英语语法(牛津版)第三十二章 连词

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326 并列连词
and,but,both...and,or,either...or,neither...nor,not only…but also
这些连词把一对对的名词/形容词/副词/动词/短语/从句连在一起:
He plays squash and rugby.
他玩壁球和英式橄榄球。
I make the payments and keep the accounts.
我管付款和记账。
He works quickly and/but accurately.
他做事快而准确无误。
He is small but strong.
他虽矮小,但很结实。
She is intelligent but lazy.
她人聪明,但懒惰。
We came in first but(we)didn´t win the race.
我们是头一个到终点的,但是没有赢得这次比赛。
Both men and women were drafted into the army.
男女都被征去当兵。
Ring Tom or Bill.
给汤姆或比尔打电话。
She doesn´t smoke or drink.
她不抽烟也不喝酒。
He can´t(either)read or write.
他既不认得字也不会写字。
You can(either) walk up or take the cable car. 
你走上去或乘缆车上去都可以。
He can neither read nor write.
他既不认得字也不会写字。
Not only men but also women were chosen.
不仅仅是男的,女的也有被选中的。
327 besides,however,nevertheless,
otherwise,so,therefore, still,yet,though
这些副词/连词可以连接两个从句或两个句子。此时它们被认为是“准连词”。除了nevertheless和therefore二者为连词外,它们也可有其他用法,有时用做其他词类。它们在句中的位置取决于它们的用法。
A besides(介词)意为“除……外又……”。它位于名词/代词/动名词之前:
Besides doing the cooking I look after the garden.
除了做饭之外我还得管园子。
besides(副词)意为“又,另外”,通常位于它引导的从句之前,有时也可位于其后:
I can´t go now;I´m too busy.Besides,my passport is out of date.
我现在不能走,我太忙了。何况我的护照过期了。
在较正式的英语中,可以用moreover代替besides。
在较非正式的英语中,也可用anyway或 in any case代替这样使用的 besides:
Anyway,my passport´s out of date.
反正,我的护照过期了。
B however(程度副词,参见第41节)可位于形容词/副词之前:
You couldn´t earn much,however hard you worked
无论你干得多卖力,你都挣不了多少钱。
however(连词)通常意为“但是”,可位于它所引导的从句之前或之后,或位于第一个词或短语之后:
I´ll offer it to Tom.However,he may not want it./He may not want it however./Tom,however,may not want it./If,however,he doesn´t want it...
我将提出把这个给汤姆,然而他可能不要它。/而汤姆可能不要它。/然而,万一汤姆不要它的话……
但提到两句意义相反的话时, however意为“但是/仍然/同样”:
They hadn´t trained hard,but/however/nevertheless/all the same they won however/nevertheless/all the same.
他们并没有刻苦训练,但/无论如何/仍然/同样获胜了。
(另参见第329节。)
C otherwise(副词)常常位于动词之后:
It must be used in a well-ventilated room.Used otherwise it could be harmful.
必须在通风条件好的房间里使用。如不这样使用则可能是有害的。
otherwise(连词)意为“要是不/否则”:
We must be early;otherwise we won´t get a seat.
我们得早点去,否则我们就没有座位了。
在英语口语中,这里也可用or:
We must be early or(else)we won´t get a seat.
(译文同上。)
D so(程度副词)位于形容词/副词之前:
It was so hot that...
天气太热了,因而……
They ran so fast that...
他们骑得太快了,因而……
so(连词)位于它所引导的从句之前:
Our cases were heavy,so we took a taxi.
我们的箱子太重了,所以我们要了辆出租车。
E therefore(连词)在正式英语中可用来代替so。它可位于一个从句之前、该从句的第一个词或第一个短语之后、或该从句的主要动词之前:
There is fog at Heathrow;the plane,therefore,has been diverted/the plane has therefore been diverted/therefore the plane has been diverted.
希思罗机场有雾;因此飞机转飞别的机场了。
F still和yet可作时间副词(参见第37节):
The children are still up.They haven´t had supper yet.
孩子们还没上床睡觉/醒着。他们还没吃晚饭呢。
still和yet(连词)位于它们所引导的从句之前。
still(连词)意为“虽承认某事/尽管如此”。
yet(连词)意为“不管,不顾/同样/尽管如此”。
You aren´t rich;still you could do something to help him.
你虽然不富有,但你仍可以给予他帮助。
They are ugly and expensive;yet people buy them.
它们既难看又昂贵,但人们还是买。
G though/although通常引导让步从句(参见第340节):
Though/Although they´re expensive,people buy them.
