英语语法(牛津版)第三十八章 短语动词 |
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362 引言 A 在现代英语中,常常将介词或副词置于某一动词之后,以便能够表达多种不同的意思: give away送给某人 give up放弃,停止(一种习惯或某种努力) look after照顾 look for寻找,寻求 look out小心,注意 学生没有必要去区分这些短语动词究竟是由动词+介词还是由动词+副词组成的,但必须要把这些习惯用法看做是一个整体。 同时,要掌握每一短语动词是及物的(即需要有宾语)或是不及物的(即不需要宾语)。这很重要。 look for是及物短语动词: I am looking for my passport. 我在找我的护照。 look out是不及物短语动词: look out!This ice isn´t safe! 当心!这冰危险! 本章后文中的每一短语动词都标有“tr”(transitive,及物)或“intr”(intransitive,不及物)符号。每一短语动词的用法举例将有助于表明二者之间的差别。 注意:一个短语动词可能有两种或两种以上的不同的意思,也可能其中一个或几个是及物的,另外一个或几个是不及物的。如take off可意为“拿掉”,所以它是及物的: He took off his hat. 他摘下他的帽子。 take off也可意为“起飞”(用于飞机)。这时它是不及物的: The plane took off at ten o´clock. 飞机是10点钟起飞的。 B 及物短语动词:宾语的位置 作宾语的名词通常位于及物短语动词之后: I am looking for my glasses. 我正在找我的眼镜。 作宾语的名词与某些短语动词连用时,可位于句末,也可以紧跟在动词之后,即用于小品词前。可以说: He took off his coat./He took his coat off. 他脱掉外衣。 宾格代词有时位于短语动词之后: I am looking for them. 我正在找他们。 但宾格代词在大多数情况下紧跟在动词之后: He took it off. 他把它脱掉了。 宾格代词常位于下列小品词之前:up,down, in, out, away,off和on(词组call on拜访除外)。 每一习语下表明用法的例句将以下列方法标明作宾语的名词或代词的各种可能的位置: I´ll give this old coat away.(give away this old coat/give it away) 我将把这件旧外衣送掉。 即,在使用这一短语动词时,作宾语的名词既可位于away之前,也可位于其后;而宾格代词只可位于away之前。在只给出一个例句时,读者可以推定宾格代词的位置与作宾语的名词位置相同。 C 这些短语动词后面的宾语如果是动词,则应使用动词的动名词形式: He kept on blowing his horn. 他不断地吹喇叭。 通常使用动名词之处,将举例说明。 请注意,某些短语动词后面应带动词不定式: It is up to yon to decide this for yourself. 这事全由你自己决定。 Some of the younger members called on the minister to resign. 某些较年轻的议员要求部长辞职。 The lecturer set out to show that most illnesses were avoldable. 讲师开始表明多数疾病是可以预防的。 go on既可以带不定式,也可以带动名词,但二者的意义有相当大的不同。参见第270节A。 account account for(tr)(为某事)给出充分的理由,圆满地解释(某种行为或某项支出),做出交代: A treasurer must account for the money he spends. 财务负责人必须对他支付的款项做出交代。 He has behavd in the most extraordinary way;I can´t account for hisactions at all/I can´t account for his behaving like that. 他的行为极为奇怪,我完全无法解释他的行动/我无法为他那样的举动做出解释。 allow allow for(tr)预先为某事留有余地,考虑到(常指某种额外的需要、支出、耽搁等): —It is 800 kilometres and I drive at 100 k.p.h., so I´ll be there in eighthours. —But you´ll have to allow for delays going through towns and for stopsfor refuelling. —距离是800公里,而我的车速是每小时100公里,因此我八小时后可以到那里。 —可是你得把通过市镇和停车加油所耽搁的时间考虑进去。 Allowing for depreciation your car should be worth£2,000 this timenext year. 如果考虑到折旧,你的车明年此时应当值2,000英镑。 answer answer back(intr),answer somebody back反驳别人的责难,回嘴顶撞: Father:Why were you so late last night? You weren´t in till2 a.m. 父亲:你昨晚回家为什么这么晚?你直到凌晨两点钟才回来。 Son:You should have been asleep. 儿子:那时候你本该睡着了。 Father:Don´t answer me back.Answer my question. 父亲:别跟我顶嘴。回答我的问题。 ask ask after/for somebody 探询有关……的信息,(向第三者)问某人健康如何: I met Tom at the party;he asked after you. 我在聚会上遇见了汤姆;他问你好。(问你健康如何/问你过得怎么样) ask for (a)寻找某人并想和他/她说话,要求见到某人: Go to the office and ask for my secretary. 到办公室去,找我的秘书。 (b)要求,索要: The men asked for more pay and shorter hours. 工人们要求增加工资,减少工时。 ask someone in(宾语在in之前)请某人进来: He didn´t ask me in;he kept me standing at the door while he read the message. 他没有让我进去;他径自看那张条子,让我站在门口等着。 ask someone out(宾语在out之前)请某人出去参加娱乐活动或吃饭(特别是在公众地方吃饭): She had a lot of friends and was usually asked out in the evenings,so she seldom spent an evening at home. 她有很多朋友,晚上常被邀请外出,因此她晚上很少在家里呆着。 back back away(intr)慢慢地退回去(因为遇到某种危险或不愉快的事): When he took a gun out everyone backd away nervously. 他拿出枪来时,大家都紧张地向后退去。 back out(intr)退出(某事先已同意的联合行动),停止或拒绝给予所允诺的帮助或支持: He agreed to help but backed out when he found how difficult it was. 他本来同意给予帮助的,但在发现事情有多么困难之后就打退堂鼓了。 back somebody up从道义上或行动上支持: The headmaster never backed up his staff.(backed them up)If a parentcomplained about a teacher he assumed that the teacher was in thewrong. 校长从来不给教员们撑腰。凡是有家长给老师提意见时,他总是认为一定是老师不对。 be be against(tr)反对(常带动名词): I´m for doing nothing till the police arrive./I´m against doing anythingtill the police arrive. 我赞成在警察来到以前不采取行动。/我反对在警察到来以前采取任何行动。 be away(intr)(至少有一个晚上)不在家,不在某地 be back(intr)在长期或短暂地离开之后回到原地: —I want to see Mrs Pitt.Is she in? —No,I´m afraid she´s out at the moment./No,I´m afraid she´s awayfor the weekend. —When will she be back? —She´ll be back in half an hour/next week. —我想见皮特夫人。她在吗? —不,恐怕她现在不在。/不,我想她外出度周末了。 —她什么时候回来? —她半小时后/下周回来。 be for(tr)赞成(常带动名词) be in(intr)在家或在某个建筑物内 be in for(tr)将要遇上(常跟某种令人不愉快的事): Did you listen to the weather forecast? I´m afraid we´re in for a bumpyflight. If you think that the work is going to be easy you´re in for a shock. 如果你以为这工作将容易,那么你可要大吃一惊了。 be out(intr)短时间不在家/不在某个建筑物里,但并不在外过夜 be over(intr)结束: The storm is over now;we can go on. 暴风雨过去了;我们可以继续走了。 be up(intr)起床了: Don´t expect her to answer the doorbell at eight o´clock on Sundaymorning.She won´t be up. 星期日早上8点钟时,别指望她听见门铃响会来开门。她那时还没有起床呢。 be up to(tr)体力或智力足以……(宾语常用it,但也可用动名词): After his illness the Minister continued in office though he was no longerup to the work/up to doing the work. 部长生病后继续任职,但他已力不胜任了。 be up to something/some mischief/some trick/no good从事或忙于某种调皮的、不正道的或有害的事/捣鬼: Don´t trust him;he is up to something/some trick. 别信他;他在搞鬼/在耍诡计。 The boys are very quiet.I wonder what they are up to. 男孩子们无声无息了。我不知他们在捣什么鬼。 注意:这里up to的宾语常是某一很不确定的词语,如上面例句所示。这个习语从来不与某一具体明确的事连用。 it is up to someone(常带动词不定式)此事是某人的职责: It is up to the government to take action on violence. 采取行动对付暴力行为,是政府职责所在。 I have helped you as much as I can. Now it is up to you. 我已尽我所能地帮助你了。现在该看你自己了。