英语语法(牛津版)第三十一章 间接引语

中学英语教学资源网英语论文语法专题指导 手机版


307 直接引语和间接引语
可以用两种方法重述人们说的话:直接引语和间接引语。
直接引语重述说话人的原话:
He said,‘I have lost my umbrella.´
他说:“我把伞丢了。”
这样被复述的话要放在引号之间,而在原话之前有一个逗号或冒号。直接引语一般用在书本的对话中,或用在剧本以及引文中。间接引语能准确传达原话的内容,但不一定要全部照搬原话:
He said(that)he had lost his umbrella.
他说他丢了伞。
表间接引语的动词say之后没有逗号,在say和tell+宾语之后的that也可以省略。但在complain,explain,object,point out,protest等动词之后,that不能省略。口头复述对话时,常多使用间接引语,但有时也可使用直接引语以产生更为生动的效果。
把直接引语变为间接引语时,常需对原句作某些改变。可以对陈述句、疑问句和祈使句分别加以研究,以求更好地弄清这些变化。
308 间接引语中的陈述句时态须作必要的改变
A 间接引语可以由用现在时态的动词引导:He says that…
这种用法常用于下列情况:
(a)复述仍在进行中的对话;
(b)读信件并转述信中的内容;
(c)读指示命令并转述其内容;
(d)复述某人经常说的话。
Tom says that he´ll never get married.
汤姆说他永远不结婚。
引述的动词如是一般现在时、现在完成时或一般将来时,在转述直接引语过程中可以不作任何时态改变:
Paul(phoning from the station):I´m trying to get a taxi.
保罗(从车站打电话来):我正在设法雇出租汽车。
Ann(to Mary,who is standing beside her):Paul says he is trying to get a taxi.
安(对站在身旁的玛丽说):保罗说他正在设法雇出租汽车。
B 通常间接引语都是由用过去时态的动词引导的。这时直接引语中的动词必须变成相应的过去时态。这些变化列表如下(在后五个例句中省去了that):

?
C 注意I /we shall/should的用法
I/we shall通常在间接引语中变为he/she/they would:
‘I shall be 21 tomorrow,´said Bill.
比尔说:“明天我就21岁了。”相当于:
Bill said he would be 21 the following day.
比尔说第二天他就满21周岁了。
如果句子是由原说话人复述的,I/we shall就既可以变成I/we
should,也可以变成I/we would,但would用得更为普遍。
同样,I/we should在间接引语中通常变成he/she/they would:
‘If I had the instruction manual I should/would know what to do,´said Bill.
比尔说:“如果我有说明书,我就知道该怎么弄了。”相当于:
Bill said that if he had the instruction manual he would know what to do.
比尔说如果他有说明书他就知道该怎么弄了。
但是如果句子由原说话人复述,I/we should既可以保持不变也可以由would来代替。请见B中最后一个例句。
309 过去时态有时保持不变
A 从理论上讲,间接引语中一般过去时应当变成过去完成时,但在口语中,如果不至于使人对于动作发生的相对时间产生混淆,则常保持不变。
例如:He said,‘I loved her´(他说:“我爱过她”)必须变成He said he had loved her(他说他爱过她),否则句子的意思就会不一样了。但He said,‘Ann arrived on Monday´(他说:“安是星期一到的”)可以转述为He said Ann arrived/had arrived on Monday(他说安是星期一到的/他说安已于星期一到达)。
B 从理论上讲,过去进行时应当变成过去完成进行时,但实际上除非所指的是已完成的动作,否则一般都不变:
She said,‘We were thinking of selling the house but we have decided not to.´
她说:“我们曾想卖掉这所房子,但现在已经决定不卖了。”相当于:
She said that they had been thinking of selling the house but had decided not to.
她说他们曾想卖掉这所房子,但现在已经决定不卖了。
但是:
He said,‘When I saw them they were playing tennis.´
他说:“我看到他们时,他们在打网球。”相当于:
He said that when he saw them they were playing tennis.
他说他看到他们时,他们在打网球。
C 英语书面语中,一般过去时在间接引语中固然常常变成过去完成时,但也有以下几种例外情况:
1 时间从句中的一般过去时及过去进行时常不需改变:
He said,‘When we were living /lived in Paris…´
他说:“我们住在巴黎的时候……”相当于:
He said that when they were living in Paris…
他说他们住在巴黎的时候……
这类间接引语的主句中的主要动词既可保持不变,也可以变成过去完成时:
He said,‘When we were living/lived in Paris we often saw Paul.´
他说:“我们住在巴黎时,常常看到保罗。”相当于:
He said that when they were living/lived in Paris they often saw/had of- ten seen Paul.
他说他们住在巴黎时,常常看到保罗。
2 如一般过去时被用来叙述转述时仍继续存在的情况,则在间接引语中保持不变:
She said,‘I decided not to buy the house because it was on a main road.´
她说:“我决定不买这座房子了,因为它在交通要道上。”相当于:
She said that she had decided not to buy the house because it was on amain road.
310 间接引语中的虚拟过去时
A 虚拟过去时如位于wish,would rather/sooner和it is time等
之后,在间接引语中保持不变:
‘we wish we didn´t have to take exams,´said the children.
孩子们说:“我们不考试就好了。”相当于:
The children said they wished they didn´t have to take exams.
孩子们说他们不考试就好了。
‘Bill wants to go alone,´said Ann,‘but I´d rather he went with a group.
“比尔想一个人去,”安说,“但是我宁愿他跟一大群人一起去。”相当于:
Ann said that Bill wanted to go alone but that she´d rather he went with a group
安说比尔想一个人去,但她宁愿他跟一大群人一起去。
It´s time we began planning our holidays,´he said.
他说:“我们该开始计划我们休假的事了。”相当于:
He said that it was time they began planning their holidays.
他说他们该开始计划他们休假的事了。
B I/he/she/we/they had better在间接引语里保持不变。 you had better可以保持不变,或者用advise+宾语+不定式结构进行转述(参见第120节):
‘The children had better go to bed early,´said Tom.
汤姆说:“孩子们最好早点睡觉。”相当于:
Tom said that the children had better go to bed early.
汤姆说孩子们最好早睡觉。
‘You´d better not drink the water,´she said.
她说:“你最好不要喝这水。”相当于:
She advised/warned us not to drink the water.
她劝告(或告诫)我们不要喝这水。
C 条件句类型2和类型3在间接引语里保持不变(参见第229节):
‘If my children were older I would emigrate,´he said.
他说:“如果我的孩子们再大点的话,我就会移居国外。”相当于:
He said that if his children were older he would emigrate.
他说如果他的孩子们再大点的话他就会移居国外。
311 间接陈述中的might,ought to,should,would,used to
?A might除用于表示请求的意思外,在间接引语里保持不变:
He said,‘Ann might ring today.´
他说:“安今天可能会打电话来。”相当于:
He said that Ann might ring(that day).
