英语语法(牛津版)第二十六章 分词 |
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272 现在(或称主动)分词 A 形式 动词原形+ ing: working loving sitting B 用法 1 构成进行时态(参见第164节与第178节等): He is working. 他正在工作。 You´ve been dreaming. 你一直在做梦。 2 用做形容词(参见第17节): running water自来水 floating wreckage 漂浮着的残骸 dripping taps滴着水的水龙头 leaking pipes漏水的管道 这里名词和分词都要重读。请与在动名词+ 名词结构中重读的情况比较。(参见第16节。) 3 位于have+ 宾语之后(参见第121节): He had me swimming in a week. 他一个星期就教会我游泳了。 We have people standing on our steps all day. 我们的台阶上整天站着人。 I won´t have him cleaning his bike in the kitchen. 我不能让他在厨房里擦洗他的自行车。 4 有时用来代替关系代词+ 动词(参见第77节): a map that marks/marked political boundaries=a map marking politicalboundaries 一张标明行政疆域的地图 people who wish/wished to visit the caves= people wishing to visit thecaves 希望去参观岩洞的人们 children who need/needed medical attention= children needing medicalattention 需要医疗护理的孩子们 5 用来构成现在分词/分词短语(如 adding/pointing out/remind-ing/warning等)可以用在间接引语中引入陈述句: He told me to start early,reminding me that the roads would be crowded. 他让我早点动身,提醒我说晚了路上会拥挤。 (参见第324节C。) 上述各种用法已经在本书前文中讨论过。现在分词还可以有下列各种用法: 6 位于表示感觉的动词之后。(参见第273节。) 7 位于 catch/find/leave+宾语之后。(参见第274节。) 8 位于 go,come,spend,waste,be busy之后。(参见第 275节。) 9 除在上述的各种主句或从句中使用以外,有时可在其他类型的主句或从句中代替主语+ 动词。(参见第276与第277节。) 273 位于表示感觉的动词之后 A 这类表示感觉的动词主要有see,hear,feel,smell以及listen(to),notice和watch。它们可与宾语+ 现在分词连用: I see him passing my house every day. 我每天看见他从我房前走过。 Didn´t you hear the clock striking? 你没听见时钟响了吗? I felt the car skidding. 我感觉到汽车在打滑。 She smelt something burning and saw smoke rising. 她闻到有东西着了,还看见烟在冒。 I watched them rehearsing the play. 我看着他们排练那场戏。 由现在分词表示的动作可以是到目前已结束的,也可以是仍在进行的。I saw him changing the wheel(我看见他换轮子)可以指看见了动作的整个过程,也可指只看见动作的一部分。 B see,hear,feel以及 listen(to),notice 和 watch后面也可接宾语+ 不带to的不定式: We saw him leave the house. 我们看见他离开了家。 我听见他安排他的旅行。 这里的不定式含有整个动作结束了的意思,I saw him changethe wheel意指我看到了动作的全过程。 C 两种形式的比较 由于现在分词既可表示动作到目前为止已结束,也可表示仍在进行之中,所以它的用法较为普遍。但意欲强调这一动作到目前为止已经结束时,要用不带to的不定式。此外,表达一连串的动作时它比分词形式在形式上要简练些: I saw him enter the room,unlock a drawer,take out a document,photo-graph it and put it back. 我看见他进了屋,打开抽屉,拿出文件,拍完照又放了回去。 D 在被动语态中,句子的动词之后要用带to的不定式: He was heard to say that the minister had been bribed. 人家听见他说部长受贿了。 274 catch,find,leave+宾语+现在分词 A catch/find: I caught them stealing my apples. 我撞见他们正在偷我的苹果。(我发现他们正在干这件事。) If she catches you reading her diary,she´ll be furious. 如果她撞见你正在偷看她的日记,她一定会发火的。 这一动词后由现在分词表示的动作总是使主语感到不愉快。如果与find连用就没有不愉快的感觉: I found him standing at the door. 我发现他正站在门口。相当于: I saw him standing/He was standing at the door when I arrived. 我看见他正站在门口/我到的时候他正站在门口。 与find连用时,宾语可以是无生命的东西: He found a tree lying across the road. 