(你得靠自己的努力干下去。) bear bear out(tr)证实,提供证明: This report bears out my theory.(bears my theory out/bears it out) 这报告证实了我的理论。 bear up(intr)听到坏消息仍能勇敢支撑,掩饰感情或忧伤: The news of her death was a great shock to him but he bore up bravely and none of us realized how much he felt it. 她故去的消息对他来讲是个打击,但他勇敢地支撑着,我们谁也没意识到他的感受该有多么强烈。 blow blow out(tr)吹熄: The wind blew out the candle.(blew the candle out/blew it out) 风吹灭了蜡烛。 blow up(tr/intr) (a)用爆炸的方法毁灭,爆炸,被毁: They blew up the bridges so that the enemy couldn´t follow them.(blew the bridges up/blew them up) 他们炸毁了桥,好让敌人不能追上他们。 Just as we got to the bridge it blew up. 我们刚到桥头,桥就炸掉了。 (b)充气,打气,使膨胀: The children blew up their balloons and threw them into the air.( blew the balloons up/blew them up) 孩子们把气球吹鼓了,扔向空中。 boil boil away(intr)(液体)因沸腾而挥发完,熬干: I put the kettle on the gas ring and then went away and forgot about it. When I returned, the water had all boiled away and the flame had burnta hole in the kettle. 我把壶放在煤气灶上,然后就走开把这事忘掉了。我回来时,水都烧干了,火把壶底烧出了一个窟窿。 boil over(intr)(液体因沸腾而)溢到容器外面: The milk boiled over and there was a horrible smell of burning. 牛奶潽了,烧糊的味道极为难闻。 break break down a door etc.用强力敲破或撞破: The firemen had to break down the door to get into the burning house. (break the door down/break it down) 消防员不得不破门而入以便到着火的房子里边去。 break down figures将一数目分别列在不同项目下以作进一步说明: You say that 10,000 people use this library.Could you break that downinto age-groups? 你说有10,000人使用这所图书馆。你能否按年龄组将数字分解一下?(即说出有多少人是25岁以下的,有多少人是50岁以上的等等) break down(intr)由于有缺陷或强度不够而坏掉或不再正常运作: (a)常指人暂时感情支持不住: He broke down when telling me about his son´s tragic death. 他向我谈到他儿子惨死的事时,不能自已了。(他失声痛哭了。) (b)指丧失精神上的抵抗力: At first he refused to admit his guilt but when he was shown the evidencehe broke down and confessed. 起初他否认有罪,但给他看证据时,他招架不住而供认了。 (c)指身体健康状况严重恶化: After years of overwork his health broke down and he had to retire. 在多年劳累之后,他的身体垮了,只好退休。 (d)常指机器坏了: The car broke down when we were driving through the desert and it tookus two days to repair it. 我们驾车横越沙漠时,汽车坏了,花了两天才修好。 (e)指交涉或谈判的破裂: The negotiations broke down because neither side would compromise. 因为双方都不肯妥协,谈判破裂了。 break in(intr), break into(tr) (a)用暴力强行进入: Thieves broke in and stole the silver. 窃贼破门而入,偷走了银器。 The house was broken into when the owner was on holiday. 屋主外出度假时,有贼破门而入。 (b)突然说话打断别人: I was telling them about my travels when he broke in with a story of hisown. 我正在告诉他们我旅途中的事,他忽然插嘴讲起他自己的故事来。 break in ?a young horse/pony etc.(tr)训练(马等)以供驾驭使用: You cannot ride or drive a horse safely before he has been broken in. 在没有把马训练好以前,不管骑它还是用它驾车都是不安全的。 break off(tr/intr)解开,破开,使分裂开或自己破裂开: He took a bar of chocolate and broke off a bit.(broke a bit off/broke itoff) 他拿出一板巧克力,掰下了一小块。 A piece of rock broke off and fell into the pool at the foot of the cliff. 一块岩石断裂开,掉到悬崖脚下的池塘里。 break off(tr)终止,停止,取消(常跟协议、协商或谈判等): Ann has broken off her engagement to Tom.(broken her engagement off/broken it off) 安已经取消了同汤姆的婚约。 break off(intr)突然停止说话,突然住口: They were in the middle of an argument but broke off when someonecame into the room. 他们正争吵不休,但有人进屋时他们突然住口了。 break out(intr) (a)开始,爆发(常用于诸如战争、流行病、火灾等不好的事): War broke out on 4 Angust. 战争于8月4日爆发。 (b)用暴力方法从监狱等地逃出: They locked him up in a room but he broke out. 他们把他锁在一间屋里,可是他强行逃出了。(砸开门跑掉了) The police are looking for two men who broke out of prison last night. 警方正在搜捕昨天晚上越狱逃跑的两名男子。 break up(tr/intr)(使)瓦解,(使)解体: If that ship stays there she will break up/she will be broken up by thewaves. 那艘船如果停泊在那里,就会破的/会被浪头打散的。 The old ship was towed away to be broken up and sold as scrap. 那艘旧船被拖走以便拆散当废铁卖了。 Divorce breaks up a lot of families.(breaks families up/breaks them up) 离婚拆散了许多家庭。 break up(intr)(用于学校的学期、会议、聚会等)散会,放假: The school broke up on 30 July and all the boys went home for the holi- days. 学校在7月30日放假了,男孩子们都回家度假去了。 The meeting broke up in confusion. 会议在一片混乱中散了。 bring bring someone round(tr;宾语常位于round之前) (a)说服某人接受以前所反对的建议: After a lot of argument I brought him round to my point of view. 在争辩了很久之后,我说服他转念同意了我的看法。 (b)使恢复知觉: She fainted with the pain but a little brandy soon brought her round. 她痛得昏厥了,但是一小点白兰地很快使她恢复了知觉。 bring a person or thing round(tr;宾语常位于 round之前)把人或物带到某人的住所去: I have finished that book that you lent me; I´ll bring it round(to your house)tonight. 你借给我的书我已经看完了;我今晚上把它带(到你家里)来。 bring up(tr) (a)教育培养儿童: She brought up her children to be truthful.(brought her children up/brought them up) 她教导她的孩子们要真诚无欺。 (b)提起,谈到: At the last committee meeting,the treasurer brought up the question of raising the annual subscription.(brought the question up/brought it up) 委员会上一次开会时,财务主管提出了提高会员年费的问题。 burn burn down(tr/intr)(完全)焚毁(指建筑物): The mob burnt down the embassy.(burnt the embassy down/burnt it down) 乱民把大使馆焚毁了。 The hotel burnt down before help came. 旅馆在援助到来以前就烧毁了。 call 1 call走访,拜访 call at。走访一个地方: I called at the bank and arranged to transfer some money. 我到银行去了一下,安排了款项过户的事宜。 call for到一个地方去取物或接人: I am going to a pop concert with Tom.He is calling for me at eightso I must be ready then. 我要和汤姆去听流行歌曲音乐会。他8点钟来接我,因此我必须届时准备好。 Let´s leave our suitcases in the left luggage office and call for themlater on when we have the car. 咱们可以把行李存放在行李暂存处,等以后有车用时再来取。 call in(intr)同 look in和口语化的 drop in意思一样,是来访,来坐坐的意思: Call in/Look in on your way home and tell me how the interviewwent. 你回家的路上来看我一下,告诉我面谈进行得如何。 call on拜访某人: He called on all the housewives in the area and asked them to sign thepetition. 