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Unit 17 Great Women 说课稿 浙江省象山中学:沈静娜 教材分析 1 ．单元背景分析： 从时间安排，本单元放在国际妇女节左右的时间，可以引起学生对妇女问题的关注。传统上女性作为贤妻良母，作为一名成功的男性背后的伟大女性而称颂。但“把女性还给历史，把历史还给女性”时，我们不难看出在社会发展过程中女性所做的不仅是生儿育女，操持家务等。她们也在政治，经济，科学文化，教育，军事等领域中熠熠生辉，彪炳史册。现今，妇女在取得进步的同时，无论中外都尚存在不少值得深思的女性问题，如妇女参政议政比率问题，妇女职业趋向问题，及美国黑人妇女现象等。 2 。本单元内容分析： 本单元中心话题为“伟大的女性”，并围绕此中心展开Warm up ,Listening ,Pre-reading ,Post-reading ,Language study ,Integrating skills ,Tips ,和Checkpoint 等系列活动。 Warming up: 此部分为两部分。第一部分，看图说话。针对四位著名女性谈论她们生平及在此展开心目中伟大女性的形象及产生的原因。第二部分，深层讨论针对女性在社会高层中成名或取得工作较难的问题，展开男女平等性的研讨。 Listening : 这部分是一则对话，两个人对旧照片中朋友展开介绍要求能正确抓住人物关系及人物特征的信息词：Workbook中是对世界妇女大会组织的介绍并探讨听力材料中人物及获奖的原因。 Speaking : 该部分分为两部分。第一部分看图说话。呈现出日常女性三个生活场景：工作，休闲，育儿。要求能正确使用有关形容词及句型谈论人物品质。第二部分分为小游戏“Guessing the name”。一位同学想着一名著名女性,其他同学以提问方式猜出人名。Workbook部分是对新中国成立后女性受到良好的教育及较多的工作机会,但为何她们接受高层工作机会较少展开讨论。 Pre-reading ：该部分是Reading的前奏曲。针对去南极探险展开提问.问题涉及探险用具，极圈附近地理环境，生态及动物等。 Reading : 该部分描述了一位60岁Helen Thayer女士独立探险南极的记述，刻画了一位勇于冒险,探索自然，不怕困难，冷静处事,意志坚强的女性形象。该文从Helen的日记中改编截取而来，共8段三个部分。第一段写开始探险，第二段到第七段说探险过程，第八段结束--由于身体缘故不得不放弃的心理描写。 Post-reading: 该部分分为两部分。第一部分对于课文的理解。第二部分要求描述Helen的品质及由此展开对女性品质的称赞。 Language Study：分为两个部分。第一部分词汇，采用选词填空的方式。第二部分语法是涉及主谓一致的情况。采用先提供语法知识，后用选词填空的方式和改写句子来巩固.Workbook词汇部分要求用正确形式填空及课文改编短文填词及翻译练习，语法中仍做主谓一致练习及一篇关于居里夫人的短文填空。 Integrating Skill：本文介绍了一位著名美国黑人妇女Oprah Winfrey的介绍。要求掌握刻画人物品质的介绍性说明文的写法，初步了解黑人妇女的状况及巩固书信的格式--该部分用了fan letter的方式来强调。 Tips： 掌握正确的方式描写人物。 Checkpoint： 语法检查---对主谓一致的掌握及总结群体性名词。本单元结束要求作一个简要的自评。 重点：1.词汇，词组及句型结构。 2.正确描述人物品质。 3.按照时间为序有层次的刻画人物写作手法的掌握。 4.了解掌握主谓一致。 5.巩固fan-letter. 难点 ：1 .形象准确描述人物。 2 .讨论：男女平等性开放性话题。 3 .了解男女平等,美国黑人问题及黑人妇女状况等问题。 4 。课时计划 Period 1: warming up & listening Period 2: speaking Period 3&4: pre-reading , reading ,post-reading. Period 5: language study. Period 6: integrating skill. 5 .Teaching plan Period 1 Warming up & Listening Goals: 1. To know briefly some famous women 2.To know the reason why we admire them 3. To catch the key words to describe persons Step one : Warming up 1. Daily report 2. Lead-in this unit by asking questions as follows This month is March .Can you tell me the festivals of this month in the world ? Can you tell me some days about women ? In the world , do you know a woman who really inspires you ?Can you explain the reason ? Can you tell me other famous women ? Look at the pictures ,who are they ? 3. Listening Now , I’d like you listen to some information about these four persons .After listening , tell me who I just describe . She was born in Warsaw on Nov,7,1867. When she was 24 years old , she went to Paris to continue her studies in Physics and Mathematical sciences . There, she got married to Pierre .After the death of her husband , she took the place as Professor of Physics .She discovered polonium and radium. She received the Nobel Prize twice.—Madame Curie. She was born in West Virginia, but she spent most of her life in China. In 1920s she began to publish stories and essays in magazines .Her first novel ,East Wind ,West Wind was publish in 1930. The Good Earth , her 2nd novel won her the Pulitzer Prize . She won the Nobel Prize in literature .She published over 70 books in her life time .---Pearl S. Buck She was born on August 27 ,1910. When she was12,she determined to help the poor and India was her destination . At 18, she went to India and took her initial vows as a nun . She devoted herself to this place . She received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979. She died in 1997—Mother Teresa .(To keep a lump burning ,we have to keep putting oil in it –Mother Teresa) She was born into a rich family . As the widow of Sun Yatsen , she became an important member of the elite of P.R.C. She was the vice-chairperson of the P.R.C. and devoted herself to the welfare activities for women and children.