he was too shrewd to accept the first offer.
他是一个极为精明的生意人,不会接受第一次报价。
He is too experienced a conductor to mind what the critics say.相当于:
As a conductor he is too experienced to mind what the critics say.
他是一位经验非常丰富的指挥家,根本不会在乎评论家的意见。
如以上A1中那样,这里的不定式总是指主语而言。这里也可以用不定式的被动式:
He was too experienced a conductor to be worried by what the critics said.
他是一位经验极为丰富的指挥家,不至于为批评家们的意见犯愁。
3 too+副词+不定式
It is too soon(for me) to say whether the scheme will succeed or not.
现在要我来说计划能否成功还为时过早。
He spoke too quickly for me to understand.
他说得太快了,我听不懂。(这里for me是必要的。)
She works too slowly to be much use to me.
她干活太慢,对我不会有多大帮助。
B 形容词/副词+enough+不定式
1 形容词+enough+不定式
(a)如在too结构中一样,不定式可以指动词的主语而言:
She is old enough to travel by herself.
她已经到了可以自己出门旅行的年龄了。
He was tall enough to see over the heads of the other people.
他身材高得可以从别人头顶上看过去。
(b)这种结构还可以指动词的宾语而言:
The case is light enough for me to carry.相当于:
The case is so light that I can carry it.
这箱子很轻,我搬得动。
After a few minutes the coffee was cool enough(for us) to drink.
几分钟后,咖啡凉了一些,(我们)可以喝了。
(c)这种结构也可以指介词的宾语而言:
The ice was thick enough to walk on.
冰厚得上面可以走人。
The light was strong enough to read by.
光线亮得足可以看书。
2 enough既可作代词用,也可作形容词用:
He doesn´t earn enough(money) to live on.
他挣的钱不够过日子的。
We haven´t enough time to do it properly.
我们没有足够的时间把这件事做好。
She had enough sense to turn off the gas.
她还有点脑筋,知道关掉煤气。
have+enough+抽象名词结构常常可以用have+the+名词结构替代:
She had the sense to turn off the gas.
她还有点脑筋,知道关掉煤气。
He had the courage to admit his mistake.
他有勇气承认自己的错误。
I hadn´t the patience to listen to any more.
我没有耐心再听下去了。
但这里time之前的the可省略:
We haven´t(the)time to do it properly.
我们没有足够的时间把这件事做好。
3 副词+enough+不定式:
He didn´t jump high enough to win a prize.
他跳得不够高,没能得奖。
He spoke slowly enough for everyone to understand.
他说得很慢,每个人都听得懂。
C so+形容词+as+不定式:
He was so foolish as to leave his car unlocked.
他真傻,车都没有锁。
这种说法可用来代替上面B1中的enough结构,但必须注意He was foolish enough to leave his car unlocked的含义既可以是他实际这样做了,也可以是他可能这样做,即他傻到竟会不知道锁车的地步;而 He was so foolish as to leave则意指他实际上这样做了。
像上边讲的so…as结构的那种用法不常见,但它用为一种请求形式则是很常见的:
Would you be so good as to forward my letters?相当于:
Would you be good enough to forward my letters?
劳驾把我的信件转给我,好吗?
这两种形式之间并无含义上的差别,但千万不要遗漏as。(关于其他形容词+不定式结构参见第26节与第27节。)
253 位于句首或句末的不定式短语
某些特定的不定式短语既可位于句首,有时也可位于句末。不定式的这种作用与修饰全句的状语相似(参见第40节):
To be perfectly frank,you´re a bad driver.
非常坦率地说,你车开得不好。
To be honest, I just don´t like him.
说老实话,我就是不喜欢他。
To be fair(to him), he wasn´t entirely to blame.
说句公平话,这事不能都怪他一个人。
To cut a long story short, we said,‘No!´
长话短说吧,我们没有同意。
To tell you the truth,I´ve never met him./I´ve never met him, to tell
you the truth.
给你说真的,我从没见过他。
254 不定式的进行式
A 形式
to be+现在分词:
He seems to be following us.
他好像在跟着我们。
B 用法
不定式的进行式可用于:
1 助动词之后:
They´ll be wondering where you are.
他们会纳闷你在哪里。
—He may/might be watching TV.
—He can´t/couldn´t be watching TV.
—他可能在看电视。
—他不会在看电视。
There are no programmes today because of the strike.
由于罢工,今天没有节目。(否定的推论)
He must be coming by bus.
他一定是乘公共汽车来。(推论)
You shouldn´t be reading a novel.You should be reading a textbook.
现在你不该看小说,你应该看课本。
2 appear,happen,pretend,seem之后:
He appears/seems to be living in the area.相当于:
It appears/seems that he is living in the area.
(看来)他似乎就住在这一带。
He appeared/seemed to be living in the area.相当于:
It appeared/seemed that he was living in the area.
当时(看来)他似乎就住在那一带。
I happened to be standing next to him when he collapsed.相当于:
It happened that I was standing next to him when he collapsed.
他倒下的时候我恰巧站在他旁边。
He pretended to be looking for a book.相当于:
He pretended that he was looking for a book.