他走访了这一地区的所有主妇,要求他们在请愿书上签名。 2 call for/in/on的其他意思 call for(tr)要求,需要(这里的主语常是一个不用来指人的单词或短语,如 the situation形势/this sort of work这种工作/this此事等,宾语则常是一个表示某种性质的词,如 courage勇气/patience耐心/a steady hand稳当不抖的手): The situation calls for tact. 对付这一形势要有策略。 You´ve got the job! This calls for a celebration. 你得到这份工作了!这需要庆祝一下。 但这里也可以用一个用来指人的主语: The workers are calling for strike action. 工人们正要求采取罢工行动。 The relations of the dead men are calling for an inquiry. 死者们的亲属要求调查真相。 call in a person/call a person in派人去找某人来/请某人来家服务(send for比call in更显得主语权势大,因此callin是更有礼貌的说法): It was too late to call in an electrician.(call an electrician in/call him in) 找电工来已太晚了。 There is some mystery about his death; the police have been calledin. 他的死有点儿蹊跷;已经去找警察来了。 call on somebody(常带动词不定式)要某人做某事/要某人给予帮助(较为正式的提出要求的方式,主要用于正式场合或演讲中,意味着提出要求的人认为所号召的事是另一人的责任): The president called upon his people to make sacrifices for the good oftheir country. 总统号召人民为祖国的利益做出牺牲。 The chairman called on the secretary to read the minutes of the lastmeeting. 主席要求秘书朗读上次会议的记录。 3 call的其他词组 call off(tr)取消尚未开始的事,放弃已在进行中的事: They had to call off the match as the ground was too wet to play on. (call the match off/call it off) 因为场地太湿无法比赛,人们不得不取消这次比赛。 When the fog got thicker the search was called off. 雾愈来愈浓了,只得放弃了搜索。 call out(tr)召唤某人出来处理外面的事(常用于指部队被召集走出营房对付民众骚乱): The police couldn´t control the mob so troops were called out. 警察无法控制乱民,因此出动了军队。 The Fire Brigade was called out several times on the night of 5 November to put out fires started by fireworks. 11月5日晚上,消防队多次奉召出动,以扑灭因燃放焰火而引起的火灾。 Doctors don´t much like being called out at night. 医生们不太喜欢夜间出诊。 call up(tr) (a)征去服兵役: In countries where there is conscription men are called up at the age of eighteen.(call up men/call men up/call them up) 在实行征兵制的国家里,18岁的男子要应征服役。 (b)给……打电话: I called Tom up and told him the news.(calld up Tom/called him up) 我给汤姆打电话,把消息告诉他了。 care not to care about(tr)对……淡漠,不关心……: The professor said that he was interested only in research;he didn´t really care about students. 教授说他只对研究感兴趣;他并不真的关心学生。 care for(tr) (a)喜欢(很少用于肯定句): He doen´t care for films about war. 他不喜欢战争影片。 (b)照看(除被动态外,较少使用): The house looked well cared for(=had been well looked after/was ingood condition). 房子看起来照管得很好。 carry carry on(intr)继续(常指工作或职责): I can´t carry on alone any longer;I´ll have to get help. 我无法再一个人继续下去了;我得找人帮忙。 carry on with(tr)与上用法相似: The doctor told her to carry on with the treatment. 医生告诉她应该继续这种疗法。 carry out(tr)履行(职责),服从(命令),执行(指令),(把威胁要做的事)付诸行动: You are not meant to think for yourself;you are here to carry out my or-ders. 你们的职责不是自己思考;叫你们来这里是要你们执行我的命令。 The Water Board carried out their threat to cut off our water supply. 自来水公司董事会把他们的威胁付诸行动,停止供应我们水了。(他们威胁要这样做,也真的这样做了。) He read the instructions but he didn´t carry them out. 他看了指示,但没有遵照执行。 catch catch up with(tr),catch up(tr/intr)赶上但没超过: I started last in the race but I soon caught up with the others.(caught them up/cautht up) 我在赛跑中最后一个起跑,但不久就赶上了其他人。 You´ve missed a whole term;you´ll have to work hard to catch up withthe rest of the class.(catch them up/catch up) 你缺了整整一学期的课,得努力学习以便赶上同班的其他人。 clean clean out(tr) a room/cupboard/drawer etc.彻底清理打扫(房间/碗柜/抽屉等): I must clean out the spare room.(clean the spare room out/clean it out) 我得把那间备用房(客房)彻底清扫一下。 clean up(tr) a mess, eg. anything spilt清扫(脏物,如撒出的东西): Clean up any spilt paint.(clean the spilt paint up/clean it up) 如果有溅出来的油漆,把它收拾干净。 clean up(intr)同上用法相同: These painters always clean up when they´ve finished. 这几位油漆工完工之后总要把场地打扫干净。 clear clear away(tr)把物件拿开以便腾出地方: Could you clear away these papers?(clear these papers away/clear them away) 你能不能把这些文件清除开? clear away(intr)散开: The clouds soon cleared away and it became quite warm. 云很快就散开了,天气变得相当暖和。 clear off(intr)走开(指室外) clear out(intr)走开(指室内)二者都是口语用法;作为命令时这样说是相当不礼貌的: ‘You clear off,´ said the farmer angrily.‘You´ve no right to put your caravans in my field without even asking my permission.´ “你们给我走开,”农民愤怒地说,“你们没有权利连我的许可都没征得就把住人的大篷车停在我的地里。” Clear out! If I find you in this building again,I´ll report you to the po-lice. 走开!你要再到这幢建筑里来,我就将你报警了。 clear out(tr)把(房间/碗柜/抽屉等)腾空以便放别的东西: I´ll clear out this drawer and you can put your things in it.( clear this drawer out/clear it out) 我会把这个抽屉腾空,这样你就能把你的东西放在里面了。 clear up(intr)有云或雨后天晴了: The sky looks a bit cloudy now but I think it will clear up. 现在天看来有点阴,但我想天会晴的。 clear up(tr/intr)收拾整齐干净: When you are cooking it´s best to clear up as you go,instead of leaving everything to the end and having a terrible pile of things to deal with. 烹调时,最好是边干边收拾,而不要把活留到最后而剩下一大堆东西要打扫收拾。 Clear up this mess.(clear this mess up/clear it up) 把这堆乱糟糟的东西收拾干净。 clear up(tr) (a)完成(某种尚待完成的工作): I have some letters which I must clear up before I leave tonight. 有几封信我今天晚上走以前必须写完。 (b)侦破(不可思议的怪事、案件等): In a great many detective stories when the police are baffled an amateurdetective comes along and clears up the mystery.(clears it up) 在许多侦探小说中,当警察束手无策时,来了个业余侦探,把案子给破了。 close close down(tr/intr)永远关闭,停业(指商店或买卖等): Trade was so bad that many small shops closed down and big shops closedsome of their branches down.(closed down some branches/closed themdown) 市面很差,许多小店停业了,大商店也关了一些分店。 close in(intr)逼近,从四面凑近(常用于雾、夜色、敌人等): As the mist was closing in we decided to stay where we were. 由于雾越来越逼近,我们决定留在原地不动。 