他说安(那天)可能会打电话。相当于:
但是:
‘You might post these for me,´he said.
他说:“你可以帮我把这些寄出去。”相当于:
He asked me to post them for him.
他让我替他把那些寄出去。
(关于各种请求的表示法,参见第285节。)
B ought to/should表示“义务、责任”的意思时,在间接引语中保持不变:
‘They ought to/should widen this road,´I said.
我说:“他们应当拓宽这条路。”相当于:
I said that they ought to/should widen the road.
我说他们应当拓宽这条路。
I said,‘I should be back by six.´
我说:“我在6点钟该能返回来了。”(我设想我会)相当于:
I said I should be back by six.
我说我在6点钟该能返回来了。
C 但当 you ought to/you should表示劝告而不表示义务的意思时,可由advise+宾语+不定式的结构来转述。you must也可表示劝告,也用同样的方法来转述:
‘You ought to/should/must read the instructions,´said Ann.
安说:“你应该/必须看看说明书。”相当于:
Ann advised/urged/warned me to read the instructions.
安劝告/敦促/提醒我看看说明书。
D 由If I were you I should/would…表示劝告的形式,通常可由advise+宾语+不定式结构来转述:
‘If I were you I´d wait,´I said.
我说:“如果我是你的话,我会等的。”相当于:
I advised him to wait.
我劝他等待。
E 由I should/would be(very)grateful if you would…表示请求的形式,通常由ask+宾语+不定式结构来转述:
‘I´d be very grateful if you´d keep me informed,´
he said他说:“如果您能随时把有关情况告诉我,我会很感激的。”相当于:
He asked me to keep him informed.
他让我随时把有关情况告诉他。
F would用于陈述时在间接引语中保持不变。但请参见第284节关于would用于请求等。
G used to在间接引语中保持不变:
‘I know the place well because I used to live here,´he explained.
他解释说:“我熟悉那个地方,因为我以前住在那里。”相当于:
He explained that he knew the place well because he used to live there.
他解释说他熟悉那个地方,因为他以前曾住在那里。
(关于could,参见第312节;关于must,参见第325节。)
312 could用于间接引语
(关于could的疑问形式,参见第283与第284节。)
A could表示能力
1 could表示目前的能力时在间接引语中保持不变:
‘I can´t/couldn´t stand on my head,´he said.
他说:“我不能做三点倒立。”相当于:
He said he couldn´t stand on his head.
他说他不能做三点倒立。
2 could表示将来的能力时,在间接引语中可以保持不变,或由would be able结构来转述:
He said,‘I could do it tomorrow.´
他说:“我明天能做这事。”相当于:
He said he could do it/would be able to do it the next day.
他说他第二天能做这事。
3 条件句类型2中,主句中的could与A2中的变化相同:
‘If I had the tools I could mend it,´he said.
他说:“如果我有工具的话,我就能修补它。”相当于:
He said that if he had the tools he could/would be able to mend it.
他说如果他有工具的话,他就能修补它。
would be able在这里暗指所假设的情况有可能实现(可能他可以借到工具。)
4 条件句类型3中,could被转述时保持不变。
5 could表示过去的能力时,在间接引语里保持不变,或用had been able结构转述:
‘I could read when I was three!´she boasted.
她吹嘘说:“我三岁时就能看书了!”相当于:
She boasted that she could/had been able to read when she was three.
她吹嘘说她三岁时就能看书了。
B could表示允许
1 条件句类型2中的could在间接引语中可保持不变,或由would be allowed to转述:
‘If I paid my fine I could walk out of prison today,´he said.
他说:“如果我交了罚款,我今天就能走出牢门了。”相当于:
He said that if he paid his fine he could/would be allowed to walk…
他说如果他交了罚款他会被允许走……
2 表示过去时态的could在间接引语中可保持不变,或用 was/were allowed to或had been allowed to结构来转述:
He said,‘When I was a boy I could stay up as long as I liked.´
他说:“我小时候,我可以想呆到多晚睡觉就呆到多晚。”相当于:
He said that when he was a boy he could/was allowed to stay up./He said that as a boy he was/had been allowed etc.
他说他小时候,可以/被允许爱呆到多晚睡觉就呆到多晚。
313 其中的代词与形容词
A 代词和所有格形容词一般由第一人称或第二人称转化为第三人称,除非说话者转述的就是自己的话:
He said,‘I´ve forgotten the combination of my safe.´
他说:“我忘了我保险柜的密码了。”相当于:
He said that he had forgotten the combination of his safe.
他说他忘记了他保险柜的密码了。
I said,‘I like my new house.´
我说:“我喜欢我的新房子。”相当于:
I said that I liked my new house.
我说我喜欢我的新房子。(说话者转述的是自己的话)
有时为避免意义上的混淆不清,必须将代词改变成名词:Tom said,‘He came in through the window´(汤姆说:“他是从窗户进来的”)这句话一般不能像下面那样转述:Tom said he hadcome in through the window(汤姆说他是从窗户进来的)。 这种转述方法意思可能指汤姆自己是通过窗户进来的。如果在这里将代词改变为相应的一个名词,就不会混淆了:Tom said that the man/burglar/cat etc.had come in…(汤姆说那个男人/入室窃贼/猫等是从……进来的)。
代词的变化会引起动词的变化:
He says,‘I know her.´
他说:“我认识她。”相当于:
He says he knows her.
他说他认识她。
He says,‘I shall be there.´
他说:“我将在那里。”相当于:
He says that he will be there.
他说他将在那里。
B this和these
this如用于表示时间,通常转述为that:
He said,‘She is coming this week.´
他说:“她这个星期来。”相当于:
He said that she was coming that week.
他说她那个星期来。
但是,this和that不表示时间而当形容词用时,转述时用the:
He said,‘I bought this pearl/these pearls for my mother.´
他说:“这颗/这些珍珠是给我母亲买的。”相当于:
He said that he had bought the pearl/pearls for his mother.
他说这颗/这些珍珠是给他母亲买的。
this,these作代词用时可转述为it,they/them:
He showed me two bullets.‘I found these embedded in the panelling,´he said.
他把两颗子弹头拿给我看。“我发现这两颗子弹头嵌在护壁板里,”他说。相当于:
He said he had found them embedded in the panelling.
他说他发现这两颗子弹嵌在护壁板里。
He said,‘We will discuss this tomorrow.´
他说:“我们明天讨论这件事。”相当于:
He said that they would discuss it/the matter the next day.
他说他们要在第二天讨论它/那件事。
this,these(形容词或代词)可以用于表明选择,或用于把一些东西与另一些东西区别开来。这时用the one(s)near him等来转述,或可以把话换一个方法说清楚:
‘I´ll have this(one),´he said to me.
他对我说:“我要这个。”相当于:
He said he would have the one near him./He pointed to/touched/showed me the one he wanted.
