英语语法(牛津版)第二十九章 care , like , love , hate , prefer , wish |
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294 care和like care主要用于否定式与疑问式中。 A care for+ 名词/动名词与 like+ 名词/ 动名词的含义非常接近。 可以说: (a) Does/Did Tom care for living in the country?/Does/Did Tom likeliving in the country? 汤姆愿意住在乡下吗? (b)You don´t care for science fiction,do you?/You don´t like sciencefiction,do you? 你不喜欢科学幻想小说,是吗? 对上面(b)的回答可以是: I don´t care for it./I don´t like it much./Oh yes, I like it. 我不喜欢它。/我不太喜欢它。/噢!不,我喜欢它。(最后一个回答中不能用care。) care在疑问式中有时暗示一丝怀疑或犹豫: Does Ann care for horror movies? 安喜欢看恐怖影片吗?(说话人认为她大概不喜欢,或说话人因为她竟好像喜欢看恐怖电影而感到惊讶。) 如用 would you care(for)…?时,怀疑或犹豫的色彩表现得更明显。 B would care和 would like would care for+ 名词或would care+ 不定式与would like+ 名词/不定式相似。但是 would care(for)通常不用于肯定的陈述句。用would you care(for)…?表示的建议不如用would you like…?表示的建议那样自信。 (a)Tom:Would you care for a lift,Ann? 汤姆:安,你愿意搭我的车吗?(可能汤姆的车子不太舒服,而她又喜欢舒服。) (b)Tom:Would you care to see my photos,Ann? 汤姆:安,你想看看我的照片吗?(他不敢肯定她是否愿意看。) 对(b)最好的回答方式是: I´d like to see them very much. 我很愿意看。 同在肯定句中一样,这里用would like代替 would care。 在否定句中,用法也是相同的: —I wouldn´t care to live on the 35th floor. —Oh,I´d rather like it. —我不在乎住在35层楼上。 —噢,我挺愿意的。 would care for/would like有时可与动名词连用。(参见第 295节B。) C would have cared(for)和 would have liked 二者在此都指并未发生的动作: Ann:I´d have liked to go with Tom. 安:我本倒愿意和汤姆一起走。(我想和汤姆一起走,可没能如愿以偿。参见第296节D,这里不能用care。) Bill:But he walked all the way! You wouldn´t have cared for/have likedthat,would you?/Would you have cared for/have liked that? 比尔:但他是一直走了去的!你总不愿意那样做吧? D 请不要将care的上述用法与care for和care(about)混淆: 1 care for(=look after照顾)主要用于被动语态: The old people were cared for by their families. 老年人受家庭照顾。 2 care(about)(=feel concerned关注,在乎)主要用于否定式与疑问式。 I don´t care(about)与 I don´t mind意思相似。因此常可用Idon´t mind代替 I don´t care: —It will be very expensive. —I don´t care/mind./I don´t care about/mind the expense./I don´ tcare/mind what it costs. —我不在乎。/我不乎花多少钱。/我不在乎要花多少钱。 但请注意 I don´t care(about)意指I am indifferent(to)(我满不在乎,漠不关心)而I don´t mind意指 I don´t object(to)(我不反对),如 He/It dosen´t worry/upset/annoy me(他/这不使我发愁/心绪烦乱/烦恼)。 I don´t mind 远远比 I don´t care更有礼貌,而且 I don´t care 常常令人听起来感到妄自尊大和自私。在否定疑问式中两者都可以使用: Don´t you care/mind what happens to him? 你难道不关心他出什么事吗? Didn´t you care/mind what happened? 当时出什么事你竟然不关心吗? 但在一般疑问句中这两者有较大的区别: Do you care?相当于: Are you concerned?/Do you feel concern? 你关心吗?/你在乎吗? 而Do you mind?常常是Do you object?(你反对吗?)的意思。 (另参见第263节。) 295 care,like,love,hate,prefer A 用于条件句中时,这些动词之后常常接带to的不定式: Would you care/like to come with me? 你愿意和我一起去吗? I´d like to(come)very much./I´d love to(come). 我非常高兴去。 I´d hate to spend Christmas alone. 要我一个人过圣诞节,我会很不高兴的。 这里我们想的是将来的特定的动作。 B 但是,如果没有想到一个特定的动作而是谈及主语的一般喜好,则在 would care for,would like后面接动名词。