close up(intr)缩小间距(指一行人): If you children closed up a bit there´d be room for another one on thisseat. 你们几个孩子要是挤一挤,这座位上还能加一个人。 come come across/upon(tr)碰巧发现,碰巧找到: When I was looking for my passport I came across these old photographs. 我在找护照时碰巧找到了这些旧相片。 come along/on(intr)和我一起来,陪伴我去(常用来敦促犹豫不决的人或拖拖拉拉的人): Come on,or we´ll be late. 快点,否则我们要迟到了。 come away(intr)(和我一起)走/离开: Come away now, It´s time to go home. 快走吧。该回家了。 come away/off(intr)自行脱落: When I pickd up the teapot the handle came away in my hand. 我拿起茶壶时,茶壶掉了而只剩茶壶柄在我手里。 come in(intr),come into( tr)进入: Someone knocked at my door and I said,‘Come in.´ 有人敲我的门,我说:“进来。” Come into the garden and I´ll show you my roses. 到花园里来,我给你看我的玫瑰花。 come off(intr) (a)(计划或阴谋)成功(用于否定句): I´m afraid that scheme of yours won´t come off.It needs more capitalthan you have available. 恐怕你那个计划不会成功。它需要的投资不是你能拿得出来的。 (b) 发生,按预先安排的那样发生: —When is the wedding coming off? —Next June. —婚礼什么时候举行? —6月份。 如果我们说The duchess was to have opened the bazaar(公爵夫人本来是要为义卖主持开幕仪式的),我们的意思是说计划是那样订的,但没有实现(她本安排好要去为它揭幕,但后来不得不取消这一安排)。 (c)(话剧、展览等)结束一轮演出或展出: ‘Lady windermere´s Fan´is coming off next week.You´d better hurryif you want to see it. 《少奶奶的扇子》下周要结束演出了。你要想看的话得抓紧点。 come out(intr) (a)被揭露或发觉(这里的主语常是the truth真相/the facts事实/the whol story 全部内情等;并且一般指有关人士想竭力掩盖的事实即丑闻等): They deceived everybody till they quarrelled among themselves;then onepublicly denounced the others and the whole truth came out. 他们把大家都骗了,直到后来内讧起来,其中一个人公开揭发了别人,这才真相大白。 (b)(书籍)发行: Her new novel will be coming out in time for the Christmas sales. 她的新小说将赶在圣诞节购物潮时发行。 (c)(污渍)消除,洗掉: Tomato stains don´t usually come out. 西红柿污渍一般洗不净。 come round(intr) (a)终于接受以前所反对的建议: Her father at first refused to let her study abroad but he came round(to it)in the end. 她父亲起初反对她去外国念书,但终于回心转意了。(他说可以让她去。) (b)到某人的家里来: I´ll come round after dinner and tell you the plan. 我晚饭后来转一下,把计划说给你听。 come round/to(intr;to重读) 恢复知觉: When we found him he was unconscious but he came round/to in half anhour and explained that he had been attacked and robbed. 我们发现他时他已失去知觉,但是半小时后他恢复了知觉,说他遭到殴打抢劫。 come up(intr) (a) 升到水面,生长出来: A diver with an aqualung doesn´t have to keep coming up for air;he canstay underwater for quite a long time. 备有潜水供氧器的潜水员无需不断升出水面呼吸;他可以在水下停留相当长的时间。 Weeds are coming up everywhere. 杂草到处蔓生。 (b)被提到: The question of the caretaker´s wages came up at the last meeting. 在上次会议中提到了看楼人的工资问题。 come up(intr),come up to(tr)走近,来到能说话的近处: A policeman was standing a few yards away.He came up to me and said,‘You can´t park here.´ 几码外站着一位警察。他走过来并对我说:“你不能把车子停放在这里。” crop crop up(intr)出现,意外地或偶然地出现(主语常是一个抽象名词如difficulties困难/the subject题目或是一个代词): At first all sorts of difficulties cropped up and delayed us.Later we learnthow to anticipate these. 起初冒出来了各式各样的困难,耽搁了我们。后来我们学会了如何为这些困难预作准备。 cut cut down a tree 砍倒树木: If you cut down all the trees you will ruin the land.(cut the trees down/ cut them down) 你要是砍倒所有的树木,就会把土地给毁了。 cut down(tr) 减少数量: We must cut down expenses or we´ll be getting into debt. 我们得减少支出,否则就要负债了。 ‘This article is too long,´said the editor.‘Could you cut it down to2,000 words?´ “这篇文章太长了,”编辑说,“你能不能把它缩到两千字?” cut in(intr)在车距极近的不安全情况下并行抢道并插到另一辆车前面: Accidents are often caused by drivers cutting in. 车祸常由司机抢道插到别的车前面而引起。 cut off(tr)切断、停止供应(宾语可以是水、电、煤气,也可以是被停供的人): The Company has cut off our electricity supply because we haven´t paidour bill.(cut our supply off/cut it off) 因为我们没有付电费,公司断了我们的电。 They´ve cut off the water/our water supply temporarily because they arerepairing one of the main pipes. 他们暂时断了我们的水源,因为在修其中的一条主要的水管。 We were cut off in the middle of our(telephone)conversation. 我们(电)话还没完,就被掐断了。(这可能是偶然的事,也可能是电话接线员故意的行为。) cut someone off 阻挡某人使其不能逃到安全地带(常用于指潮水围困,特别是用被动态时): We were cut off by the tide and had to be rescued by boat. 我们被潮水困住了,只好由小船搭救出来。 be cut off(intr)被隔绝在不方便的地方(主语常是某一地方或住在某一地方的人): You will be completely cut off if you go to live in that village becausethere is a bus only once a week. 你要是去住在那个村里,就会与世隔绝了,因为那里每周只有一班公共汽车。 cut out(tr) (a)从布、纸等上弄下所需形状: When I am making a dress I mark the cloth with chalk and then cut itout.(cut out the dress/cut the dress out) 我缝衣服时先用白粉在布上画出样子,然后再剪下。 Young people often cut out photographs of their favourite pop stars andstick them to the walls. 年轻人常把最喜欢的流行歌手的相片剪下来贴在墙上。 (b)略去,排除,不再继续: If you want to get thin you must cut out sugar.(cut it out) 你要是想瘦点,就得不吃糖。 be cut out for(tr)特别适合于……(用于指人,又常用于否定句中): His father got him a job in a bank but it soon became clear that he wasnot cut out for that kind of work. 他爸爸给他在银行里找了一个工作,但是不久就可以清楚地看出来,他不适合干那种工作。 cut up(tr) 切、割、剪成碎片: They cut down the tree and cut it up for firewood.(cut the tree up/cut up the tree) 他们把树砍倒并劈碎当柴火了。 die die away(intr)(声音)逐渐微弱直到听不到: They waited till the sound of the guard´s footsteps died away. 他们一直等到警卫的脚步声消逝了。 die down(intr)逐渐平静下来,直至平息(常指骚乱、火、心情的一阵波动等): When the excitement had died down the shopkeepers took down theirshutters and reopened their shops. 波动平息后,店主们取下了窗板,重新开店营业。 die out(intr)绝灭,成为过去(常指风俗、种族、动物品种等): Elephants would die out if men could shoot as many as they wished. 如果人们爱猎杀多少大象就可以猎杀多少,大象就会灭种了。 do do away with(tr)废除: The government should do away with the regulations restricting drinkinghours. 政府应该废除限制卖酒的时间的规章。 do up(tr)重新装饰: When I do this room up I´ll paint the walls cream.(do up this room/doit up) 我重新装修房间时,要把墙漆成奶油色。 