他说他要靠近他的那一个。/他把他想要的那个指/摸/拿给我看。
314 其中的时间及地点表达法
A 表示时间的副词及副词短语的变化:

例句如:
‘I saw her the day before yesterday,´he said.
他说:“我是前天看到她的。”相当于:
He said he´d seen her two days before.
他说他是两天前看到她的。
‘I´ll do it tomorrow,´he promised.
他答应道:“这件事我明天就做。”相当于:
He promised that he would do it the next day.
他答应第二天就做这件事。
‘I´m starting the day after tomorrow,mother,´he said.
他说:“妈妈,我后天动身。”相当于:
He told his mother that he was starting in two days´time.
他告诉他妈妈他两天后动身。
She said,‘My father died a year ago.´
她说:“我爸爸一年前去世了。”相当于:
She said that her father had died a year before/the previous year.
她说他父亲在前一年去世了。
B 但如果说话和转述发生在同一天,则不必作时间上的改变:
At breakfast this morning he said,‘I´ll be very busy today.´
今天早餐时他说:“今天我会很忙。”相当于:
At breakfast this morning he said that he would be very busy today.
今天早餐时,他说他今天会很忙。
C 如果在说话的一两天之后才转述,当然要作合乎逻辑的修正。如星期一杰克对汤姆说:
I´m leaving the day after tomorrow.
我打算后天动身。
如果汤姆在第二天(星期二)转述这句话,他会说:
Jack said he was leaving tomorrow.
杰克说他打算明天动身。
如果汤姆在星期三转述这句话,他可能会说:
Jack said he was leaving today.
杰克说他打算今天动身。
D here 可能转述为there,但所指的是什么地方必须要很清楚才可这样用:
At the station he said,‘I´ll be here again tomorrow.´
在火车站他说:“我明天还会来这儿。”相当于:
He said that he´d be there again the next day.
他说他第二天会再到那儿去。
通常here需用某种适当的短语来代替:
She said,‘You can sit here,Tom.´
她说:“汤姆,你可以坐在这里。”相当于:
She told Tom that he could sit beside her etc.
她告诉汤姆他可以坐在她的旁边等等。
但是He said,‘Come here,boys´(他说:“到这儿来,孩子们”)一般转述为:
He called the boys.
他叫孩子们来。
315 其中的不定式和动名词结构
A agree/refuse/offer/promise/threaten+不定式有时可用来代替say(that)…:
Ann:Would you wait half an hour?
安:你能等半个小时吗?
Tom:All right.
汤姆:好的。相当于:
Tom agreed to wait./Tom said he would wait.
汤姆同意等。/汤姆说他会等候的。
Ann:Would you lend me another£50?
安:你能再借给我50镑吗?
Tom:No,I won´t lend you any more money.
汤姆:不,我不再借钱给你了。相当于:
Tom refused to lend her any more money.
汤姆拒绝再借钱给她。
Tom said that he wouldn´t lend…
汤姆说他再也不借……
Paul:I´ll help you if you like,Ann.
保罗:安,如果你愿意,我可以帮你。相当于:
Paul offered to help her.
保罗表示乐意帮助她。
Paul said that he´d help her.
保罗说他愿意帮助她。(另参见第318节shall I?部分。)
Ann:I´ll pay you back next week.Really I will.
安:下星期我就还钱给你,我一定还。
Ann promised to pay him back the following week./Ann said that she would pay him back.
安答应在下一周把钱还给他。/安说她会把钱还给他的。
Ann assured him that she would pay him back.
安向他保证她会还给他钱的。
Kidnappers:If you don´t pay the ransom at once we´ll kill your daugh- ter.
绑架者:如果你不马上交赎金,我们将杀死你女儿。相当于:
The kidnappers threatened to kill his daughter if he didn´t pay the ran- som at once.
绑架者恐吓道,如果他不马上交赎金就把他女儿杀死。
The kidnappers said that they would kill…
绑架者说他们要杀死……
(关于宾语+不定式结构,参见第320节。)
B accuse…of/admit/apologize for/deny/insist on+动名词这一类结构有时可代替say(that…):
‘You took the money!´
“你拿了这钱!”
可转述为:
He accused me of taking the money.
他指责我拿了钱。
‘I stole/didn´t steal it.´
“我偷了/没偷。”
可转述为:
I admitted/denied stealing it.
我承认/否认偷了。
‘I´m sorry I´m late,´he said.
他说:“抱歉,我来晚了。”
可转述为:
He apologized for being late.
他为迟到表示抱歉。
He said/he was sorry he was late.
他说他很抱歉自己迟到了。
Bill:Let me pay for myself.
比尔:让我自己来付我的那份钱。
Tom:Certainly not!I´ll pay!
汤姆:这不行!我来付!
可转述为:
Tom insisted on paying.
汤姆坚持要付钱。
316 say,tell及其他可替代使用的引导动词
A say和tell与直接引语连用
1 say可放在陈述句之前,也可以位于陈述句之后:
Tom said,‘I´ve just heard the news.´/‘I´ve just heard the news,´Tom said.
汤姆说:“我刚刚听说这个消息。”
say位于陈述之后时,say和充当主语的名词可用倒装语序:
‘I´ve just heard the news,´said Tom.
say+to+说话的对方这种结构是可以用的,但它必须跟在直接引语的后面,而不能放在直接引语的前面:
‘I´m leaving at once,´Tom said to me.
汤姆对我说:“我马上就动身。”
这里不能用倒装语序。
2 tell要求说出说话的对方:
Tell me.
告诉我。
He told us.
是他告诉我们的。
I´ll tell Tom.
我会告诉汤姆的。
不过,在tell lies/stories/the truth这些结构中不一定要提到说话的对方:
He told(me) lies.
他(跟我)撒谎。
I´ll tell(you)a story.
我会给(你)讲故事的。
tell和直接引语连用时,必须位于陈述之后:
‘I´m leaving at once,´Tom told me.
汤姆告诉我说:“我马上就要动身。”
tell和主语不能用倒装语序。
B say和tell与间接引语连用
间接陈述常位于say或tell+宾语结构之后。say+to+宾语结构在这里是可以用的,但不如tell+宾语这一结构普遍:
He said he´d just heard the news.
他说他刚刚听到这个消息。
He told me that he´d just heard the news.
他告诉我他刚刚听到这个消息。
请注意tell…how/about这一结构:
He told us how he had crossed the mountains.
他告诉我们他是怎样翻越那些大山的。
He told us about crossing the mountains.
他告诉我们关于翻越那些大山的事。
He told us about his journeys.
他告诉我们他的旅途经历。
(关于say和tell用于表示间接命令,参见第320节与第321节。)
C 其他常用的引导陈述话语的动词有:
add*??????????????? complain*??????? point out
admit*????????????? deny*????????????? promise*
answer*?????????? explain *????????? protest*?
argue*????????????? grumble*???????? remark*
assure+宾语???? object*??????????? remind+宾语
boast*????????????? observe*???????? reply*
这些动词都可以与直接引语以及间接引语连用。
与直接引语连用时,它们位于直接陈述之后:
‘It won´t cost more,´Tom assured us.
