英语语法(牛津版)第三十五章 名词从句 |
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343 作主语的名词从句 A 以名词从句作主语的句子常常由it开头(参见第67节D): It is disappointing that Tom can´t come. 汤姆不能来,真扫兴。(that Tom can´t come是主语。) B 常见的结构是it+be/seem+形容词+名词从句(参见第26节与第27节): It´s splendid that you passed your exam. 你通过考试了,真棒。 It´s strange that there are no lights on. 真奇怪,没有一盏灯是开着的。 有些形容词需要或可以与that…should连用(参见第236节): It is essential that everybody knows/should know what to do. 重要的是,每个人都应知道该做什么。 C 另一种可代用的结构是it+be/seem+a+名词+名词从句。 下列名词均可用于这种结构:mercy,miracle,nuisance,pity,shame,relief,wonder。也可以使用a good thing。 It´s a great pity(that)they didn´t get married. 他们没能结婚,真是令人惋惜。 It´s a wonder(that)you weren´t killed. 你没死掉真是个奇迹。 It´s a good thing(that)you were insured. 你保了险,这可是件好事。 344 位于某些形容词/分词之后的that从句 结构为主语+be+形容词/过去分词+名词从句: I am delighted that you passed your exam. 你考试通过了,我很高兴。 这一结构中可以使用 (a)表示感情的形容词:glad,pleased,relieved,sorry。(参见第26节F。) (b)表示渴望、信心等的形容词/分词:afraid,anxious,aware, certain,confident,conscious,convinced。(参见第27节。) anxious后面要求使用that…should结构。 I´m afraid that I can´t come till next week. 恐怕我下星期才能来。 Are you certain tht this is the right road? 你肯定这条路对吗? 345 位于某些名词之后的that从句 许多抽象名词之后可以使用that从句。较常用的抽象名词有:allegation,announcement,belief,discovery,fact,fear, guarantee,hope,knowledge,promise,proposal,report,ru- mour,suggestion,suspicion。proposal和suggestion后面要求使用that…should结构。 The announcement that a new airport was to be built nearby aroused im- mediate opposition. 说要在附近建造新机场的通告马上引起了反对。 The proposal/suggestion that shops should open on Sundays led to a heat- ed discussion. 关于商店星期日也应该营业的提议,引起了激烈的争论。 A report that the area was dangerous was ignored by the residents. 居民对这一地区有危险的报告不予理采。 346 名词从句作动词宾语 A 许多主要是表示交流思想的动词之后可以使用that从句。下面是一些较常用的这一类动词: acknowledge decide(wh) imply admit demand indicate(wh) advise demonstrate inform agree determine insist doubt learn appear estimate(wh) make out(=state) arrange(wh) expect mean ask(wh) fear notice(wh) assume feel observe assure find(wh) occur to+宾语 beg forget(wh) order believe(wh) guarantee perceive command happen presume confess hear(wh) pretend consider(wh) hope promise declare magine(wh) propose prove(wh) say(wh) think(wh) realize(wh) see(wh) threaten recognize seem turn out recommend show(wh) understand(wh) remark state(wh) urge remember(wh) stipulate vow remind suggest(wh) warn request suppose(wh) wish resolve teach wonder (wh) reveal(wh) tell(wh) 此外,在其他一些表示交流的动词之后也可使用that从句,如complain,deny,explain等。(参见第316节C。) 关于上面表中所注的wh见下面E节。 例句如: They alleged/made out that they had been unjustly dismissed. 他们声称/自称他们被不公平地解雇了。 He assumes that we agree with him. 他径自认为我们同意他了。 I can prove that she did it. 我能证明是她干的。 B 上面大多数动词可以与另一结构连用。(参见第二十三章至第二十六章。) 注意:动词+that从句并不一定与同一动词+不定式/动名词/现在分词意思相同:He saw her answering the letters(他看见她在写回信)意为他看到她正在做这件事。