注意这里的 would care for/would like可由 would enjoy代替: She would like/would enjoy riding if she could ride better. 她要是骑马能骑得好一点,她会喜欢骑马的。 I wonder if Tom would care for/would enjoy hang-gliding. 我不知道汤姆是否会喜欢三角翼滑翔。 hate和prefer同样可以这样使用,但是比较少见。 C 如果 care for,like (=enjoy),love,hate和prefer用于现在时和过去时,后面一般接动名词: He doesn´t/didn´t care for dancing. 他不喜欢跳舞。 They love/loved wind-surfing. 他喜欢冲浪运动。 He prefers/preferred walking to cycling. 他喜欢散步,不喜欢骑自行车。 但这里也可以用不定式,而且在美国英语中特别普遍: They love/loved to run on the sands. 他们喜欢在沙滩上跑步。 D 请注意like也有认为是明智的或正确的的意思。这时like后常常可接不定式: She likes them to play in the garden. 她愿意让他们在院子里玩。(她认为他们在那里玩是安全的。) I like to go to the dentist twice a year. 我总爱每年去看两次牙医。(我认为这样是明智的。) 上面一句与 I like going to the dentist比较,后者含有我喜欢去看牙医的意思。同样:I don´t like to go(我不想去)常常意指 I don´t think it right to go(我认为去是不正确的)及Idon´t like going(我不喜欢去)。 注意这两个否定式之间还有一个区别。I don´t like to go常常意指 I don´t go because I don´t think it right(我不去是因为我认为不该去)。I don´t like going常常意指 I go,although I don´t enjoy it(尽管我不愿意去,我还是去)。同样:I didn´t like to open the letter(我不想拆信)意为I didn´t open it be-cause I didn´t think it right to do so(我没拆开信,因为我认为不该这么做)。但I didn´t like opening the letter意为 I openedit reluctantly(我不情愿地拆开了信)。 E 在enjoy和dislike之后常常接名词/代词或动名词。 296 would like和 want A 在下列情况下,这两个词可以互换使用: 1 用于请求或有关请求的问句中(但这里不使用 would not like,参见下面B1): Customer:I´d like some raspberries,please./I want some raspberries,please. 顾客:请给我拿点儿木莓。 Greengrocer:I´m afraid I haven´t any.Would you like somestrawberries? 蔬菜水果商:对不起,我没有木莓了。您来点草莓怎么样? Customer:No,I don´t want any strawberries,thanks. 顾客:不,谢谢,我不想要草莓。(这里不能用 wouldn´t like。) I would like常常要比 I want更有礼貌。 would you like?要比do you want?更有礼貌,也更殷勤。 would you like?可以含有愿意满足别人的希望的意思。do youwant?则不含有这种意思。因此,与顾客或客人打交道时,通常用 would you like?: 打电话者:我想找X先生说话。 Telephonist:Mr X is out.Would you like to speak to Mr Y? 话务员:X先生出去了。您跟Y先生说行吗? 2 如果不是提出请求而只是谈到愿望时,可以随意用would like或want的肯定式、疑问式或否定式。它们的意思没有区别,然而,I want要比I would like显得更自信。 I want通常不用于表示不可实现的愿望: I would like to live on Mars. 但愿我能住到火星上去。 B would like和want在下列用法中不能互换: 1 表示邀请时用 would you like?结构,而不能用do you want?结构: Would you like a cup of coffee? 您想喝一杯咖啡吗? Would you like to come to the theatre? 您想来剧院看戏吗? do you want?用于此处只表示一种询问,不含有邀请的意思。 2 wouldn´t like和 don´t want是有区别的。 don´t want表示没有某种愿望;wouldn´t like表示不喜欢。因此,wouldn´t like不能用来回答邀请或提议,因为在这种回答中 wouldn´t like的口气将是不礼貌的。在这里常用 don´twant或其他形式来代替 wouldn´t like: —Would you like some more coffee? —No,I don´t want any more,thanks./No,thanks. —您再来点儿咖啡吗? —不,不要了,谢谢。 C 在过去时中这两种形式的变化不同。在间接引语中want变为 wanted,而would like不起变化: Tom said,‘I would like/want to see it.´ 汤姆说:“我想看看它”。相当于: Tom said he would like/wanted to see it. 汤姆说他想看看它。 