do without(tr)不要……而凑合过,免去……也可以: We had to do without petrol during the fuel crisis. 在燃料危机期间,我们不得不过没有汽油的日子。 有时宾语可以意会,不说出来: If there isn´t any milk we´ll have to do without(it). 如果没有牛奶,我们只好将就了。 draw draw back(intr)撤退,(因惊惧而)向后闪: It´s too late to draw back now;the plans are all made. 现在再后退也太晚了;计划都订好了。 draw up(tr)草拟,写出(计划或协议书): My solicitor drew up the lease and we both signed it.(drew it up) 我的律师拟好了租约,我们两个人都签了名。 draw up(intr)停下(指车辆等): The car drew up at the kerb and the driver got out. 车在马路边停下,开车人下了车。 drop drop in(intr)未经通知而造访并停留较短的时间: He dropped in for a few minutes to ask if he could borrow your powerdrill. 他不告而来,坐了几分钟,问是否能借用你的电钻。(比call in更口语化些。) drop out(intr)退出(某计划或行动): We planned to hire a coach for the excursion but now so many peoplehave dropped out that it will not be needed. 我们原计划租一辆大客车去郊游,但是现在已有这么多人退出,车就不需要了。 enter enter for(tr)报名参加(竞赛、考试等): Twelve thousand competitors have entered for the next LondonMarathon. 已有12,000人报名参加下一次伦敦马拉松比赛。 fade fade away(intr) 消失,逐渐减弱(常指声音): The band moved on and the music faded away. 乐队继续行进,乐声逐渐听不见了。 fall fall back(intr)后退,撤退(指有意识的行动,与fall behind不同,后者是不由自主的): As the enemy advanced we fell back. 敌人向前推进,我们就后退了。 fall back on(tr) 退而求其次地使用某物: We had to fall back on dried milk as fresh milk wasn´t available. 因为找不到鲜奶,我们不得已使用了奶粉。 He fell back on the old argument that if you educate women they won´tbe such good wives and mothers. 他重弹老调,说如果给妇女受教育的机会,她们就不会是这样的贤妻良母了。 fall behind(intr)(因不能赶上别人而)落后,不能按协议的时间分期支付: At the beginning the whole party kept together but by the end of the daythose who were less fit had fallen behind. 起初全体人员都在一起,但到了晚间身体不够强壮的人就落后了。 He fell behind with his rent and the landlord began to become impatient. 他不能按期交房租,房东不耐烦了。 fall in with someone´s plans 接受别人的计划并同意与之合作: We´d better fall in with his suggestion for the sake of peace. 为了息事宁人,我们还是接受他的建议为好。 fall in(intr)of troops etc.列队,整队(指军队等) fall off(intr)(数目、观众等)减少,下降: Orders have been falling off lately;we need a new advertising campaign. 近来订货量下降了;我们需要再搞一次广告宣传运动。 If the price of seats goes up much more theatre attendances will begin tofall off. 如果票价大幅度上扬,观众人数就会下降了。 fall on(tr) 凶猛地袭击,扑上来(受害者没有自卫的机会,因为袭击者太有力;有时也用于描述饥饿的人急于吃食物): The mob fell on the killers and clubbed them to death. 乱民凶猛地攻击杀人者,把他们乱棍打死了。 The starving men fell on the food. 饥饿的人们狼吞虎咽地吃了起来。 fall out(intr)争吵: When thieves fall out honest men get their own. 窃贼争吵,好人受益。(格言;意指失主能得回他们的财产) fall out(intr)of troops etc.解散(队伍): The troops fell in and were inspected.After the parade they fell out and went back to their barracks. 队伍列队并接受了检阅。游行完毕后他们解散回营房了。 fall through(intr)(计划)未能实现,化为泡影: My plans to go to Greece fell through because the journey turned out to bemuch more expensive than I had expected. 我上希腊去的计划未能实现,因为我发现旅行远比我预期的要昂贵。 feed be fed up(intr),be fed up with(tr)完全厌倦,十分腻烦(俚语): I´m fed up with this wet weather. 我对这潮呼呼的天气腻烦极了。 I´m fed up with waiting;I´m going home. 我等得不耐烦了;我要回家了。 feel feel up to(tr) 感到有体力(能做某事): I don´t feel up to tidying the kitchen now.I´ll do it in the morning. 我现在没劲儿打扫厨房。我早上干吧。 I don´t feel up to it. 我觉得没有力气做这件事。 fill fill in/up ?forms etc.填写表格: I had to fill in three forms to get my new passport.(fill three forms in/fill them in) 为了领新护照,我不得不填写三张表格。 find find out(tr)通过有意识的努力而弄清或发现: In the end I found out what was wrong with my hi-fi. 我终于搞清楚我的高保真音响出了什么毛病。 The dog found out the way to open the door.(found it out) 那狗搞清楚怎么开门了。 find someone out 发现某人在干坏事(这常是一种意外的发现,因为某人一直是受信任的): After robbing the till for months the cashier was found out. 那出纳员从钱柜里偷钱偷了好几个月后才被发现。 fix fix up(tr)安排: The club has already fixed up several matches for next season.(fixed sev-eral matches up/fixed them up) 俱乐部已经为下一个赛季安排了几场比赛。 get get about(intr) 流转,运动或行动: The news got about that he had won the first prize in the state lottery andeverybody began asking him for money. 他买国家奖券得了头奖的消息不胫而走,大家都开始向他要钱。 He is a semi-invalid now and can´t get about as well as he used to. 他现在是个半残废了,不能像过去那样自在地行动。 get away(intr) 逃掉,脱身: Don´t ask him how he is because if he starts talking about his healthyou´ll never get away from him. 不要去问他身体好不好,因为他要是一谈起他的身体状况,你就会脱身乏术的。 I had a lot to do in the office and didn´t get away till eight. 我在办公室里事很多,到8点钟才得以脱身。 get away with(tr)做非法或错误的事后逃脱了惩罚,不被人抓住或发觉: He began forging cheques and at first he got away with it but in the endhe was caught and sent to prison. 他开始干伪造支票的事,起初他蒙混过去了,但最终被抓住并送进了监狱。 get back(tr) 收回: If you lend him a book he´ll lend it to someone else and you´ll never getit back.(get back your book/get your book back) 如果你借给他一本书,他就会转借给别人,你就再也收不回来了。 get back(intr)回到家里: We spent the whole day in the hills and didn´t get back till dark. 我们在山里呆了一整天,直到天黑才回到家。 get off(intr)被认为无罪而释放或未受到惩处(试与getaway with it比较,后者意指犯罪者根本没有被抓到): He was tried for theft but got off because there wasn´t sufficient evidenceagainst him. 他因某宗盗窃案而受审,但因证据不足而被无罪释放了。 The boy had to appear before a magistrate but he got off as it was his firstoffence. 那男孩不得不出庭受审,但因为是初犯而未受惩罚。 get on(intr),get on with(tr)有下面两种意义: (a)取得进展,得到成功: How is he getting on at school? 他在学校学习如何? He is getting on very well with his English. 他英文学得很好。 (b)友好地同别人一起生活、工作等: He is a pleasant friendly man who gets on well with nearly everybody. 他是一个愉悦、友善、几乎跟任何人都能相处得很好的人。 How are you and Mr Pitt getting on? 你和皮特先生相处得好吗?get out(intr) 脱身离开(一个封闭的地方): Don´t worry about the snake.It´s in a box.It can´t get out. 