但He saw that she answered the letters可有两种意思:或者他注意到她做了这件事,或者他通过督促确实使她干了这件事。 C appear,happen,occur,seem,turn out需用it作主语: It appears/seems that we have come on the wrong day. 好像我们来得不是时候。 It occurred to me that he might be lying. 我忽然想起他可能是在说谎。 It turned out that nobody remembered the address. 结果发现没人记得这地址。 D 在agree,arrange,be anxious,beg,command,decide,de- mand,determine,be determined,order,resolve和urge这些词之后可以用that+主语+should来代替不定式,并且在insist及suggest后面可用这一结构而不用动名词: They agreed/decided that a statue should be put up. 他们同意/决定要立起一座雕塑。 He urged that the matter should go to arbitration. 他极力主张这件事要提交仲裁。 He suggested that a reward should be offered. 他建议要悬赏。 (另参见第235节与第302节E。) E A中标有(wh)的动词后面也可以跟所谓wh词(即what, when,where,who与why)或how开头的名词从句: He asked where he was to go. 他问他该去哪儿。 They´ll believe whatever you tell them. 无论你告诉他们什么,他们都会相信的。 I forget who told me this. 我忘了这是谁告诉我的。 Have you heard how he is getting on? 你听说他怎么样了吗? I can´t think why he left his wife. 我想不出他为什么会离开他的妻子。 I wonder when he will pay me back. 我不知道他什么时候会还钱给我。 347 so和not可替代that从句 A 在believe,expect,suppose,think和it appears/seems之后,表示同意前面说过的话时可以用so代替: —Will Tom be at the party? —I expect so/suppose so/think so./I think he will. —汤姆会到联欢会去吗? —我想会的。/我认为他会去的。 表示对前面说过的话加以否定时,可以用下列句式: 1 与so连用时,应当用动词的否定式: —Will the scheme be a success? —I don´t believe so/expect so/suppose so/think so. —计划会成功吗? —我不相信/我不指望/我不认为/我想不会。 —Are they making good progress? —It doesn´t seem so. —他们正在取得很大的进展吗? —好像不是这样。 2 与not连用时,则用动词的肯定式: —It won´t take long,will it? —No,I suppose not./I don´t suppose so. —这用不了多长时间,是吗? —是的,我想用不了多长时间。 —The plane didn´t land in Calcutta,did it? —I believe not./I don´t believe so. —飞机没有在加尔各答降落,是吗? —是的,我想不会。 B 在hope和be afraid(=be sorry to say)之后同样可以用so和not: —Is Peter coming with us? —彼得和我们一起去吗? —我希望如此。 —Will you have to pay duty on this? —I´m afraid so. —这个你得上关税吗? —恐怕要上关税。 这里的否定式是由动词的肯定形式+not构成的: —Have you got a work permit? —I´m afraid not. —你有工作许可证吗? —对不起,我没有。 C 在say和tell+宾语之后可用so和not: —How do you know there is going to be a demonstration? —Jack said so./Jack told me so. —要举行示威游行的事你是怎么知道的? —是杰克说的。/是杰克告诉我的。 I told you so!(我早就告诉你了!)可意为我告诉过你事情就是这样的或我告诉过你会发生这样的事。这一般会使受话者不高兴。 关于tell的否定形式,只有否定式+so这一种结构: Tom didn´t tell me so. 汤姆没有这样告诉我。(汤姆没有对我这样说过。) say后面的简略从句的否定形式可以有两种,但意思不一样:Tom didn´t say so. 汤姆没有这么说。相当于: Tom didn´t say that there would be a demonstration. ?汤姆没说要举行示威游行。 Tom said not. 汤姆说不会。相当于: Tom said there wouldn´t be a demonstration. 汤姆说不会举行示威游行。 D if+so/not so/not在if之后可代替前面提到过的或已知而不必明白说出 的主语+动词结构: Will you be staying another night?If so(=If you are),we can give you a better room.If not(=If you aren´t),could you be out of your room by 12:00? 您要再呆一晚上吗?如果是这样(=如果您要再呆一夜),我们可以给您提供条件再好一点儿的房间。如果不是(=如果您不呆了),您能在12点离开这房间吗? if so/not通常如上述例句那样,代表了一个条件从句。但关于 if so,另参见第338节A。 相关链接:语法专题指导
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