他发现一棵树横倒在马路上。 B leave可与现在分词连用: I left him talking to Bob.相当于: He was talking to Bob when I left. 我走时他正在和鲍勃说话呢。 275 go,come,spend,waste,be busy A go 和come go和come后面可以跟表示物理运动的动词的现在分词形式以及动词shop的现在分词形式: They are going riding/skiing/sailing. 他们要去骑马/滑雪/航行了。 Come dancing.来跳舞。 I´m going shopping this afternoon. 今天下午我要去购物。 (关于go和come后面跟表示目的的不定式,参见第335节。)B spend/waste+ 一个表示时间或金钱的名词或短语+ 现在分词: He spends two hours(a day) travelling. 他(每天)往返途中要花两小时。 He doesn´t spend much time preparing his lessons. 他不花多少时间准备功课。 We wasted a whole afternoon trying to repair the car. 我们浪费了整整一下午的时间想把汽车修理好。 He spent a lot of money modernizing the house. 他在把房子搞成现代化的方面花了许多钱。 C be busy+ 现在分词: She is/was busy packing. 她忙着收拾行李。 276 代替主句的现在分词短语 下面A和B中的现在分词结构主要用于书面英语。 A 如主语同时做出两个动作时,通常其中的一个动作可以由现在分词来表示,这时分词既可以放在动词不定式之前,也可以放在之后: He rode away.He whistled as he went. 他骑马走了。他一边走一边吹着口哨。相当于: He rode away whistling. 他吹着口哨骑马走了。 He holds the rope with one hand and stretches out the other to the boy inthe water.相当于: Holding the rope with one hand,he stretches… 他一只手拉着绳子,把另一只手伸给水中的男孩。 B 如主语所做的一个动作紧接着所做的另一个动作,第一个动作常常用现在分词来表示,而且分词必须放在前面: He opened the drawer and took out a revolver.相当于: Opening the drawer he took out a revolver. 他打开抽屉,拿出了一把左轮手枪。 She raised the trapdoor and pointed to a flight of steps.相当于: Raising the trapdoor she pointed to a flight of steps. 她把翻板活门拉开,指着一段台阶。 We take off our shoes and creep cautiously along the passage.相当于: Taking off our shoes we creep cautiously along the passage. 我们脱了鞋,小心地、偷偷地沿着走廊走过去. 这里好像用现在分词的完成式更合乎逻辑,如Having opened,Having raised,Having taken off等。但除了使用现在分词的一般式可能使意思含混不清的时候以外,不必要使用完成式。 举一个必须使用分词完成式的例子:Eating his dinner herushed out of the house会给人这样一种印象,好像他手里还拿着菜盘子就走出了房子。因此,这里最好用 Having eaten hisdinner…形式。 C 第二个动作构成第一个动作的一部分时或第二个动作是第一个动作的结果时,可以用现在分词表示第二个动作: 她出去后,砰地关上门。 He fired,wounding one of the bandits. 他开了枪,打伤了其中一个匪徒。 I fell,striking my head against the door and cutting it. 我摔了个跟头,头撞在了门上,划了个口子。(这个句子中有三个动作,后面的两个动作是用分词来表示的。) 这样使用的现在分词的主语并不一定要同前面的动词的主语相同。它可以有自己的主语: The plane crashed,its bombs exploding at it hit the ground. 飞机坠毁了,它携带的炸弹在它触地的同时爆炸了。 277 代替从句的现在分词短语 这种结构主要用于书面英语。 现在分词可代替as/since/because+ 主语+ 动词,即分词可 帮助解释其后面所发生的动作: Knowing that he wouldn´t be able to buy food on his journey he tooklarge supplies with him.相当于: As he know… 他知道路上买不到食物,就带了很多食物。 Fearing that the police would recognize him he never went out in day-light.相当于: As he feared… 因为害怕警察认出他来,他从不白天出门。 注意:当 being位于句首时,通常意为 as he is或as he was(由于他是……): Being a student he was naturally interested in museums.相当于: Because/As he was a student… 他作为一个学生,自然对博物馆感兴趣。 这里 being a student的意思并不是while he was a student(在他学生时代)。 