汤姆向我们保证说:“不会多花钱。”
主语是名词时,上表中带有星号的动词都可以放在主语之前:
‘But it will take longer,´Bill objected/objected Bill.
“但需要更长的时间,”比尔提出反对意见说。
‘It´ll cost too much,´Jack grumbled/grumbled Jack.
“这会花去太多的钱,”杰克嘟嚷着。
它们都可以引导间接陈述。
动词之后必须加that:
Tom assured us that it wouldn´t cost more.But Bill objected/pointed out that it would take longer.
汤姆向我们保证不会花更多的钱。但比尔提出反对意见说,那样会需要更长的时间。
D murmur,mutter,shout,stammer,whisper既可位于直接引语的陈述句或疑问句之前,也可位于其后,并也如上面所示那样,作主语的名词可放在动词之后:
‘You´re late,´whispered Tom/Tom whispered.
汤姆低声耳语说:“你们迟到了。”
这些动词可引导间接引语,通常需要加上that:
Tom whispered that we were late.
汤姆低声耳语说我们迟到了。
当然,还有许多其他描写声音或音调的动词,如:bark,growl,roar,scream,shriek,snarl,sneer,yell等。但这些动词引导直接引语的情况要多于引导间接引语的情况。
317 间接引语中的问句
直接问句:
He said,‘Where is she going?´
他说:“她要上哪儿去?”
间接问句:
He asked where she was going.
他问她要上哪儿去。
A 把直接问句变为间接问句时,需作下列改变:
时态、代词、所有格形容词、时间副词和地点副词的变化与陈述句中的变化相同。
动词的疑问式变成陈述式;在间接问句中不加问号(?):
He said,‘Where does she live?´
他说:“她住在什么地方?”相当于:
He asked where she lived.
他问她住在什么地方。
如直接问句针对主语提问,则此种变化显然是没有必要的(参见第55节):
‘Who lives next door?´he said.
他说:“谁住在隔壁?”相当于:
He asked who lived next door.
他问谁住在隔壁。
‘What happened?´she said.
她说:“发生了什么事?”相当于:
She asked what had happened.
她问发生了什么事。
B 如果引导动词是say,则必须换为表示询问的动词,如ask,in- quire,wonder,want to know等:
He said‘Where is the station?´
他说:“车站在哪里?”相当于:
He asked where the station was.
他问车站在什么地方。
ask,inquire,wonder也可用在直接引语中,但这时通常位于句尾:
‘Where is the station?´he inquired.
“车站在什么地方?”他问道。
C ask之后可以接说话的对方(间接宾语):
He asked,‘What have you got in your bag?´
他说:“你的包里装的是什么?”相当于:
He asked(me) what I had got in my bag.
他问(我)我的包里装的是什么。
但在inquire,wonder,want to know之后不能有间接宾语。因此,如想要转述提及说话对方的问句时就必须用ask:
He said,‘Mary,when is the next train?´
他说:“玛丽,下一班火车是几点的?”
He asked Mary when the next train was.
他问玛丽下一班火车是几点的。
如果我们用inquire,wonder或want to know,就必须省去间接宾语Mary。
D 如果直接问句是由(when,where,who,how,why等)疑问词开头的,则必须在间接引语中重复这些疑问词:
He said,‘Why didn´t you put on the brake?´
他说:“你怎么没刹车呢?”相当于:
He asked(her)why she hadn´t put on the brake.
他问(她)怎么没刹车。
She said,‘What do you want?´
她说:“你们想要什么?”相当于:
She asked(them)what they wanted.
她问他们想要什么。
E 如果没有疑问词,则必须用if或whether:
‘Is anyone there?´he asked.
他问道:“那儿有人吗?”相当于:
He asked if/whether anyone was there.
他问那儿是否有人。
1 通常这两个词都可以用,但if要比whether更普遍些:
‘Do you know Bill?´he said. 
他说:“你认识比尔吗?”相当于:
He asked if/whether I knew Bill.
他问我是否认识比尔。
‘Did you see the accident?´the policeman asked.
警察问:“你看到那起事故了吗?”相当于:
The policeman asked if/whether I had seen the accident.
警察问我是否看到那起事故了。
2 whether可用于强调对某事必须做出选择:
‘Do you want to go by air or sea?´the travel agent asked.
旅游商问:“你想乘飞机走,还是想乘船走?”相当于:
The travel agent asked whether I wanted to go by air or by sea.
旅游商问我是想乘飞机走,还是想乘船走。
请注意whether or not的用法:
‘Do you want to insure your luggage or not?´he asked.
他问:“你的行李要保险吗?”相当于:
He asked whether or not I wanted to insure my luggage./He asked if I wanted to insure my luggage or not.
他问我是否要给行李保险。
3 whether+不定式结构可位于wonder,want to know之后:
‘Shall/Should I wait for them or go on?´he wondered.
他问自己:“我是等等他们呢还是继续往前走呢?”相当于:
He wondered whether to wait for them or go on./He wondered whether
he should wait for them or go on.
他问自己是要等等他们还是继续往前走。
inquire+whether+不定式结构是可以的,但不常见。
(关于whether+不定式,另参见第242节B。)
4 如果问句含有条件从句时,用whether就比较清楚,否则就会出现两个if:
‘If you get the job will you move to York?´Bill asked.
比尔问:“如果你得到那份工作,你会迁到约克去吗?”相当于:
Bill asked whether,if I got the job,I´d move to York.
比尔问如果我得到那份工作我是否会迁到约克去。
318 以shall I/we?开头的问句变为间接引语
以shall I/we?开头的问句有四种类型:
A 对未来事件的推测或查询:
‘Shall I ever see them again?he wondered.
他问自己:“我还能再见到他们吗?”
‘When shall I know the result of the test?´she asked.
她问:“我什么时候才能知道考试的结果?”
这种句子适用shall/will的一般规则。表示猜测时,通常由wonder引导句子:
He wondered if he would ever see them again.
他心里想他是否还能再见到他们。
She asked when she would know the result of the test.
她问什么时候她才能知道考试的结果。
B请求指示或征求意见:
‘What shall I do with it?´
“我拿它怎么办呢?”相当于:
‘Tell me what to do with it.
“告诉我该拿它怎么办。”
在间接引语中这种请求可以用ask,inquire等动词加should 结构或be+不定式结构表达。对征求意见的转述一般用should:
‘Shall we post it,sir?´he said.
他说:“先生,要不要把这东西寄了?”相当于:
He asked the customer if they were to post/if they should post it.
他问顾客是否要把这东西寄了。
‘what whall I say,mother?´she said.
她说:“妈妈,我该说点什么呢?”相当于:
She asked her mother what she should say.