别担心这条蛇。它在盒子里,跑不出来。 News of the Budget got out before it was officially announced. 有关预算的消息,在正式宣布以前就走漏了。 I´m so busy that I don´t very often get out. 我太忙了,不大出门。 注意:命令句Get out是滚出去的意思,是很无礼的。只有在作下车的意思讲时才不是这样。 get out of(tr)使自己摆脱某种义务或习惯: I said that I´d help him.Now I don´t want to but I can´t get out of it. 我说过我要帮助他。现在我不想帮助他了,可是无法脱手。(不顾及这一允诺) He says that he smokes too much but he can´t get out of the habit. 他说他烟吸得太多了,但是他去不掉这习惯。 Some people live abroad to get out of paying heavy taxes. 有些人居住在国外,为的是摆脱沉重的捐税负担。 get over(tr) 恢复(原来生病、忧郁或精神上害怕等): He is just getting over a bad heart attack. 他曾心脏病大发,正在康复。 I can´t get over her leaving her husband like that. 她那样离开她的丈夫,我真想不通。(我还没有从惊讶中缓过劲来;我感到震惊不已。) He used to be afraid of heights but he has got over that now.他过去有恐高症,现在已经没了。 get it over(常以it为宾语,一般指某种不愉快的事)处理完某事并不再为它多忙: If you have to go to the dentist why not go at once and get it over? 你要是必须去看牙医,为什么不马上就去,一了百了呢? (注意勿将其与get over it混淆。二者意思完全不同。) get round a person 好言哄劝某人以使他让你做你要想做的事: Girls can usually get round their fathers. 女孩子们总能哄得爸爸们答应她们的要求。 get round a difficulty/regulation 找到解决困难或回避规章的方法: If we charge people for admission we will have to pay entertainment taxon our receipts;but we can get round this regulation by saying that weare charging not for admission but for refreshments.Money paid for re-freshments is not taxed. 我们如果向人们收门票钱,就得为进款交纳娱乐税;但我们可以避开这条规定,就是把收门票钱说成是收饮料点心钱。饮料点心钱是不收税的。 get through(tr/intr) 干完一项工作,胜利地完成一件事: He got through his exam all right. 他成功地通过了考试。 get through(intr) 打通(电话): I am trying to call London but I can´t get through;I think all the linesare engaged. 我正在往伦敦打电话,可是打不通;我想所有的电话线路都占线了。 get up(tr) 组织,安排(常指一项业余文娱活动或慈善事业): They got up a concert in aid of cancer research.(got it up) 他们组织了一次为抗癌研究筹款的音乐会。 get up(intr) 起床,站起身来,登上: I get up at seven o´clock every morning. 我每天早上7点钟起床。 (关于get用于指上/下交通工具,参见第93节D。) give give something away 把东西给人(不一定要说出是谁): I´ll give this old coat away.(give away this old coat away/give it away) 我要把这件旧外衣给人。 give someone away(宾语位于away之前)出卖或暴露某人: He said that he was not an American but his accent gave him away. 他说他不是美国人,可是他的口音让人听出他是美国人了。 give back(tr)(将某物)归还给原主: I must call at the library to give back this book.(to give this book back/to give it back) 我得去图书馆把这本书还了。 give in(intr) 屈服,退让,不再拒绝听从: At first he wouldn´t let her drive the car but she was so persuasive thateventually he gave in. 起初他不肯让她开车,可是她这么能说,最终他还是答应了。 give out(tr) (a) 口头宣称: They gave out the names of the winners.(gave the names out/gave themout) 他们宣布了获胜者的名字。 (b)分发,分给: The teacher gave out the books.(gave one/some to each pupil) 教师分发了书。 give out(intr)耗竭,用光(指供应品等): The champagne gave out long before the end of the reception. 在招待会结束前很久,香槟酒就都喝完了。 His patience gave out and he slapped the child hard. 他再也忍耐不下去了,用力打了那孩子一巴掌。 give up(tr/intr) 放弃努力,停止做某事的试图: I tried to climb the wall but after I had failed three times I gave up.(gaveup the attempt/gave the attempt up/gave it up) 我试图爬上那堵墙,但失败三次之后我放弃了。 A really determined person never gives up/never gives up trying.一个真正有决心的人绝不会放弃试一次的机会。 give up(tr) 放弃某种习惯、运动、学习、职业等: Have you given up drinking whisky before breakfast? 你已经不在早餐之前喝威士忌了? He gave up cigarettes.(gave them up) 他不吸烟了。 He tried to learn Greek but soon got tired of it and gave it up. 他曾想学希腊语,但不久就感到厌倦而放弃了。 give oneself up(宾语在up之前) 投降,自首,不再抗拒: He gave himself up to despair. 他完全沉湎于绝望中。 He was cold and hungry after a week on the run so he gave himself up tothe police. 他上路潜逃一个星期后饥寒交迫,只得向警方自首了。 go go ahead(intr)(继续)工作、前进,先走: While she was away he went ahead with the work and got a lot done. 她不在的时候,他继续干活,干了不少工作。 You go ahead and I´ll follow;I´m not quite ready. 你先走一步,我随后就来;我还没完全准备好。 go away(intr) 离开,走开,别在这儿: —Are you going away for your holiday? —No,I´m staying at home. —你假期出去吗? —不,我呆在家里。 Please go away;I can´t work unless I am alone. 请你走开;有人在旁边我无法工作。 go back(intr) 回去,后退,撤退: I´m never going back to that hotel.It is most uncomfortable. 我再也不回那家旅馆了。那儿太不舒服了。 go back on(tr) 收回或不履行(诺言): He went back on his promise to tell nobody about this. 他答应这件事对谁也不讲,可是他食言了。 go down(intr) (a) 得到赞同并被接受(常指一个主意、想法): I suggested that she should look for a job but this suggestion did not godown at all well. 我建议她去找个工作,可是这个主意她根本听不进。 (b)减少,减弱(指风、浪、重量、价格等): During her illness her weight went down from 50 kilos to 40. 在病中她体重由50公斤下降到40公斤。 The wind went down and the sea became quite calm. 风力减弱,海浪平息了。 go for(tr) 进攻,袭击: The cat went for the dog and chased him out of the hall. 那猫向狗发起进攻,把它赶出了门厅。 go in for(tr)对……特别感兴趣,练习做某事或使用某物,参加(某项比赛等): This restaurant goes in for vegetarian dishes. 这家饭馆供应素菜。 She plays a lot of golf and goes in for all the competitions. 她常打高尔夫球,参加所有的赛事。 go into(tr) 深入调查,研究,侦查: ‘We shall have to go into this very carefully,´said the detective. “我们得非常仔细地对此进行侦查,”侦探说。 go off(intr) (a) 爆炸(指军火或焰火),开火(指枪炮,尤指偶然走火): As he was cleaning his gun it went off and killed him. 他擦枪时,枪走火了,把他打死了。 (b)获得成功(指一项社会或社交活动): The party went off very well. 晚会开得很成功。(人人都玩得很高兴。) (c)开始一次旅行,上路,离开: He went off in a great hurry. 他非常匆忙地走了。 go on(intr)继续赶路: Go on till you come to the orossroads. 一直走到十字路口的地方。 go on(intr),go on with(tr),go on+动名词 继续做某事: Please go on playing;I like it. 请继续演奏下去;我喜欢这曲调。 Go on with the treatment.It is doing you good. 你要继续进行这种疗法。它对你是有效的。 go on+动词不定式 接着干(另一件事): He began by describing the route and went on to tell us what the tripwould probably cost. 