尽管/虽然它们很昂贵,人们还是买。
though也可用于连接两个主句,但although不能这样用。
though这么用时意为“但”或“还”,有时位于句首,大多数情况下位于句末:
He says he´ll pay,though I don´t think he will./He says he´ll pay;I don´t think he will,though.
他说他要付钱,然而我认为他不会付的。
328 从属连词
if,that,though/although,unless,when等
引导从属从句或名词从句的从属连词在有关从句的各章中均有所描述。条件从句参见第二十一章;目的从句参见第三十三章;理由、结果、让步、比较从句和时间从句参见第三十四章;名词从句参见第三十五章。某些连词有多种意思,可引导不同类型的从句。
有些连词容易与另一个连词或与几个其他词类混淆。下面就谈一谈这些连词。
329 though/although和in spite of
(介词短语),despite(介词)
两个相反的或对照的陈述语,如He had no qualifications(他没有资格证明)和 He got the job(他得到了工作),可用下列方法合并到一个句子里:
A 可如上面第 327节所示,用but,however或 nevertheless:
He had no qualifications but he got the job.
他没有资格证明,但他却得到了这份工作。
He had no qualifications;however he got the job/he got the job,howev- er.
他没有资格证明,但仍然得到了这份工作。
He had no qualifications;nevertheless he got the job.
他没有资格证明,然而他还是得到了这份工作。
B 可以使用 though/although:
He got the job although he had no qualifications.
Although he had no qualifications he got the job.
尽管他没有资格证明,他还是得到了这份工作。
C 可以使用 in spite of/despite+名词/代词/动名词:
In spite of having no qualifications he got the job.
He got the job in spite of having no qualifications.
(译文同上。)
despite(= in spite of)主要用于报刊和正规英语中:
Despite the severe weather conditions all the cars completed the course.
?尽管气候条件恶劣,所有车辆都跑完了全程。
D 注意though/although之后要求用主语+动词结构:
Although it was windy...
尽管有风……
in spite of/despite要求带名词/代词或动名词:
In spite of the wind...
(译文同上。)
例句:
Although it smelt horrible...
尽管味道很难闻……相当于:
In spite of the horrible smell...
任凭味道多难闻……
Although it was dangerous...
尽管这很危险……相当于:
In spite of the danger...
哪怕有危险……
Though he was inexperienced...
虽然他没有经验……相当于:
In spite of his inexperience/his being inexperienced...
哪怕他没有经验……
330 for 和 because
这两个词的意思很相近,通常是可以互换使用的。为了安全起见,最好用because引导从句,因为同because引导的从句相比,for引导的从句(英文中称为for-clause)的用法要受到某些限制:
1 for引导的从句不能位于它所解释的动词之前:
Because it was wet he took a taxi.
因为下雨,他叫了一辆出租车。(这里不能用 for。)
2 for引导的从句不能位于not,but或任何连词之后:
He stole,not because he wanted the money but because he liked stealing.
他偷东西,并不是因为他想要钱,而是他有这种毛病。(这里不能用for。)
3 for引导的从句不能用于回答问题:
—Why did you do it?
—I did it because I was angry.
—你为什么这么做?
—因为我生气才这么做的。(这里不能用for。)
4 for引导的从句不能单单用来复述已讲过的话,而必须包括新的内容:
He spoke in French.She was angry because he had spoken in French.
他讲法语。因为他讲法语,她生气了。(这里不能用for。)
但是说:
She was angry,for she didn´t know French.
她生气了,因为她不懂法语。(这里用for是正确的,也可用because。)之所以有这些用法上的限定,其理由是for引导的从句不能直
接说明某一特定动作发生的原因,而只能提供一些起帮助解释作用的附加说明。
例句如:
The days were short,for it was now December.
天短了,现在已是12月了。
He took the food eagerly,for he has eaten nothing since dawn.
他狼吞虎咽地吃了起来,因为他从天亮就没吃过东西。
When I saw her in the river I was frightened.For at that point thecurrents were dangerous.
我看见她在河里时,吓坏了。那个地方水流非常危险。
在口语中,for从句前常稍停一下。在笔语中,在此处常有一个逗号。有时也用一个句号断开,如最后一个例子所示。上面三个例句中也可用because,但用for更好些。
332 as意为when/while(当……时)
或because/since(由于)
A as(=when/while)的用法的限制
这里as主要与表示动作或发展过程的动词连用,一般情况下它不与第168节中所列的动词连用,除如上面B3所示有发展之意时例外。在一般情况下它也不与live,stay,remain这类动词连用。
B as与上述动词或同类动词连用时,一般均表示because/since (由于):
As he was tired…相当于:
Because he was tired...