她问母亲她该说点什么。(征求意见)
当需要就某事做出选择时,在间接引语中一般用whether,有时也可用whether+不定式(参见第317节E):
‘Shall I lock the car or leave it unlocked?´he said.
他说:“我该把汽车锁上呢,还是不锁?”相当于:
He asked whether he should/was to lock the car or leave it unlocked./He asked whether to lock the car...
他问是否该把汽车锁上,还是不用锁。
C主动提出为对方做一件事或提供某物:
‘Shall I bring you some tea?´
“我给你端点儿茶来好吗?”
可转述为:
He offered to bring me some tea.
他主动要给我端茶来。
请注意‘Would you like me to bring you some tea?´(“要不要我给你端点儿茶来?”)和‘I´ll bring you some tea if you like´(“如果你愿意的话,我给你端点儿茶来”)这两个句子也可用offer 来转述。
D提出建议:
‘Shall we meet at the theatre?´
“我们在剧院见面好吗?”
可转述为:
He suggested meeting at the theatre.
他建议在剧院见面。
319 以 will you?/would you?/could you?
开头的问句
这些问句可能是一般问句,但也可能表示请求、邀请。偶然也可表示命令(参见第284节、第286节与第320节):
He said,‘Will you be there tomorrow?´
他说:“你明天在那里吗?”(一般问句)相当于:
He asked if she would be there the next day.
他问她第二天是否在那里。
‘Will you stand still!´he shouted.
他大喊:“站住,别动行不行!”相当于:
He shouted at me to stand still./He told/ordered me to stand still.
他对我大喊,要我别动。/他要/命令我站着别动。
‘Would you like to live in New York?´he asked.
他说:“你愿意住在纽约吗?”相当于:
He asked if I would like to live in New York.
他问我是否愿意住在纽约。
‘Will/Would you file these letters,please?´he said.
他说:“请把这些信件存档好吗?”相当于:
He asked/told me to file the letters.
他让/告诉我把这些信件存档。
‘Would you like a lift?´said Ann.
安说:“你想搭便车吗?”相当于:
Ann offered me a lift.
安邀请我搭便车。
‘Would you like to come round/Could you come round for a drink?´he said.
他说:“到我家来喝点酒好吗?”相当于:
He invited me(to come)round for a drink.
他邀请我去他家喝点酒。
‘Could you live on£25 a week?´he asked
他问:“一星期25英镑你够维持生活吗?”相当于:
He asked if I could live on £25 a week.
他问我一星期25英镑是否够维持生活。
‘Could/Would you give me a hand?´she said.
她说:“请帮我一下好吗?”相当于:
She asked us to give her a hand.
她请我们帮她一下。
‘Could/Would you show me the photos?´she said.
她说:“你能给我看看照片吗?”相当于:
She asked me to show her the photos./She asked to see the photos.
她问我能否给她看看照片。
(关于can/could/may/might+I/we?参见第283节。关于征求意见参见第131节。)
320 间接引语中的命令、请求、劝告
直接命令:
He said,‘Lie down,Tom.´
他说:“躺下,汤姆。”
间接命令:
He told Tom to lie down.
他叫汤姆躺下。
间接命令、请求及劝告通常由表示命令、请求、劝告的动词+ 宾语+不定式(=宾语+不定式结构)来表示。
A 可用下列动词:advise,ask,beg,command,encourage,en- treat,forbid,implore,invite,order,recommend,remind,re- quest, tell, urge,warn。
(注意: say不包括在这些动词中,关于用say转述的间接命令/请求,参见第321节。)
He said,‘ Get your coat,Tom!´
他说:“汤姆,去穿你的外衣!”相当于:
He told Tom to get his coat.
他叫汤姆去穿外衣。
‘You had better hurry,Bill!´she said.
她说:“比尔,你最好快点!”相当于:
She advised Bill to hurry.
她劝比尔快点。
B 否定意义的命令、请求等通常用not+不定式转述:
‘Don´t swim out too far,boys,´I said.
我说:“孩子们,不要游出太远。”相当于:
I warned/told the boys not to swim out too far.
我警告孩子们,叫他们不要游出太远。
forbid也可用来表示禁止,但多用于被动语态,不太用于主动语态。
C上面所示动词要求加宾语+不定式,即它们后面必须直接跟说话的对方,不带介词。(另参见第89节。)在直接命令、请求等中常不提及说话的对方:
He said,‘Go away!´
他说:“走开!”
当转述这样的命令或请求时,必须加上名词或代词:
He told me/him/her/us/them/the children to go away.
他叫我/他/她/我们/他们/孩子们走开。
ask与上述A所示的动词有点差别,ask的后面也可直接跟某些动词(如 see, speak to, talk to)的带 to的不定式:
He said,‘Could I see Tom,please?´
他说:“我可以见汤姆吗?”相当于:
He asked to see Tom.
他要求见汤姆。(参见第283节。)
但这和ask+宾语+不定式类型的请求有很大不同。
ask和beg后面都可以跟不定式的被动式:
‘Do,please,send me to a warm climate,´ he asked/begged.
他要求/请求道:“请务必将我送到气候暖和的地方去。”相当于:
e asked/begged us to send him to a warm climate.
他要求/请求我们将他送到气候暖和的地方去。
He asked/begged to be sent to a warm climate.
他要求/请求把他送到气候暖和的地方去。
D表示间接命令、请求及劝告的例句
注意:直接命令通常用祈使句表示,但要求和忠告可用多种方法来表示(参见第283节至第287节):
‘If I were you,I´d stop taking tranquillizers,´I said.
我说:“如果我是你,我就停止眼用镇静药。”相当于:
I advised him to stop taking tranquillizers.
我劝他停止服用镇静药。(参见第311节D。)
‘Why don´t you take off your coat?´he said.
他说:“为什么不脱下你的大衣?”相当于:
He advised me to take off my coat.
他建议我脱下大衣。(参见第287节。)
‘Would/Could you show me your passport,please?´he said.
他说:“请出示您的护照。”相当于:
He asked me to show him my passport.
他要我向他出示护照。
He asked me for/He asked to see my passport.
他要求看我的护照。
‘You might post some letters for me,´said my boss.
我的老板说:“不知你能否给我寄几封信?”相当于:
My boss asked me to post some letters for him.
我的老板请我给他寄几封信。
‘If you´d just sign the register,´said the receptionist.
接待员说:“请在登记本上签名。”相当于:
The receptionist asked him to sign the register.
接待员要他在登记本上签名。
‘Do sit down,´said my hostess.
我的女主人说:“请坐下。”相当于:
My hostess asked/invited me to sit down.
我的女主人请我坐下。
‘Please,please don´t take any risks,´said his wife.
他妻子说:“请千万别冒险。”相当于:
His wife begged/implored him not to take any risks.