他开始是描述这条路线,后来又告诉我们这次旅行可能要花多少钱。 go out(intr) (a) 出家门到外面去,外出: She is always indoors;she doesn´t go out enough. 她老是窝在家里;她外出得不够。 (b) 参加社会交活动,出去进行文娱活动等: She is very pretty and goes out a lot. 她长得很漂亮,常常到外头玩。 (c) 消逝,不再流行(指时装服饰): Crinolines went out about the middle of the last century. 有衬架支撑的女裙在上世纪中叶已不流行了。 (d) 熄灭(指灯、火等): The light went out and we were left in the dark. 灯光灭了,剩下我们摸黑呆着。 go over(tr) 仔细地检查,研究学习,重新诵记: He went over the plans again and discovered two very serious mistakes. 他又把计划过了一遍,发现了两个非常严重的错误。 go round(intr) (a) 足够供(一定数目的人)用: Will there be enough wine to go round? 葡萄酒够大家喝的吗? (b)到(某人)家去,过去: I said that I´d go round and see her during the weekend. 我说过我要在周末过去看看她。(到她家里去) go through(tr)仔细检查(常指多种东西;与look through意思相近,但具有更彻底的意思): There is a mistake somewhere;we´ll have to go through the accounts andsee where it is. 不知哪儿有个错误;我们得再把帐目彻底过一下,看错在哪儿。 The police went through their files to see if they could find any finger-prints to match those that they had found on the handle of the weapon. 警方仔细检查了他们的档案,看是否能找到同在凶器柄上发现的指纹相符的指纹。 go through(tr)承受,受苦,受罪: No one knows what I went through while I was waiting for the verdict. 没有人能知道我在静候判决时所承受的痛苦。 go through with(tr)完成,使进行至终结(尤指经历某种反对或困难): He went through with his plan although all his friends advised him toabandon it. 尽管他的朋友们都建议他放弃,他还是把计划进行到底。 go up(intr) (a) 上升(指物价): The price of strawberries went up towards the end of the season. 草莓将要下市时,价格上涨了。 (b)起火(并被焚毁),爆炸(指整个的建筑物、船只等): When the fire reached the cargo of chemicals the whole ship went up. 火焰延伸到运载的化学品时,全船都爆炸了。 Someone dropped a cigarette end into a can of petrol and the whole garagewent up in flames. 有人把烟头扔在一罐汽油里了,整个车库都陷于火海。 go without(tr)不要某物而将就着过日子(但只指物;gowithout a person只有字面的意义,即意指“不等某人来到就动身离去”) grow growout of(tr)长大了一些后不再继续保持幼时的(坏)习惯: He used to tell a lot of lies as a young boy but he grew out of that lateron. 他还是个小男孩时,常常说谎,可是后来大了就不那样了。 grow up(intr) 成为成年人,长大成人: I´m going to be a pop star when I grow up,´said the boy. “我长大了要当流行歌星,”那男孩子说。 hand hand down(tr)授予或传下去(指传统/信息/所有物等): This legend has been handed down from father to son. 这一传说代代相传。 hand in(tr)上交,交出(给什么人常不必提及,因为听话人已经知道了): I handed in my resignation. 我把辞职书交上去了。 Someone handed this parcel in yesterday.(handed it in) 昨天有人把这小包交来了。 hand out(tr)分发: He was standing at the door of the theatre handing out leaflets.(handingleaflets out/handing them out) 他站在剧院门口,分发小册子。 hand over(tr/intr)将权力或职责交给某人,移交: The outgoing Minister handed over his department to his successor.(handed his department over/handed it over) 即将离任的部长把他的部门移交给了后任。 hand round(tr)给在场的每一个人,给在场的大家轮流看: The hostess handed round coffee and cakes.(handed them round). 女主人给大家依次递来咖啡和点心。 hang hang about/around(tr/intr)(在附近)逗留不去: He hung about/around the entrance all day,hoping for a chance to speakto the director. 他整天等在入口,巴望着有机会同导演/主任谈一下。 hang back(intr)不愿采取行动,退缩: Everyone approved of the scheme but when we asked for volunteers theyall hung back. 人人都赞同这个计划,但是我们征求志愿者时,他们都退缩了。 hang on to(tr)抓住不放,不肯交出,不放手(俗语化的用法): I´d hang on to that old coat if I were you.It might be useful. 如果我是你,我就不放手那件旧外衣。它可能还用得着。 hold hold off(intr)保持在一段距离之外,不来到(指雨): The rain fortunately held off till after the school sports day. 幸亏雨直到学校运动会开过了才下。 hold on(intr) 等待(特指打电话时): Yes,Mr Pitt is in.If you hold on for a moment I´ll get him for you. 对,皮特先生在。请您等一会儿,我给您找他听电话。 hold on/out(intr)(不顾艰苦或危险而)坚持,坚持忍受下去: The survivors on the rock signalled that they were short of water butcould hold out for another day. 岩石上的幸存者发信号说他们缺水了,但还能坚持一天。 The strikers held out for six weeks before agreeing to arbitration. 罢工工人坚持了六周,才同意接受仲裁。 hold up(tr) (a) 以威胁或暴力使人停止向前走(时常由于想抢劫): The terrorists held up the train and kept the passengers as hostages. 恐怖分子强行制止火车前进,并把乘客劫为人质。 Masked men held up the cashier and robbed the bank.(held him up) 有几个蒙面人用武器迫使出纳员就范,把银行给抢了。 (b)使停止,使延迟(常用于被动语态): The bus was held up because a tree had fallen across the road. 因为有一棵大树横倒在路上,公共汽车停下了。 join join up(intr)参军,应征从军: When war was declared he joined up at once. 一宣战,他马上参军。 jump jump at(tr)热情地接受(一种建议或一次机遇): He was offered a place in the Himalayan expedition and jumped at thechance. 人家向他提议让他参加喜马拉雅山考察队,他求之不得地接受了。 keep keep somebody back(宾语在back前面)阻挡,拦阻,制止其前进: Frequent illnesses kept him back. 经常生病使他进展迟缓。 keep down(tr)压抑,控制: What is the best way to keep down rats?(keep them down) 控制鼠患的最佳方法是什么? Try to remember to turn off the light when you leave the room.I am try-ing to keep down expenses.(keep expenses down) 你离开时,要记得熄灯。我在努力控制支出。 keep off(tr/intr)避免在……上践踏,避免来到近旁: ‘Keep off the grass.´ “禁止践踏草地!”(公园里的布告) keep on 继续,不停歇: I wanted to explain but he kept on talking and didn´t give me a chance tosay anything. 我本想解释一下,可是他不住嘴地说,不给我说话的机会。 keep out(tr)阻止进入,挡住: My shoes are very old and don´t keep out the water.(keep the water out/ keep it out) 我的鞋很旧,漏水进去了。 keep out(intr)不许进来,留在外面: ‘Private.Keep out.´ “私人产业。不许进入。”(门上的告白) keep up(tr)继续保持(努力): He began walking at four miles an hour but he couldn´t keep up thatspeed and soon began to walk more slowly.(couldn´t keep it up) 他开始以每小时四英里的速度走路,但是无法维持那个速度,不久之后就放慢了脚步。 It is difficult to keep up a conversation with someone who only says‘Yes´and‘No´. 与光说“对”和“不对”的人很难把谈话继续下去。 keep up(intr),keep up with(tr)与某人齐头并进,和某人同速前进: A runner can´t keep up with a cyclist. 跑步的跟不上骑车的。 