英语语法(牛津版)第三十章 被动语态

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302 形式
A 把主动态动词变成被动态,是把助动词be变为主动态动词原来的时态,再加上主要动词的过去分词。主动态动词的主语这时变为被动态动词的施动者。这个施动者常常不被提到。若要提到,可置于by之后或放在从句的后面:
This tree was planted by my grandfather.
这棵树是我祖父种的。
B 被动语态的现在、过去及完成时态的例句:
主动态:???????????? We keep the butter here.
?????????????????????????? 我们把黄油放在这儿。
被动态:???????????? The butter is kept here.
?????????????????????????? 黄油在这里放着。
主动态:???????????? They broke the window.
?????????????????????????? 他们把玻璃窗打碎了。
被动态:???????????? The window was broken.
?????????????????????????? 玻璃窗被打碎了。
主动态:???????????? People have seen wolves in the streets.
?????????????????????????? 人们在街上见到过狼。
被动态:???????????? Wolves have been seen in the streets.
?????????????????????????? 在街上看到过狼。
C 各个进行时态的被动态要求用be的进行式加上主要动词的过去分词,be的这种进行时形式在其他方面很少使用:
主动态:???????????? They are repairing the bridge.
?? 他们正在修桥。
被动态:???????????? The bridge is being repaired.
?????????????????????????? 桥正在修理。
主动态:???????????? They were carrying the injured player off the field.
?????????????????????????? 当时,他们正把受伤的选手抬出比赛场地。
被动态:???????????? The injured player was being carried off the field.
?????????????????????????? 当时,受伤的选手正被抬出比赛场地。
在被动句中,除现在及过去进行时外,其他进行进态用得非常少。因此像下列这类句子通常不能用被动态:
They have/had been repairing the road.
他们一直在修理这条路。
They will/would be repairing the road.
他们将要修理这条路。
D 助动词+动词原形结构可借助于被动式来构成被动语态:
主动态:????? You must/should shut these doors.
??????????? 你必须把这些门关上。
被动态:????? These doors must/should be shut.
??????????????????? 这些门必须关上。
主动态:????? They should/ought to have told him.
??????????????????? 他们本该告诉他才是。(不定式的完成主动式)
被动态:????? He should/ought to have been told.
??????????? 本应该告诉他才是。(不定式的完成被动式)
E 其他不定式结构
表示喜欢、热爱、希望、想要及与其相似意义的动词+宾语+ 不定式,由不定式的被动式构成其被动语态:
主动态:????? He wants someone to take photographs.
??????????????????? 他想找个人来照些相。
被动态:????? He wants photographs to be taken.
??? (译文同上。)
表示命令/请求/劝告/邀请的动词+间接宾语+不定式,可用主动词的被动式来构成被动语态:
主动态:???? He invited me to go.
?????????????????? 他邀请我去。
被动态:????? I was invited to go.
?????????? 我被邀请去。
但是,如是advise/beg/order/recommend/urge+间接宾语+不定式+宾语的结构,则可构成两种被动语态:或如上所述将主要动词变为被动语态,或用advise等+that… should+被动式:
主动态:He urged the Council to reduce the rates.
???????????????? 他敦请市议会减轻捐税。
被动态:The Council was/were urged to reduce the rates.
???????????????? 市议会被敦请减轻捐税。
He urged that the rates should be reduced.
???????????????? 他敦请减轻捐税。
至于 agree/be anxious/arrange/be determined/determine/de-cide/demand+不定式+宾语,则通常用that… should结构来表示被动语态,与上面所述的第二种方式相同:
主动态:?????? He decided to sell the house.
???????????????????? 他决定把房子卖了。
被动态:?????? He decided that the house should be sold.
???????????????????? 他决定,房子必须得卖掉。(参见第235节。)
F 动名词结构
如是 advise/insist/propose/recommend/suggest+动名词+宾语结构,通常由that…should结构来表示被动语态,与上面所述相同:
主动态:?????? He recommended using bullet-proof glass.
???????????????????? 他建议用防弹玻璃。
被动态:?????? He recommended that bullet-proof glass should be used.
他建议该使用防弹玻璃。(参见第235节。)
F动名词结构
如是it/they+need+动名词结构,也可用it/they+need+被动式结构来表示,两种结构在意思上都是被动语态。其他动名词结构的被动态由动名词的被动式来表示:
主动态:I remember them taking me to the Zoo.
???????????????? 我记得他们曾带我去过动物园。
被动态:I remember being taken to the Zoo.
???????????????? 我记得被带到动物园去过。
303 主动和被动时态对照表A 时态/
动词形式/主动态/被动态

B 在口语化的话语中,有时用get代替be:
The eggs got(=were) broken.
鸡蛋破了。
You´ll get(=be) sacked if you take any more time off.