他妻子恳求他别冒险。
‘Forget all about this young man,´said her parents,‘don´t see him again or answer his letters.´
“把那个男孩子全忘了吧,”她父母说,“别再见他,也别再回信了。”相当于:
Her parents ordered her to forget all about the young man and told her not to see him again or answer his letters.
她的父母要求她把那个男孩子全忘了,而且告诉她别再见他,也别再给他回信。
She was ordered to forget all about the young man and forbidden to see him again or answer his letters.
她被要求把那个男孩子全忘了,而且被禁止见那个男孩子或给他回信。(被动结构)
‘Don´t forget to order the wine,´said Mrs Pitt.
皮特夫人说:“别忘了订购酒。”相当于:
Mrs Pitt reminded her husband to order the wine.
皮特夫人提醒她丈夫别忘了订购酒。
‘Try again,´said Ann´s friends encouragingly.
安的朋友们鼓励地说:“再试试看。”相当于:
Ann´s friends encouraged her to try again.
安的朋友们鼓励她再试一次。
‘Go on,apply for the job,´said Jack.
杰克说:“去申请这个工作吧。”相当于:
Jack urged/encouraged me to apply for the job.
杰克敦促/鼓励我去申请这个工作。
‘You had better not leave your car unlocked,´said my friends,‘there´s been a lot of stealing from cars.´
“你最好别忘了锁车门,”我的朋友说,“已经发生了许多起偷盗车内物品的事件了。”相当于:
My friends warned me not to leave my car unlocked as there had been a lot of stealing from cars.
我的朋友警告我不要忘了锁车门,因为已发生了许多起车内物品被盗事件了。
will you...类型的句子通常被看做请求,因此可以用 ask进行转述:
‘Will all persons not travelling please go ashore,´he said. 他说:“不是随船旅行的人上岸。”相当于:
He asked all persons not travelling to go ashore.
他要求所有不是随船旅行的人上岸。
但如果 will you句式的句子是用严厉或烦躁的口气说出,而且
省略了please,则可用tell或order进行转述:
‘Will you be quiet!/Be quiet,will you!´he said.
他说:“请安静!/请安静,好吗?”相当于:
He told/ordered us to be quiet.
321间接命令的其他表示方法
Asay/tell+宾语+be+不定式:
He said/told me that I was to wait.
他说我得等着。
这种结构可以代替tell+不定式结构,因此:
He said,‘Don´t open the door.´
他说:“别开门。”
可转述为:
He told me not to open the door.
他让我别开门。
He said that I wasn´t to open the door.
他叫我不要开门。
be+不定式结构特别常用于下列场合:
1如命令是由动词现在式引导的:
He says,‘Meet me at the station.´
他说:“在车站接我。”相当于:
He says that we are to meet him at the station.
他让我们到车站去接他。
(在这里使用 He tells us to meet him...形式的可能性要小得多。)
2如命令前有一个从句时(一般为时间从句或条件从句):
He said,‘If she leaves the house follow her.´
他说:“如果她离开这所房子,就跟着她。”
He said that if she left the house I was to follow her.
他说如果她离开这所房子,我就得跟着她。
He told me to follow her if she left the house(他让我在她离开这所房子时跟着她)同样也是可以的。但需注意,如果在这里用 tell+不定式结构,就必须首先改变从句的位置,将命令部分放在前面。有时这会使一个句子变得不顺或难解。如一个表示请求的句子If you see Ann tell her to ring me(如果你看见安,让她给我打个电话)可转述为He told me to tell Ann to ring him if I saw her。但为了避免不顺或难解,这种表示请求的句子只能用be+不定式结构来进行转述:
He said that if I saw Ann I was to tell her to ring him.
他说如果我见到安,我得告诉她给他打个电话。
B say/tell(+ that)+主语+should
1 ay/tell与 should结构连用,一般表示劝告而并不是命令:
He said,‘If your brakes are bad don´t drive so fast.´
他说:“如果你的刹车不灵,就别开得这么快。”相当于:
He said/told me that if my brakes were bad I shouldn´t drive so fast.
他嘱咐我如果我的刹车不灵,就别开得那么快。
He advised me not to drive so fast if my brakes were bad.
他忠告我如果我的刹车不灵,就别开那么快。(注意:这里的从句位置的变化与上面tell+不定式结构相同。)
2表示劝告也可以用advise,recommend和urge+that…should结构。这种结构的被动式形式用得更为广泛(参见第302节E):
‘I advise cancelling the meeting,´he said.
他说:“我建议取消会议。”
He advised that the meeting should be cancelled.
他建议会议应予取消。
3 command和order也可以与should或被动式连用:
‘Evacuate the area!´ordered the superintendent.
警务长命令说:“所有人员撤出这一地区!”相当于:
The superintendent ordered that everyone should leave the area/ordered that the area should be evacuated/ordered the area to be evacuated.
警务长命令所有人员撤出该地区/撤出该地区。
4 注意:如第320节所示,使用宾语+不定式结构表示间接命令时,通常是在对受命者直接发令。但像上面 A中所示用 be+不定式结构,或像上面B3中所示用should结构来表示命令时,那么就不一定是对受命者直接发令了,可能是由第三者把命令传达给受命者。
322 let´s,let us,let him/them用于间接引语
A let´s
1 let´s通常表示建议,在间接引语中用动词suggest转述:
He said,‘Let´s leave the case at the station.´
他说:“我们把箱子存在车站吧!”
可转述为:
He suggested leaving the case at the station./He suggested that they/we should leave the case at the station.
他建议他们/我们把箱子存在车站。
(关于与suggest连用的结构,参见第289节。)
He said,‘Let´s stop now and finish it later.´
他说:“现在停下来,以后再完成它。”
可转述为:
He suggested stopping then and finishing it later./He suggested that they/we should stop then and finish it later.
他当时建议(他们/我们)那时先停下来,以后再来完成。
否定式也是这样:
He said,‘Let´s not say anything about it till we hear the facts.´
他说:“在我们没有听到事情的真相之前,对这件事什么话也别说。”相当于:
He suggested not saying anything/saying nothing about it till they heard the facts./He suggested that they shouldn´t say anything till they heard the facts.
他建议他们在没有听到事实真相之前什么都别说。
?
但如果单独使用let´s not对一个肯定的建议做出答复,那么在转述时常用下列短语:opposed the idea/was against it/ob-jected。因此:
‘Let´s sell the house,´said Tom.
汤姆说:“我们把这房子卖了吧。”
‘Let´s not,´said Ann. 
安说:“我们别卖。”
可转述为:
Tom suggested selling the house but Ann was against it.
汤姆建议把房子卖了,但是安表示反对。
(关于其他表示建议的形式,参见第289节。)
2 let´s/let us有时表示对一种行动的号召,这时通常由urge/ad- vise+宾语+不定式结构表示(另参见第 320节):
The strike leader said,‘Let´s show the bosses that we are united.´
罢工领导人说:“我们给老板看看我们是团结一致的。”相当于:
The strike leader urged the workers to show the bosses that they were united.