但如果不用间接引语的结构来表示,只能说: Tom wanted tosee it(这里我们不能用would like因为Tom would like to seeit的意思是指现在或将来)。 D would like有两个过去形式:would like+ 不定式的完成式或would like+ 不定式/名词/代词。这些形式只能表示未能实现的愿望: I´d like to have gone skiing./I´d have liked a day´s skiing. 我本想去滑雪的。(但我未能实现我的愿望。) 297 would rather/sooner和prefer/would prefer would rather和would sooner之间没有区别,但经常听到的是would rather。 A would rather/sooner的主语与后面的动作的主语相同时,would rather/sooner之后常常接不带to的不定式: Tom would rather read than talk. 汤姆宁可读书而不愿谈天。 1 would rather/sooner+ 不带to的不定式可用来表示现在的动作,以代替prefer+ 动名词: Tom prefers reading to talking. 汤姆喜欢读书而不喜欢谈天。 注意:would rather后跟不带to的不定式+than+不带 to的不定式,而prefer后跟动名词+to+动名词。 prefer后面也可跟名词,而在would rather之后要求只带动词原形: He prefers wine to beer.相当于: He would rather drink wine than beer. 他喜欢喝红葡萄酒而不喜欢喝啤酒。 I prefer tennis to golf.相当于: I´d rather play tennis than golf. 我喜欢打网球而不喜欢打高尔夫球。 某些 prefer+ 名词的情况不能用 would rather完全确切地表达出来:He prefers dogs to cats(他喜欢狗而不喜欢猫)和 Hewould rather have dogs than cats(他宁可养狗而不愿养猫)意思并不完全相同。 2 would rather+ 不带 to的不定式不能表示过去的偏爱。所以与 Tom would rather read than talk相当的过去形式为 Tompreferred reading to talking/liked reading better than talking。(参见下面4。) 3 would rather+ 不带to的不定式可代替 would prefer+带 to的不定式: I´d rather fly than go by sea./I´d prefer to fly. 我宁愿乘飞机也不愿乘船。 注意:用would prefer时,只提到你愿意做的这件事,而不提另外一件你不愿做的事,如上所述。因此,如想把愿意和不愿意的两个动作都提到,则要用would rather。 这两个结构后面带名词时情况也一样: —Would you like some gin? —I´d prefer a coffee./I´d rather have coffee than gin. —您想喝点杜松子酒吗? —我想喝点咖啡。/我想喝点咖啡,不想喝杜松子酒。 4 would rather/sooner和would prefer后面都可跟完成式,但后者带to: We went by sea but I´d rather have gone by air/I´d prefer to have goneby air. 我们是乘船去的,可我本想乘飞机去。(我愿意乘飞机去,可我的愿望未能实现。) 这和 would like+ 不定式的完成式有点相似,would like+带to 的不定式的完成式也表示未能实现的愿望。(参见第296节D。) B 如句子的两个主语不相同,可用主语+ would rather/sooner后面跟主语+ 过去时(虚拟语气)结构: —Shall I give you a cheque? —I´d rather you paid cash. —我付给您支票行吗? —我想您最好付现金。 注意:用would rather+主语+didn´t表示带否定意义的偏爱: —Would you like him to paint it? —No,I´d rather he didn´t(paint it). —您想让他给它上油漆吗? —不,我希望他不要这么做。 Ann wants to tell Tom,but I´d rather she didn´t(tell him). 安想告诉汤姆,但我不想让她告诉他。 然而,prefer与like相同,后面都跟宾语+ 带to的不定式: I´d prefer you to pay cash. 我想你最好付现金。 I´d prefer him not to paint it. 我不想让他给它上油漆。 I´d prefer her not to tell Tom. 我不想让她告诉汤姆。 298 表示偏爱的另一些例句 A I like hot weather better than cold.相当于: I prefer hot weather to cold. I´d rather/sooner have hot weather than cold. 我喜欢热天,不喜欢冷天。 I like skiing better than skating.相当于: I prefer skiing to skating. I´d rather/sooner ski than skate. 我喜欢滑雪胜于滑冰。 B I liked playing in matches better than watching them.相当于: I preferred playing matches to watching them. 我喜欢参加比赛而不喜欢观看比赛。