你要是再溜号不上班,就会被炒鱿鱼了。
C 注意:从理论上讲,句子如含有一个直接宾语和一个间接宾语时,可以有两种被动态形式:
Someone gave her a bulldog.
有人送给她一只牛头狗。
She was given a bulldog.
有人送给她一只牛头狗。
A bulldog was given to her.
(译文同上。)
第一种形式远较第二种形式更为常用,即应把间接宾语(而不是直接宾语)变成被动态动词的主语。(参见第302节E,F。)D 对主动态动词的主语是谁(或是什么)提问时,常用陈述语序(参见第55节):
What delayed you?
什么事耽误了你?
Which team won?
哪个队赢了?
同样,对被动态动词主语是谁(或是什么)提问时,也常用陈述语序:
—Something was done.
—What was done?
—干了一些事。
—干了什么事?
—One of them was sold.
—Which of them was sold?
—其中的一个被卖掉了。
—其中的哪一个被卖了?
主动态问句中的疑问动词可以变为被动态问句中的肯定动词:
What did they steal?(主动语态,疑问动词)
他们偷走了什么?
What was stolen?(被动语态,肯定动词)
什么东西被偷走了?
不过,如问句针对被动态动词的施动者,则必须使用疑问动词:
Who painted it?(主动语态,肯定动词)
这是谁画的?
Who was it painted by?(被动语态,疑问动词)这是谁画的?
在其他类型的问句中,无论是用了主动语态还是用了被动语态,均使用疑问动词:
When/Where/Why did he patit it?(主动语态)
他在何时/何地/为何画这个?
When/Where/why was it painted?(被动语态)
它是在何时/何地/为何画出来的?
304 被动态的各种用法
被动态用于以下各种情况:
A 动作的施动者很明显,没有必要提到时:
The rubbish hasn´t been collected.
垃圾没有清走。
The streets are swept every day.
马路每天都清扫。
Your hand will be X-rayed.
你的手要照X片。
B 不知道、不确切知道或忘记了谁是施动者时:
The minister was murdered.
部长被谋杀了。
My car has been moved!
我的汽车被挪动过了!
You´ll be met at the station.
有人会到车站去接你。
I´ve been told that…
有人告诉我说……
C 主动动词的主语是人们时:
He is suspected of receiving stolen goods.
他被怀疑接受了赃物。(人们怀疑他……)
They are supposed to be living in New York.
据猜测他们现在住在纽约。(人们猜测他们住在……)
(关于不定式结构与被动动词,参见第245节与第306节。)
D 主动句的主语是不定代词one时,如One sees this sort of ad- vertisement everywhere(这样的广告到处可见),通常可以表示为:
This sort of advertisement is seen everywhere.
这样的广告到处可见。
在很口语化的话语中可用不定代词you(参见第68节)和主动动词:
You see this sort of advertisement everywhere.
你在任何地方都可以见到这种广告。
但较正式的英语要求用one+主动动词或用通常的被动形式。E 对所做的事比对做事的人更感兴趣时:
The house next door has been bought(by a Mr Jones).
隔壁的房子被(一个叫琼斯的先生的人)买下了。
如果认识琼斯先生,就会使用主动态:
Your father´s friend,Mr Jones,has bought the house next door.
你父亲的朋友琼斯先生买下了隔壁的房子。
同样:
A new public library is being built(by our local council).
正在(由我们地方议会)兴建一个新公共图书馆。
然而在不太正式的英语中,可用不定代词they(参见第节)和主动动词:
They are building a new public library.
他们正在修建一个新的公共图书馆。
而地方议会成员当然也可以说:
We are/The council is building…
我们/地方议会正在修建……
F 使用被动语态可避免说出别扭或不合语法的句子时。这样做通常可避免改换主语:
When he arrived home a detective arrested him.
他回到家时,一名侦探逮捕了他。
最好表示为:
When he arrived home he was arrested(by a detective).
他回到家就被(一名侦探)逮捕了。
When their mother was ill neighbours looked after the children.
孩子们的母亲生病时,邻居们照顾他们。
最好表示为:
When their mother was ill the children were looked after by neighbours.
孩子们的母亲生病时,他们由邻居们照顾。
G 有时为了心理学上的原因而选择使用被动态动词。说话人可能用这个办法来表示他对自己所宣布的令人不快的事情不负有责任:
Employer:Overtime rates are being reduced/will have to be reduced.
雇主:加班工资将调低/将必须调低。
如果宣布令人高兴的事项,则当然会使用主动态动词:
I/We are going to increase overtime rates.
我/我们将调高加班工资。
有时说话人可能知道动作是谁做的,但不希望提到他的名字。如汤姆怀疑比尔私拆他的信件,他可能会策略地说This letter has been opened(这封信有人拆过了)而不说You´ve opened this letter(你把我的信拆开了)。
H 关于have+宾语+过去分词结构的用法,如I had the car resprayed(我找人把汽车重新喷了漆),参见第119节。
305 介词与被动态动词连用
A 正如已经提到过的,要提到被动态动词的施动者时,前面须用by引导:
主动态:?????? Dufy painted this picture.