—Song Qinglin 4. Discussion It has been said life is difficult as it is .For women it seems twice as difficult .Is it more difficult for women to become famous or get jobs in high positions. What do you think? Step two : Pre-listening Now ,we have few chances to talk with the famous women face-to –face . With the help of modern machines, we know of them . Yet in our daily life ,we have more pictures of our dear friends . Now Alice and Lucy are talking about the old friends .Listen carefully. Step three : Listening (Extensive listening) 1. First time listening. Finish the blanks . At first, Alice didn’t like lily because she thought she was very ____ Sandra and Lily were like ___ and ____ Jane and Rose could ___ ____ well . Sandra ___ ___ a lot . She has her own ___together with a ____ of hers. 2. Second and third times listening. Finish the form What was her name? Lily Rose Jane Sandra What was she like? What was she good at? What has became of her? 3. Group work: every group just chooses one role Use you own words to describe Lily. Rose ,Jane and Sandra. 1. First time listening Listen it quickly and know the main idea of the material 2. Second time listening Listen it sentence by sentence and write down the passage sentence by sentence . 3. Third time listening Check the material carefully. Step five : Homework 1. Finish the exercises in P95 2. Find out other women organizations in the world . Period 2: Speaking Goals: To know how to describe the qualities of persons Step one : Warming up 1. Daily report 2. Check the women organizations in the world 3. Tell the story about a famous native woman such as Zhu Yingtai or Zhao Wuniang… Step two : Pre-speaking 1. What kind of person was Zhu Yingtai or Zhao Wuniang… Positive Negative strong smart honest friendly warm kind cheerful popular generous hard-working weak stupid lazy dishonest mean tense cold unkind unfriendly miserable dull 2. Why do people like her or admire her ? Useful expressions She seems to me to be a kind woman who…… The impression she makes on me is… I think she is the kind of person who is … She could be … She might be … People like her … She looks as if … You can see that … She doesn’t seem … Step three : Speaking 1. Pictures-talking in P30 Where are they ? What are they doing ? What kind of woman is she ? 2. Discussion Now women are asked to serve the society and at the same time to cook in the kitchen. How do you think of it ? 3. Group work in P30 Part 2 4. Group work in P96 A. Is it difficult for women to get a good job? Do you think there are some jobs that women cannot do ? What are they ? Is it even more difficult for women to become leaders or managers ? Do you think that women are less able than men ? B . Role- play: Four persons a group . One is boss of the company , one manager who is leaving ,one is colleague and another is worker .Make a decision whether the women can take the job or not . Step four : Post- speaking 1. Discussion: one group just chooses one topic A. Now in China , one family has the only child . the parents give the different education to the child .If the girl, she is asked to learn playing the piano ,violin or learn dancing . If the boys , he is asked to study hard . How do you think of it ? B. Now , in China there is a programme called Hope Project which helps the students who would lose the education because of the poor condition .And there is another programme called Spring Bud Programme which helps the girls who will lose the education . How do you think the projects ? C. Can you describe the development trend of women in the future and why ? D. In the Chinese history , there were four famous beauties : Xi Shi , Diao Chan, Wang Zhoujun and Yang Yuxuan. Some people just said it was they that buried some dynasty. How do you think the relationship between beauty and history. 2 . Debate between boys and girls Men/Women are more important to the development of the society . 3. Appreciation : Butterflies in love(Zhu Yingtai acted in a play called God River Married wifes) Period 3 & 4 Reading Goals : 1.To know the famous woman named Helen Thayer 2. To know how to write a vivid journey diary 3. To get moral education to the students Step one : Warming up 1. Daily report 2. Brief introduction of Poles A. Show the picture of the world Can you tell me where the south pole and north pole are ? Do you know the names of the three countries that are part of the North Pole ? How about the South 道Pole ? Which animals live on the North Pole ? And which on the South Pole ? Do you know other information about Antarctic ? B. Show a small film fragmentary from Antarctic. C. Imagination: You are traveling to the South Pole. When will you go ? What will you take with ? Do you like traveling alone or traveling with many people ?And why ? If traveling alone , which trouble will you meet