(这里不能用 would rather/soon-er。) C —Would you like to start today or would you rather wait/would you pre-fer to wait till tomorrow? —I´d rather go today(than wait till tomorrow).I´d rather not wait./ I´d prefer to stary today.I´d prefer not to wait. —你愿意今天动身呢,还是宁愿等到明天? —我宁愿今天动身(而不愿等到明天)。我不想等了。 I´d rather deliver it by hand than post it. 这东西我宁愿亲手递交也不想邮寄。 He says he´d rather go to prison than pay the fine. 他说他宁愿蹲监狱也不肯交罚款。 I´d rather pay his fine for him than let him go to prison. 我宁愿替他交罚款,也不愿让他蹲监狱。 rather than… would+不带to的不定式可用于较正式的英语中: Rather than let him go to prison, I would pay his fine myself. 我宁肯自己代他付罚款,也不愿让他蹲监狱。 D prefer与rather的一些例句: —Do you want Ann to repair it herself? —I´d prefer her to ring/I´d rather she rang the electrician./I´d rather she didn´t try to repair it herself. —您想让安自己来修吗? —我想还是让她打电话给电工更好。/我不想让她自己修。 They want to camp in my garden but I´d rather they didn´t.I´d ratherthey camped by the river. 他们想要在我的园子里露营,不过我不想让他们在我的园子里露营。 我宁愿他们在河边露营。 He usually has a pub lunch,but she´d prefer him to come home for ameal/she´d rather he came home for lunch.She´d rather he didn´tspend money in pubs. 他一般在小酒馆里吃午饭,但她宁愿他回家吃饭/她宁愿他回家吃午饭。她不愿他把钱花在小酒馆里。 299 wish,want和would like wish,want和would like都表示愿望。 wish是最正式的说法,关于want和would like参见第 296节。 A wish之后可以直接跟不定式或宾语+ 不定式: —Why do/did you wish to see the manager? —I wish/wished to make a complaint. —为什么你要见经理? —我要投诉。 The government does not wish Dr Jekyll Hyde to accept a professorship ata foreign university. 政府不想让杰基尔·海德博士接受某一外国大学的教授职务。 在不太正式的话语中可用want或would like: I would like/want to speak to Ann. 我想跟安说话。 I wanted to speak to Ann. 我想跟安说话。 She doesn´t/didn´t want the children to stay up later. 她不想让孩子们睡觉太迟。(如果在这里用like来代替want,则意为她不赞成孩子们太迟去睡觉。话中表示了不喜欢的意思。) B want和would like之后可直接跟名词: I want/would like a single room. 我想要单人房间。 He wanted a single room. 他想要单人房间。 wish的用法较为受限制一些: 可以用wish来表示祝愿某人幸运/成功/圣诞快乐等: He said,‘Good luck!´ 他说:“祝你好运!”相当于: He wished me luck. 他祝我运气好。 也可在写信时说向某人致以好的/最好的愿望: With all good wishes,yours Bill 祝你万事如意!你的比尔(写于信的末尾) Best wishes for the New Year 致以新年的美好祝愿!(写于贺年卡上) 除这一类的祝愿语之外,wish之后一般不接名词作宾语。 wish+for之后可跟名词/代词,但通常含义是主语对自己的愿望得以实现不抱太大的希望。这主要用于感叹句中: How he wished for a drink! 他多希望能有点东西喝!(大概他能得到点喝的这件事是没有希望的事。) What he chiefly wished for was a chance to explain. 他主要希望能有一个解释的机会。(好像他不大可能有这个机会。) 300 wish+ 主语+ 虚拟过去时 A wish(that)+ 主语+ 过去时(虚拟语气;参见第290节B)这一结构用于对目前的情况表示遗憾: I wish I knew his address. 但愿我知道他的地址就好了。相当于: I´m sorry I don´t know his address. 很遗憾,我不知道他的地址。 I wish you could drive a car. 我真希望你会开车。相当于: I´m sorry you can´t drive a car. 真可惜你不会开车。 I wish hs was coming with us. 我多希望他能跟我们一起来。相当于: I´m sorry he isn´t coming with us. 真遗憾他不能跟我们一起来。 wish可用在过去时中而不改变虚拟的意思: He wished he knew the address. 他多希望他知道那个地址。相当于: He was sorry he didn´t know the address. 他感到遗憾他不知道那个地址。 