???????????????????? 达菲画的这幅画。
被动态:?????? This picture was painted by Dufy.
???????????????????? 这幅画是达菲画的。
主动态:?????? What makes these holes?
???????????????????? 是什么东西弄出这些破洞的?
被动态:?????? What are these holes made by?
???????????????????? 这些破洞是什么东西弄的?
注意下列句子:
Smoke filled the room.
房间里烟雾弥漫。
Paint covered the lock.
油漆涂遍了锁上。
它们的被动形式应当是:
The room was filled with smoke.
The lock was covered with paint.
这里针对的只是所涉及的物质而不是施动者本人。
B 动词+介词+宾语这一结构变成被动态时,介词应直接跟在动词之后:
主动态:?????? We must write to him.
???????????? 我们必须给他写信。
被动态:?????? He must be written to.
???????????????????? 必须给他写信。
主动态:?????? You can play with these cubs quite safely.
你和这些熊崽子玩不会有危险。
被动态:????? These cubs can be played with quite safely.
???????????????????? ?和这些熊崽子玩不会有危险。
???????????????????? 对动词+介词/副词结构,也应同样处理:
主动态:?????? They threw away the old newspapers.
???????????????????? 他们把旧报纸扔了。
被动态:?????? The old newspapers were thrown away.
旧报纸给扔了。
主动态:He looked after the children well.
他对孩子们照顾得很好。
被动态: The children were well looked after.
孩子们被照顾得很好。
306 被动态动词后的不定式结构
A 不定式结构用在acknowledge,assume,believe,claim,consider,estimate,feel,find,know,presume,report,say,think,under- stand等动词之后。(参见第245节。)
People consider/know/think等that he is…这类句子有两种被动形式:
It is considered/known/thought etc.that he is…
He is considered/known/thought etc.to be…
同样:
People said that he was jealous of her.
人们说他妒忌她。相当于:
It was said that he was…
He was said to be jealous of her.
据说他妒忌她。
在这两种结构中,用不定式的后一结构比较简洁。它主要用于be,尽管有时其他动词的不定式也可以这样用:
He is thought to have information which will be useful to the police.
人们认为他掌握了对警察有用的情况。
如句中所想到的内容涉及到以前的动作,则使用不定式的完成式,因此:
People believed that he was…相当于:
It was believed that he was/He was believed to have been…
People know that he was…相当于:
It is known that he was/He is known to have been…
这种结构可与任何动词的不定式的完成式连用。
B 不定式结构用在suppose后
1 suppose的被动态之后可以接任何动词的不定式的一般式,但这种结构通常都含有这是一种责任、义务的意思,因此并不是同suppose的主动态(常意为“推测”)完全对应的形式:
You are supposed to know how to drive.
你本该会开车。相当于:
It is your duty to know/You should know how to drive.
会开车是你的责任。/你该知道怎么开车。
但He is supposed to be in Paris既可能意思是他应该在那里,也可能是指人们猜想他在那里。
2 suppose的被动态后面同样可以跟任何动词的不定式的完成式。这种结构可以有责任和义务的含义,但也常常没有这种含义:
You are supposed to have finished.相当于:
You should have finished.
你早就应该完成了。
但是:
He is supposed to have escaped disguised as a woman.相当于:
People suppose that he escaped…
据猜测他是乔装打扮成女人逃跑的。
C 用在被动态动词后面的不定式通常是带to的不定式,尽管主动态动词后面可能带的是不带to的不定式:
主动态:???????? We saw them go out.
?????????????????????? 我们看见他们出去了。
被动态:???????? They were seen to go out.
?????????????????????? 有人看见他们出去了。
主动态:???????? He made us work.
?????????????????????? 他强迫我们干活。
被动态:???????? We were made to work.
?????????????????????? 我们被迫干活。
然而,惟独let的被动态后面的不定式不带to:
主动态:?????? They let us go.
???????????????????? 他们让我们走了。
被动态:?????? We were let go.
???????????????????? 我们被允许走开。
D 不定式的进行式可用于如下动词的被动式之后:believe, know,report,say,suppose,think,understand等。
He is believed/known/said/supposed/thought to be living abroad.相当于:
People believe/know/say/suppose/think that he is living abroad.
据信/据知/据说/据猜测/据认为他住在国外。
You are supposed to be working.相当于:
You should be working.
你本应在工作。
在这里也可用不定式的完成进行式:
He is believed to have been waiting for a message.相当于:
People believed that he was waiting for a message.
据信他当时一直在等待消息。
You are supposed to have been working.相当于:
You should have been working.
你那时本该一直在工作。
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