因为他太累了……
As he knew her well…相当于:
Because he knew her well……
因为他了解她……
As it contains alcohd...相当于:
Since/Because it contains alcohol……
因为它含有酒精……
As he lives near here…相当于:
Since/Because he lives…
因为他住的地方离这儿很近……
C as与多数动词连用时,可以是两种意思中的任一个意思:
As/While he shaved he thought about the coming interview.
他边刮胡子,边想着即将进行的面谈。
As/Because he shaved with a blunt razor he didn´t make a very good job of it.
因为他用一把钝剃须刀刮胡子,所以刮得不好。
如果在这个问题上没有把握,最好用while或because。
D as+名词时意为when/while(当……时)或because/since(由于):
As a student he had known great poverty.相当于:
When he was a student he had known great poverty.
他当学生时,经历过很贫困的生活。
As a student he gets/got in for half price.相当于:
Because he is/was a student be gets/got in...
由于是学生,他付半价就入场了。
As a married man,he has to think of his family.相当于:
Because/Since he is a married man...
作为一个有妇之夫,他必须考虑他的家庭。
as在这里意为 when/while时,后面常跟完成时态。
as意为because/since时,后面可跟任一时态。
332 as意为when/while(当……时)
或because/since(由于)
A as(=when/while)的用法的限制
这里as主要与表示动作或发展过程的动词连用,一般情况下它不与第168节中所列的动词连用,除如上面B3所示有发展之意时例外。在一般情况下它也不与live,stay,remain这类动词连用。
B as与上述动词或同类动词连用时,一般均表示because/since (由于):
As he was tired…相当于:
Because he was tired...
因为他太累了……
As he knew her well…相当于:
Because he knew her well……
因为他了解她……
As it contains alcohd...相当于:
Since/Because it contains alcohol……
因为它含有酒精……
As he lives near here…相当于:
Since/Because he lives…
因为他住的地方离这儿很近……
C as与多数动词连用时,可以是两种意思中的任一个意思:
As/While he shaved he thought about the coming interview.
他边刮胡子,边想着即将进行的面谈。
As/Because he shaved with a blunt razor he didn´t make a very good job of it.
因为他用一把钝剃须刀刮胡子,所以刮得不好。
如果在这个问题上没有把握,最好用while或because。
D as+名词时意为when/while(当……时)或because/since(由于):
As a student he had known great poverty.相当于:
When he was a student he had known great poverty.
他当学生时,经历过很贫困的生活。
As a student he gets/got in for half price.相当于:
Because he is/was a student be gets/got in...
由于是学生,他付半价就入场了。
As a married man,he has to think of his family.相当于:
Because/Since he is a married man...
作为一个有妇之夫,他必须考虑他的家庭。
as在这里意为 when/while时,后面常跟完成时态。
as意为because/since时,后面可跟任一时态。
333 as,when,while意为although(尽管),
but(但是),seeing that(鉴于)
??
A 只有在形容词+as+主语+to be/to seem/to appear这一结构中,as才意为though/although(尽管):
Tired as he was he offered to carry her.相当于:
Though he was tired he offered to carry her.
尽管他很累了,他还主动提出要背着她。
Strong as he was,he couldn´t lift it.
尽管他力气很大,他仍提不起这个东西。
B while可意为but,用于表示强调对比:
‘At sea´means‘on a ship´,while‘at the sea´means‘at the seaside´.
“At sea”意为“在船上”,而“at the sea”意为“在海滩上”。
Some people waste food while others haven´t enough.
一些人糟踏食物而另一些人却食不果腹。
while可以意为although,这时常放在句首:
While I sympathize with your point of view I cannot accept it.
尽管我认同你的观点,但我不能接受它。
C when可以意为seeing that/although(鉴于)。因此它同while 很相似,但主要用于引导使另一个动作显得不合理的陈述句。
它常用在一个问句里,但不是一定如此:
How can you expect your children to be truthful when you yourself tell lies?
你自己都在撒谎,怎么能指望你的孩子们诚实?
It´s not fair to expect her to do all the cooking when she has had no training or experience.
她没有受过烹调方面的训练,也没有这方面的经验,让她把做饭的事全部承担下来是不公平的。
D 请务必不要搞混when与if的用法。
When he comes(等他来了)意为我们肯定他会来的。If he comes(如果他来了)意为我们不能肯定他是否会来。
(关于if用于条件句,参见第二十一章。)
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