他假装在找书。
3 hope和promise之后,或agree,arrange,decide,determine/be determined,plan,undertake之后,但用于hope和promise后更常见:
I hope/hoped to be earning my living in a year´s time.相当于:
I hope I will/I hoped I would be earning…
我希望在一年内能自食其力。
determine/be determined,plan等词可代替上面句子中的hope,然而意思稍有不同:
I promised to be waiting at the door when he came out.
我答应在门口一直等到他出来。
agree, arrange, decide, determine/be determined, plan, under-take等词可代替上面句子中的promise,意思各不相同。
4 在被动时态的 believe, consider, suppose, think等之后:He is believed to be living in Mexico.
据信他现在住在墨西哥。(参见第306节。)
255 不定式的完成式
A 形式
to have+过去分词:
to have worked
to have spoken
B 与助动词连用
1与 was/were连用表示未完成的计划或安排(参见第114节):
The house was to have been ready today.
这座房子本应该今天竣工。(但现在还没有)
2与 should, would, might和 could一起构成条件完成时(参见第223节):
If I had seen her I should have invited her.
我当时要是看到她的话我本会邀请她的。
3与should或ought连用表示没有履行的义务,或用于否定式表示错误的或愚蠢的行为(参见第143节):
He should have helped her.
他本应该帮助她。(但他没有这样做)
I shouldn´t/oughtn´t to have lied to him.
我本不应该对他说谎话。(但我说了)
4与 should/would like连用表示未实现的愿望(参见第 296节D):
He would like to have seen it.
他本想看看它。(但没能看到)
这句也可写成:
He would have liked to see it.
即可以把句子中两个动词的任一个变成不定式的完成式,而不改变句子的意思。
5 与could连用,表示过去没有利用的能力或过去的可能性:
I could have made a lot of money.
我本来能够赚到许多钱。(但我没能赚到。)
He could/might have phoned her.
他可能给她打过电话。(也许他打过电话。)
(另参见第134节与第138节。)
6 与might/could连用表示说话人对于未办到某事感到不快或愤怒:
He might/could have told me!
他本应告诉我!
I am annoyed that he didn´t tell me.
他没告诉我,我很不高兴。(参见第285节D。)
7 与may/might连用,表示推想发生在过去的动作:
He may/might have left.相当于:
It is possible that he(has) left.
他可能已经走了。(参见第133节。)
You might/could have been killed!
(那时)你可能会送了命的!
8 与can´t/couldn´t连用表示否定的推论(参见第159节):
He can´t/couldn´t have moved the piano himself.
这台钢琴不可能是他自己搬的。
We knew he couldn´t have paid for it,because he had no money.
我们知道不可能是他付了这笔钱,因为他没钱。
9 与must连用表示肯定的推论(参见第156节):
He must have come this way; here are his footprints.
他一定是走这条路来的;这里还有他的脚印呢。
10 与needn´t连用表示过去不必要的行为(另参见第152节与第153节):
You needn´t have hurried. Now we are too early.
你本不必那么着急。现在我们到得太早了。
You needn´t have cooked it. We could have eaten it raw.
你本来不必把它烧熟。我们本可以吃生的。
C 与某些别的动词连用
1 与appear,happen,pretend,seem连用
注意这里的不定式的一般式与完成式之间的差别:不定式的一般式:
He seems to be a great athlete.
他看来是一名优秀的运动员。相当于:
It seems that he is…
我们的印象是他是……
He seemed to be a great athlete.
那时他看起来像一名优秀的运动员。相当于:
It seemed that he was…
那时我们的印象是他是一名……
不定式的完成式:
He seems to have been…
他看来曾经是…相当于:
It seems that he was…
我们的印象是他曾经是……
He seemed to have been…
那时看来他曾经是……相当于:
It seemed that he had been…
那时我们的印象是他曾经是……
这就是说,不定式的完成式表示的动作是一个更早的动作,它发生在主要动词所表示的动作之前。
其他例子如:
I happened to have driven that kind of car before.相当于:
It happened that I had driven that kind of car before.
碰巧我过去曾开过那种汽车。
He pretended to have read the book.相当于:
He pretended that he had read it.
他假装曾经读过那本书。
2 与下列动词的被动式连用: acknowledge, believe, consider,find,know,report,say, suppose,think, understand:
He is understood to have left the country.
据了解他已经离开了这个国家。(参见第306节。)
3 不定式的完成式可与claim,expect,hope,promise连用,但不那么常见:
He expects/hopes to have finished by June.相当于:
He expects/hopes that he will have finished by June.
他预期/希望到 6月份能完成。
256 不定式的完成进行式
A 形式
to have been+现在分词:
He seems to have been spying for both sides.
他似乎一直在为两方面搞秘密情报。
B 用法
主要用于助动词之后和appear,seem之后,但也可以用在happen, pretend以及believe, know, report, say, understand的被动式之后:
—He says he was talking to Tom.
—He couldn´t have been talking to Tom.Tom wasn´t there.
—他说他当时在跟汤姆说话。
—他当时不可能在和汤姆说话。汤姆当时不在那里。
—I was following Peter closely.
—You shouldn´t have been following him closely;you should have left a good space between the two cars.
—当时我正紧紧地跟着彼得。
—你不应该紧跟着他;而应该使两车之间保持相当的距离。
He appears to have been waiting a long time.相当于:
It appears that he has been waiting a long time.
看来他已经等了很久了。
He pretended to have been studying.相当于:
He pretended that he had been studying.
他假装一直在学习的样子。
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