在间接引语中,虚拟过去时形式不用变化: ‘I wish I lived nearer my work,´he said. “但愿我住得离工作地再近点,”他说。相当于: He said he wished he lived nearer his work. 他说但愿他能住得离工作地再近点。 B wish(that)+ 主语+ 过去完成时(虚拟语气)表示对过去的情况表示遗憾: I wish(that) I hadn´t spent so much money. 但愿我没花掉这么多钱就好了。相当于: I´m sorry I spent so much money. 真后悔我花去了这么多钱。 I wish you had written to him. 但愿你给他写过信就好了。相当于: I´m sorry you didn´t write to him. 真遗憾你没有给他写信。 wished可代替wish而不改变虚拟的意思: I wished I hadn´t spent so much money.相当于: I was sorry I had spent so much money. (译文同上。) 变为间接引语时,这些动词不用变化: ‘I wished I had taken his advice,´she said. “但愿我当时听了他的劝告就好了,”她说。相当于: She(said she) wished she had taken his advice. 她(说她)但愿当时听了他的劝告就好了。 C if only的用法与此完全相同。它的意思与 wish相同,只是比wish更生动: If only we knew where to look for him! 如果我们知道上哪里去找他就好了! If only she had asked someone´s advice! 假如她早请教别人一下就好了! 301 wish(that)+主语+would A wish+主语+过去时态可以表示对现在的情况表示遗憾,如上面第300节所示: I wish that he wrote more regularly. 我多希望他能勤来信。相当于: I´m sorry he doesn´t write more regularly. 我很遗憾他来信不勤。 B wish+ 主语+ would的意思与上面所说的相似,但是它所表示的动作是从句的主语所能控制的。即:只要某人愿意,这种动作是可以改变的。wish+ would可表示主语现在愿意或不愿意进行某个动作,这常常是一种习惯性动作。 I wish he would write more often. 我多希望他肯常写信来。相当于: I´m sorry he isn´t willing to write more often. 很遗憾,他不愿意常写信来。 I wish he would wear a coat. 我多希望他肯穿件外衣。相当于: I´m sorry he refused to wear a coat. 可惜他不想穿外衣。 wish与would不能使用同一个主语,否则句子就会不符合逻辑。 因此不能出现 I wish+ I would这种结构。 C wish+ 主语+would也可表示对目前情况的不满以及希望能有所改变: I wish he would answer my letter. 但愿他能给我写回信。(我等他的回信已经很久了。) I wish they would change the menu. 我希望他们的饭菜能变变花样。(我吃香肠吃腻了。) I wish they would stop making bombs. 我希望他们能停止制造炸弹。 但说话人通常是对发生他所要求的变化不抱有多大希望。上面的第三个例句表示完全没有希望。如同在上面B中一样,wish+主语+ would在这里限于表示有可能事情有所改变。wish和would同样不能使用同一个主语。 如果从句的主语是人,动作应该能受主语控制,句中仍然存在着愿意或不愿意的意思。但有时 wish+主语+would结构中从句的主语不是指人而是指物。这时就不能表示愿意或不愿意: I wish it would stop raining. 我希望雨停下来。 I wish the sun would come out. 我希望出太阳。 I wish prices would come down. 我希望物价能降下来。 I wish the train would come. 我希望火车会来。 wish+主语+would在这里与would like非常相似。但wouldlike不限于表示事情有可能改变,也不含有对目前情况不满的意思。同时,would like结构也不暗示没有希望: I would like Jack to study art. 我想让杰克学艺术。(我让他学艺术。/我希望他今后学习艺术。) I wish Peter would study art. 我多希望彼得肯学习艺术。(彼得大概已拒绝学习艺术。) D I wish you would也可以用来表示请求。这里不表示说话人已感到对方会拒绝请求,但它暗示对方在某个方面使说话人感到恼火或失望。I wish you would help me常含有你本该已提出帮我的意思。I wish you would stop humming/interrupting/ asking silly questions表示说话人为哼歌曲声/打断/所问的愚蠢的问题而恼火。但是 I wish you would结构可用来表示对别人主动提出的帮助做出的反应,这时不含有不满意的意思: —Shall I help you check the accounts? —I wish you would. —我帮你查对账目好吗? —我希望你能这样做。(你要能帮我,我会非常高兴。) E if only+ would在上文B及C中可代替 wish+ would,但不能用来代替D中的请求。 if only比wish更有戏剧性: If only he would join our party! 他要是肯来参加我们的聚会,那该有多么好! 相关链接:语法专题指导
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