这样使用的分词的主语并不一定要与跟在后面的动词的主语相同。它可以带有自己的主语: The day being fine,we decided to go swimming. 天气好,我们决定去游泳。 在这种情况下分词必须跟在作其主语的名词/代词之后。Be-ing fine the day,we decided…是错误的。但是 Being athletic,Tom found the climb quite easy(作为运动员,汤姆觉得这次爬山比较容易)是正确的,因为汤姆同时是found和后面跟着的climb的主语。 同一个句子中可以连着用两个或两个以上的现在分词: Realizing that he hadn´t enough money and not wanting to borrow fromhis father,he decided to pawn his watch. 知道自己钱不够,又不想从父亲那里借钱,他决定把手表当掉。 Not knowing the language and having no friends in the town,he found ithard to get a piece of work. 既不懂当地语言,在此城又没有朋友,他发现自己很难找到一份工作。 278 分词的完成式(主动语态) A 形式 having+ 过去分词: having done????? having seen B 用法 分词的完成式可代替现在分词,如第276节B中所举的例子所示(即同一个主语的一个动作紧接着另一个动作): Tying one end of the rope to his bed,he threw the other end out of thewindow.相当于: Having tied one end of the rope to his bed,he threw the other end out ofthe window. 他把绳子的一头系在床上,另一头扔出窗外。 分词的完成式强调第一个动作在第二个动作开始前就已经完成,但除非使用现在分词的一般式可能使意思混淆不清外,一般不必要使用这种结构。下面是造成混淆的一个例子:Read-ing the instructions,he snatched up the fire extinguisher。这句话给人的印象好像是两个动作同时发生的。因此在这里用分词的完成式比较合适: Having read the instructions,he snatched up the fire extinguisher. 看完了说明书之后,他迅速拿起了灭火器。 如果两个动作之间有一段间隔,则必须用分词的完成式: Having failed twice,he didn´t want to try again. 已经失败了两次,他不想再试了。 如第一个动作持续一段时间时,也必须用分词的完成式: Having been his own boss for such a long time,he found it hard to acceptorders from another. 自己当老板已经这么久了,他觉得难以听从别人的差遣。 279 过去分词(被动语态)及分词的完成式(被动语态) A 形式 规则动词的过去分词由不定式加ed或d构成: worked loved 不规则动词的过去分词参见第39节。 B 用法 1 用做形容词: stolen money偷来的钱 a written report 一份书面报告 fallen trees 倒了的树木 broken glass 碎玻璃 tired drivers 筋疲力尽的司机 blocked roads堵塞了的马路 2 用来构成完成时态、不定式的完成式、分词的完成式以及被动语态: he has seen to have loved it was broken 3 正如现在分词可以用来代替主语+ 主动态动词结构一样,过去分词可以代替主语+ 被动态动词结构: She enters.She is accompanied by her mother.相当于: She enters,accompanied by her mother. 她由母亲陪着走了进来。 He was aroused by the crash and leapt to his feet.相当于: Aroused by the crash,he leapt to his feet. 他被撞击声惊醒,一跃而起。 The bridge had been weakened by successive storms and was no longersafe.相当于: Weakened by successive storms,the bridge was no longer safe. Having been weakened… 这座桥遭到接二连三的暴风雨的破坏,已经不安全了。(请看下面) As he was convinced that they were trying to poison him, he refused toeat anything.相当于: Convinced that they were trying to poison him,he refused to eat any-thing. 因确信他们正企图毒死他,他拒绝进食。 C 当有必要强调分词表示的动作发生在其后一个动词表示的动作之前时,应当用分词的被动完成式(having been+ 过去分词): Having been warned about the bandits,he left his valuables at home. 听到关于强盗出没的警告,他把贵重物品都留在家里了。 Having been bitten twice,the postman refused to deliver our letters unlesswe chained our dog up. 