The work that the class is doing is too difficult for me.I won´t be able tokeep up(with them). 班上学的东西对我讲是太难了。我跟不上(他们)。 It is impossible to keep up with the news unless you read the newspapers. 你要是不读报,就跟不上时事。 knock knock off(tr/intr)(一天的活干完之后)歇了,收工,下班(俗语): English workmen usually knock off at 5.30 or6.00 p.m. 英国工人一般在下午5点半或6点下班。 We knock off work in time for tea. 我们收工后,正好能赶上喝下午茶。 knock out(tr)重击使之晕倒在地: In the finals of the boxing championship he knocked out his opponent,who was carried out of the ring.(knocked his opponent out/knocked himout) 在拳击锦标赛决赛中,他把对手击昏在地,后者被人抬出了拳击台。 lay lay in(tr)为自己准备足够的货品等以使其维持一段时间,储备(食物): She expected a shortage of dried fruit so she laid in a large supply. 她预期果脯会有短缺,所以囤积了一大批。 lay out(tr)为花园、建筑等安排平面设计: Le Notre laid out the gardens at Versailles.(laid the gardens out/laidthem out) 凡尔赛宫的园林是勒·诺特尔设计的。 lay up(tr)小心地存储以备将来用(指船只等): Before he went to Brazil for a year,he laid up his car,as he didn´t wantto sell it.(laid it up) 他要到巴西去一年,在此以前他把车子储存起来了,因为他不想把车卖掉。 be laid up(of a person)因病卧床不起: She was laid up for weeks with a slipped disk. 她因腰椎间盘突出,卧床数周之久。 lead lead up to(tr)为……做好准备,引出(比喻的用法): He wanted to borrow my binoculars,but he didn´t say so at once.He ledup to it by talking about birdwatching. 他想借我的望远镜,可又不直接说。他借着谈起观察鸟类的话题引出这件事。 leave leave off(常为intr)停止(做某件事): He was playing his trumpet but I told him to leave off because the neigh-bours were complaining about the noise. 他在吹喇叭,可是我告诉他别吹了,因为邻居们都在抱怨太闹了。 leave out(tr)省略,删去: We´ll sing our school song leaving out the last ten verses. 我们唱校歌要省略最后十节。 They gave each competitor a number;but they left out No.13 as no onewanted to have it.(left No.13 out/left it out) 他们给每个参赛者一个号码;可是他们把13号隔过去了,因为没有人要这个号码。 let let down(tr)放下来: When she lets her hair down it reaches her waist.(lets down her hair/lets it down) 她把头发放下来时,头发长抵腰际。 You can let a coat down(lengthen it)by using the hem. 你可以利用下摆把一件外衣放长。 let someone down(宾语在down之前)行动不像某人所期待的,未能执行某一协议,辜负某人: I promised him that you would do the work.Why did you let me downby doing so little? 我答应他说你会做这工作的。你为什么干得这么少而让我失望呢? He said he´d come to help me;but he let me down.He never turned up.他本来说过要来帮我;可是他把我涮了。他根本就没有来。 let in(tr)允许进入,放进来: They let in the ticket-holders.(let the ticket-holders in/let them in) 他们把持票人放进去了。 If you mention my name to the door-keeper he will let you in. 你要是对看门人提我的名字,他会放你进去的。 let someone off(宾语在off之前)不予惩罚: I thought that the magistrate was going to fine me but he let me off. 我本以为法官会罚我,可是他放了我一马。 let out(tr) (a)放宽(指衣服): That boy is getting fatter.You´ll have to let out his clothes.(let hisclothes out/let them out) 那男孩子长胖了。你得把他的衣服放宽一些。 (b)允许走开,放出: He opened the door and let out the dog.(let the dog out/let it out) 他开门把狗放出去了。 live live down a bad reputation小心做人以使人忘记自己的不良声誉: He has never quite been able to live down a reputation for drinking toomuch which he got when he was a young man.(live it down) 他年轻时有酗酒的恶名,至今未能完全挽回声誉。 live in(intr)住在工作的地方(主要用于仆人): Advertisement:Cook wanted.£140 a week.Live in. 广告:招聘厨师。周薪140镑。供住宿。 live on(tr)以……为主食: It is said that for a certain period of his life Byron lived on vinegar andpotatoes in order to keep thin. 据说拜仑曾有一段时期为了不发胖靠吃马铃薯和酸醋过日子。 live up tp(tr)维持某种道德、经济或行为标准: He had high ideals and tried to live up to them. 他有崇高的理想,并力求身体力行。(他试图按照自己的理想而行动。) lock lock up a house(tr/intr;常为intr)把房子所有的门都锁上: People usually lock up before they go to bed at night. 人们夜晚就寝前一般都锁好门窗。 lock up a person or thing 锁在……之内: She locked up the papers in her desk.(locked the papers up/locked themup) 她把文件锁在书桌抽屉里了。 look look after(tr)照料: Will you look after my parrot when I am away? 我不在的时候,你能否替我照看一下我的鹦鹉? look ahead(intr)考虑未来以便为之做准备: It´s time you looked ahead and made plans for your retirement. 是你为以后想一想并对退休后的生活做出安排的时候了。 look at(tr)看,望: He looked at the clock and said,‘It is midnight.´ 他看了看钟,说:“午夜了。” look back(intr),look back on(tr)回顾: Looking back,I don´t suppose we are any worse now than people were ahundred years ago. 看一看过去,我不认为我们比100年前的人更坏。 Perhaps some day it will be pleasant to look back on these things. 可能将来有一天我们回顾这些事时会感到愉快的。 look back/round(intr)向背后看(字面意义): Don´t look round now but the woman behind us is wearing the most ex-traordinary clothes. 现在别回头看,虽然我们后面那个妇女穿的衣服特别怪。 look down on(tr)轻视,看不起: Small boys often look down on little girls and refuse to play with them. 小男孩常常看不起小女孩并拒绝同她们一起玩。 She thinks her neighbours look down on her a bit because she´s neverbeen abroad. 她认为她的邻居们因她从来没有出过国而有点瞧不起她。 look for(tr)搜寻,探索,找: I have lost my watch will you help me to look for it? 我把表丢了。你能不能帮我找一下? look forward to(tr)盼望,期待(常带一个动名词): I am looking forward to her arrival/to seeing her. 我在期待着她的到来/看到她。 look in(intr)短暂地拜访某人(常不预先告诉对方,相当于call in): I´ll look in this evening to see how she is. 我今晚去探望她一下,看她身体如何。 look into(tr)调查: There is a mystery about his death and the police are looking into it. 他死得有点蹊跷,警方正在进行调查。 look on…as(tr)考虑为,认为,看成: Most people look on a television set as an essential piece of furniture. 多数人都把电视机看成是必不可少的家具。 These children seem to look on their teachers as their enemies. 这些孩子好像把老师视为敌人。 look on(intr)旁观: Two men were fighting.The rest were looking on. 两个男人在打架。其余的人在袖手旁观。 look on(tr), look out on(tr)(用于指房屋或窗户)面向,朝着……方向: His house looks(out)on to the sea. 他的房子面临大海。 look out(intr)保持 相关链接:语法专题指导
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