罢工领导人鼓动工人们给老板们看看他们是团结一致的。
B let him/them
1从理论上讲let him/them表示命令。但实际上说话人对受命人时常并没有发号施令的权威:
‘It´s not my business,´said the postman.‘Let the government do some- thing about it.´
“这事与我无关。”邮递员说,“叫政府去想办法吧。”
这里说话人并不是在发号施令,而只是表示责任在谁身上,因此这类句子通常由ought/should来转述:
He said that it wasn´t his business and that the government ought to/ should do something about it.
他说这不关他的事,而是政府应该对这事想点办法。
2但有时let him/them表示真正的命令,在转述时常用say+be+不定式结构(参见第321节):
‘Let the boys clear up this mess,´said the headmaster.
校长说:“这些脏乱的东西该由男孩子们去收拾。”相当于:
The headmaster said that the boys were to clear up the mess.
校长说那些脏乱的东西让男孩子们去收拾。
‘Let the guards be armed,´he ordered.
他命令道:“警卫人员要佩带武器。”相当于:
He odered that the guards should be armed.
他命令说警卫人员必须佩带武器。
3 有时let him/them更多地表示建议而不是表示命令。在这种情况下,常用suggest或say+should来转述(参见第 289节):
She said,‘ Let them go to their consul.He´ll be able to help them.´
她说:“让他们去找他们的领事,他会帮助他们的。”相当于:
She suggested their/them going to their consul.../She suggested that they should go to their consul/She said that they should go to their con- sul...
她建议他们去找他们的领事……
4 let him/them也可以表示说话人对某事不在乎:
‘The neighbours will complain,´said Ann.
安说:“邻居会抱怨的。”
‘Let them(complain),´said Tom.
汤姆说:“让他们(抱怨)去吧。”相当于:
Tom expressed indifference.
汤姆满不在乎。
Tom said he didn´t mind(if they complained).
汤姆说(要是他们抱怨)那他也不在乎。
C let there be
说话人这样说时可以表示命令、劝告、催促或请求:
‘Let there be no reprisals,´said the widow of the murdered man.
害者的遗孀说:“千万不要搞复仇。”相当于:
The widow urged/begged that there should be no reprisals.
遗孀敦促/祈求不要去搞复仇。
D let也是一个普通动词,意为allow/permit(允许):
‘Let him come with us,mother;I´ll take care of him,´I said.
我说:“妈妈,让他跟我们一起去吧,我会照顾他的。”相当于:
I asked my mother to let him come with us and promised to take care of him.
我请求妈妈让他和我们一起去,并保证我会照顾他的。
323 惊叹句及yes和no变为间接引语
A 惊叹句在间接引语中通常变为陈述句,这时应取消惊叹号。
1 由What(a)…或 How…开头的惊叹句,通常由
(a)exclaim/say that来转述:
He said,‘What a dreadful idea!´/‘How dreadful!´
他说:“多可怕的想法!”/“多可怕!”相当于:
He exclaimed that it was a dreadful idea/was dreadful.
他大声说/惊叫道这想法太可怕了。
(b)用 give an exclamation of delight/disgust/horror/relief/sur- prise(欢悦/厌恶/恐惧/宽慰/惊讶地呼喊了一声)等词语转述。
另外,如在惊叹语句后面跟一个动作,可用
(c)with an exclamation of delight/disgust等+he/she等+ 动词结构。
2 其他类型的惊叹语,如:Good!(好的!)Marvellous!(太棒了!)Splendid!(好极了!)Heavens!(天哪!)Oh!(哦!)Ugh!(啊!呸!)等,可用上面(b)或(c)来转述:
‘Good!´ he exclaimed.
他大声叫道:“太好了!”相当于:
He gave an exclamation of pleasure/satisfaction.
他愉快/满意地叫了一声。
‘Ugh!´she exclaimed,and turned the programme off.
她叫道:“呸!”然后把电视机关了。相当于:
With an exclamation of disgust she turned the programme off.
她厌恶地啐了一声,并把电视机关了。
3注意下面的用法:
He said,‘Thank you!´
他说:“感谢您!”相当于:
He thanked me.
他向我表示感谢。
He said,‘Curse this fog!´
他说:“这该死的雾!”相当于:
He cursed the fog. 
他咒骂那该死的雾。
He said,‘ Good luck!´
他说:“祝你好运!”相当于:
He wished me luck.
他祝我运气好。
He said,‘Happy Christmas!´
他说:“圣诞快乐!”相当于:
He wished me a happy Christmas.
他祝我圣诞快乐。
He said,‘Congratulations!´
他说:“祝贺你!”相当于:
He congratulated me.
他向我表示祝贺。
He said,‘ Liar!´
他说:“你撒谎!”相当于:
He called me a liar. 
他骂我撒谎。
He said,‘Damn!´
他说:“该死!”相当于:
He swore.他骂了声该死。
The notice said:WELCOME TO WALES!
标语上写着:欢迎到威尔士来!相当于:
The notice welcomed visitors to Wales.
标语说欢迎游客到威尔士来。
B yes和no在间接引语中用主语+适当的助动词结构来表示:
He said,‘Can you swim?´and I said‘No.´
他说:“你会游泳吗?”我说:“不会。”相当于:
He asked(me)if I could swim and I said I couldn´t.
他问(我)是否会游泳,我说不会。
He said,‘Will you have time to do it?´and I said,‘Yes.´
他说:“你有时间做这事吗?”我说:“有。”相当于:
He asked if I would have time to do it and I said that I would.
他问我是否有时间做这事,我说有时间。
324 混合类句式的间接引语形式
有些直接引语可由陈述句+问句、问句+命令句、命令句+陈述句这三种结构组成,或兼有三种句式。
A 通常每一部分都要求有各自的引导动词:
‘I don´t know the way.Do you?´he asked.
他问:“我不知道路。你知道吗?”相当于:
He said he didn´t know the way and asked her if she did/if she knew it.
他说他不知道路并问她是否知道。
‘Someone´s coming,´be said.‘Get behind the screen.´
“有人来了。”他说,“躲到屏风后面去!”相当于:
He said that someone was coming and told me to get behind the screen.
他说有人来了,让我躲到屏风后面去。
I´m going shopping.Can I get you anything?´she said.
她说:“我去买东西。给你捎点什么吗?”相当于:
She said she was going shopping and asked if she could get me anything.
她说她去买东西,并问是否要为我捎点什么。
‘I can hardly hear the radio,´he said.‘Could you turn it up?´
“我几乎听不见广播。”他说,“你能开大点儿声吗?”相当于:
He said he could hardly hear the radio and asked her to turn it up.
他说他几乎听不见广播,还让她开大点儿声。
B有时,后一个从句的内容有助于说明第一句。这里可以用as代替第二个引导动词:
‘You´d better wear a coat.It´ s very cold out,´ he said.