邮递员被狗咬了两次之后要我们把狗拴起来,不然就不给我们送信了。 279 过去分词(被动语态)及分词的完成式(被动语态) A 形式 规则动词的过去分词由不定式加ed或d构成: worked loved 不规则动词的过去分词参见第39节。 B 用法 1 用做形容词: stolen money偷来的钱 a written report 一份书面报告 fallen trees 倒了的树木 broken glass 碎玻璃 tired drivers 筋疲力尽的司机 blocked roads堵塞了的马路 2 用来构成完成时态、不定式的完成式、分词的完成式以及被动语态: he has seen to have loved it was broken 3 正如现在分词可以用来代替主语+ 主动态动词结构一样,过去分词可以代替主语+ 被动态动词结构: She enters.She is accompanied by her mother.相当于: She enters,accompanied by her mother. 她由母亲陪着走了进来。 He was aroused by the crash and leapt to his feet.相当于: Aroused by the crash,he leapt to his feet. 他被撞击声惊醒,一跃而起。 The bridge had been weakened by successive storms and was no longersafe.相当于: Weakened by successive storms,the bridge was no longer safe. Having been weakened… 这座桥遭到接二连三的暴风雨的破坏,已经不安全了。(请看下面) As he was convinced that they were trying to poison him, he refused toeat anything.相当于: Convinced that they were trying to poison him,he refused to eat any-thing. 因确信他们正企图毒死他,他拒绝进食。 C 当有必要强调分词表示的动作发生在其后一个动词表示的动作之前时,应当用分词的被动完成式(having been+ 过去分词): Having been warned about the bandits,he left his valuables at home. 听到关于强盗出没的警告,他把贵重物品都留在家里了。 Having been bitten twice,the postman refused to deliver our letters unlesswe chained our dog up. 邮递员被狗咬了两次之后要我们把狗拴起来,不然就不给我们送信了。 280 误连分词 通常认为分词是说明它前面的名词或代词: Tom,horrified at what he had done,could at first say nothing. 汤姆被自己所做的事吓坏了,一开始都说不出话来了。 Romeo,believing that Juliet was dead,decided to kill himself. 罗密欧相信朱丽叶已死,就决定自杀。 A man carrying a large parcel got out of the bus. 一个拿着一大包东西的男人下了公共汽车。 但要注意分词也可被主要动词把它跟所说明的名词或代词隔开: Jones and Smith came in,followed by their wives. 琼斯和史密斯进来了,他们的妻子跟在后边。 She rushed past the policeman,hoping he wouldn´t ask what she had inher suitcase. 她赶紧从警察身边走过去,希望他不会问起手提箱里有什么。 如果在分词前面没有名词或代词,则认为分词是说明后面主要动词的主语的: Stunned by the blow,Peter fell heavily. 彼得被这一击打昏了,重重地倒了下去。(彼得被击晕了。) Believing that he is alone,the villain expresses his thoughts aloud. 那恶棍相信他身边没别人了,出声说出了自己的想法。 如果不遵守上述法则,就会造成混乱。 Waiting for a bus abrick fell on my head的意思似乎是说砖头在等候公共汽车,那岂非笑话。分词与名词或代词被这样错误地连接时就叫做误连分词。上述句子应改写成: As I was waiting for a bus a brick fell on my head. 在我等公共汽车时一块砖头落到了我的头上。 下面再举几个误连分词的例子: (误)When using this machine it must be remembered… (正)When using this machine you must remember… 使用这台机器时(你)必须记住…… (误)Believing that I was the only person who knew about this beach,thesight of someone else on it annoyed me very much. (正)As I believed I was the only person/Believing that I was the only per-son on the beach,I was annoyed by the sight of someone else. 因我自以为是唯一一个在这海滩上的人,看到有别人在这里时所以心里很不高兴。 相关链接:语法专题指导
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