他说:“你最好穿件外衣。外面很冷。”相当于:
He advised me to wear a coat as it was very cold out.
他劝我穿件外衣,因为外面很冷。
‘You´d better not walk across the park alone.People have been mugged there,´ he said.
他说:“你最好不要单独一人从公园里穿行,已有人在那里被抢劫了。”相当于:
He warnd her not to walk across the park alone as people had been muggd there.
他告诫她不要单独一人从公园里穿行。因为已经有人在那里被抢劫了。
C有时第二个引导动词可以是分词:
‘Please,please,don´t drink too much!Remember that you´ll have to drive home,´she said.
她说:“求你了,别喝太多了!别忘了你还得开车回家呢。”相当于:
She begged him not to drink too much,reminding him that he´d have to drive home.
她恳求他别喝太多了,并提醒他还得开车回家。
‘Let´s shop on Friday.The supermarket will be very crowded on Satur- day,´she said.
她说:“星期五去采购吧,星期六超级市场人太多了。”相当于:
She suggested shopping on Friday,pointing out that the supermarket would be very crowded on Saturday.
她建议星期五去采购,还指出星期六超级市场人太多。
(as在以上两上例句中都可以使用。)
325 must和needn´t
A must用于表示推论、永久命令或禁令及意向时,在间接引语中保持不变。(关于must表示劝告,参见第287节A。)
1 表示推论:
She said,‘I´m always running into him;he must live near here!´
她说:“我常遇见他,他一定就住在这附近!”相当于:
She said that…he must live in the area.
她说……他一定就住在这附近。
2 表示永久命令:
He said,‘This door must be kept locked.´
他说:“这门一定要经常锁好。”相当于:
He said that the door must be kept locked.
他说那门一定要经常锁好。
3 must在随便的话语中可表示意向,在间接引语中也保持不变:
He said,‘We must have a party to celebrate this.´
他说:“我们得开个联欢会来庆贺这事。”相当于:
He said that they must have a party to celebrate it.
他说他们得开个联欢会庆贺那事。
B must用于表示责任时,在间接引语中可保持不变,但也可用would have to或 had to来转述。
1 I/we must可用would have to来转述would have to用于表示该责任取决于将来某事时或某事的完成看来很遥远或不能肯定。也就是说,在这种情况下must显然可用 will have to替代:
‘If the floods get worse we must(will have to)leave the house.´he said.
他说:“如果洪水涨得更高,我们只好离开这所房子。”相当于:
He said that if the floods got worse they would have to leave the house.
他说如果洪水涨得更高,他们就得离开那所房子。
‘When it stops snowing we must start digging ourselves out,´I sald.
我说:“等雪一停,我们就得挖一条路出去。”相当于:
I said that when it stoppd snowing we would have to start digging our- selves out.
我说等雪一停我们就得挖一条路出去。
‘We must mend the roof properly next year,´he said.
他说:“明年我们得把屋顶好好修理修理。”相当于:
He said that they would have to mend the roof properly the following year.
他说下一年他们得把屋顶好好修理修理。
‘I have just received a letter,´he said.‘I must go home.´
“我刚刚收到一封信,”他说,“我必须回家去。”相当于:
He said that he had just received a letter and would have to go home.
他说他刚刚收到一封信,他得回家去。(如果他说话后立即回家了,则更常用had to,因为 had to的含义是他马上动身了。)
2 I/we must可用 had to转述
如已决定需要在某一时间完成某一动作,或已订好某一计划,或所承担的某种义务可以较快地履行完毕,或至少在转述为间接引语时已经完成了,则常用 had to表示某一必需去做的事:
He said,‘I must wash my hands.´
他说:“我得洗洗手。”(他很可能后来马上去洗手了。)相当于:
He said that he had to wash his hands.
他说他得去洗洗手。
Tom said,‘I must be there by nine tomorrow.´
汤姆说:“我明天9点以前必须在那里。”相当于:
Tom said that he had to be there by nine the next day.
汤姆说第二天9点以前他必须在那里。
在这里也可以用would have to,但这样就暗示必须做的事是
自己要求自己做的,而不牵涉任何外在的权威。而 had to既可以表示一种外在的权威(即有人叫他到那儿去),也可以表示自己要求自己做的一种事。
当然,如果 must保持不变,则一切有关用 had to或would have to的困难都可以避免。在上面两个例子中都可以用must代替 had to或 would have to。
3 含有 you/he/they must的句子,也用同样方法转述:
He said,‘You must start at once.´
他说:“你必须马上出发。”相当于:
He said that she must/had to/would have to start at once.
他说她必须马上出发。
注意:间接引语中用 would have to时,不表示说话人的权威,而只表示客观的必要。
Tom said,‘If you want to stay on here you must work harder.´
汤姆说:“你如果想继续留在这儿,就必须更努力地工作。”相当于:
Tom said that if she wanted to stay on she must/would have to work harder.
汤姆说她如果想继续留在那儿,就必须更努力地工作。
must意味着汤姆本人坚持要她更努力地工作,而 would have to仅仅意味这么做是必要的。
4 含有must I/you/he?的问句也可进行同样的变化,但因为在疑问句中must常常表示目前或不久将来发生的事、所以常变为 had to:
‘Must you go so soon?´ I said.
我说:“你必须走得这么急吗?”相当于:
I asked him if he had to go so soon.
我问他是否必须走得那么急。
5 must not
I must not常常保持不变。 you/he must not或保持不变,或用否定意义的命令句表示(参见第320与第321节):
He said,‘You mustn´t tell anyone.´
他说:“你绝对不能告诉任何人。”相当于:
He said that she mustn´t tell/wasn´t to tell anyone.
他说她绝对不能告诉任何人。
He told her not to tell anyone.
他告诉她不要告诉任何人。
C needn´t
needn´t可以保持不变,在一般情况下都是这样做的。另外一个办法是将它改变为 didn´t have to/wouldn´t have to,正如将must改变为had to/would have to一样:
He said,‘You needn´t wait.´
他说:“你没必要等了。”相当于:
He said that I needn´t wait.
他说我没必要等了。
I said,‘If you can lend me the money I needn´t go to the bank.´
我说:“如果你能借给我钱,我就不必去银行了。”相当于:
I said that if he could lend me the money I needn´t/wouldn´t have to go to the bank.
我说如果他能借给我钱我就不必去银行了。
He said,‘I needn´t be in the office till ten tomorrow morning.´
他说:“我明天上午不必在10点之前就到办公室。”相当于:
He said that he needn´ t/didn´ t have to be in the office till ten the next morning.
他说他第二天上午不必在10点之前到办公室。
need I/you/he?的用法与must I/you/he?完全相同。即它常常变为 had to:
‘Need I finish my pudding?´asked the small boy.
小男孩问道:“我一定得把布丁吃完吗?”相当于:
The small boy asked if he had to finish his pudding.
小男孩问他是否一定得把布丁吃完。
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