with ? How big is the Antarctic? Is it bigger than China ? How many hours of sunlight will Helen have each day while walking across the Antarctic? How does the summer climate differ from the winter climate? How is the Antarctic (South Pole) different from the Arctic (North Pole) in terms of weather and animal life? Now , we will see a famous woman named Helen Thayer who traveled alone to the South Pole . Step two :Pre –reading Age is no barrier to your dreams and goals ._______Helen Thayer Brief introduction of Helen Thayer Helen Thayer World Adventurer, First Woman to Solo the North Pole. Wrote the National Bestseller Polar Dream about her journey. Born and educated in New Zealand, Helen Thayer walked and skied alone to the magnetic North Pole in 1988 at the age of 50. She was totally unsupported, pulling a 160-pound sled filled with supplies. Her only companion was Charlie, a black Canadian Eskimo Husky. His job was to walk at her side to protect her from polar bears. He saved her life at least once. Helen, her husband, and Charlie live in the Cascade foothills. In 1997, she traveled alone to the South Pole ,yet it failed at last because of her injuries Step three : Reading . 1. Skimming :Make a decision whether the statement True or False 1) She spent her 50th and 60th birthday in Antarctica. (F) 2) During her expedition in Antarctica ,the weather was very good though the wind was very icy (F) 3) Every November there was bright sunshine 24 hours a day. (T) 4) Her birthday fall on the 22th day when her began her journey to the South Pole .(F) 5) She had got self-rescue training before the expedition . (T) 6) She will never forget the solo travel in the south Pole. (T) 2. Scanning : more questions about text comprehension. 1) What about the weather in the south pole 2) How did she celebrate her birthday ? 3) How did she self-rescue after she had fallen into a hole ? 4) What was her biggest trouble she had met at last ? 5) Did she continue the journey at last? 6) What kind of journey did she describe it ? 7) Why did Helen want to want to travel the South Pole? 8) What kind of woman is Helen? 3 . Analyse the journey : 1) Ask the students to divide the text into several parts Beginning ; Paragraph 1 Process: Paragraph2-7 Ending: Paragraph 8 2) Give the time and ask the students to finish the events Time:1997/11/1 Event :beginning the traveling Time Event Time :11/23 ━━━━ Event; give up the travel The first day The third day The next week Good weather Stormy weather Stronger wind 1997/11/12 Birthday party A few days later Self-rescue from a hole 1997/11/22 Continue expedition 1997/11/23 Hurt leg 3) Can you tell about the feeling of her at last ? 4. Explain the language points Step four: post reading 1. Interview: You are a host and your partner is Helen .Now give a chat with Helen Such as: Q. What skills do you think young people need to succeed in life? A. Set Goals, plan for success, and believe in themselves. Q. In this high-tech world, what’s the most important aspect of education? A. A well-rounded education with a broad view of the world. Q. Who was the biggest influence in your life? Why? A. My parents, Sir Edmund Hillary Q. What’s the toughest part of your job? A. Finding time to do all that I want. Q. How did you deal with temptations facing teens and young people when you were that age? A. I was very focused on goals, for example, I wanted to represent New Zealand on the National track and field team, become a high altitude climber, and a good student. I dedicated my life to these goals and succeeded in reaching each goal. To set goals, I saw myself as a success, and it kept me far from trouble, therefore my teen years were fun. Q. If you could have dinner with anyone, past or present, who would it be and why? A. My husband, parents and Sir Edmund Hillary. They all shaped my life. Q. When you were a teenager, what place in the world did you most want to visit, and have you traveled there yet? Was it as wonderful as you thought it would be? Why or why not? A. The magnetic North Pole was my dream. I am the first woman to walk there alone without support. I wrote a best selling book about my journey with my polar bear dog Charlie who saved my life from polar bears. When I finally arrived after having survived storms, a tent fire, frozen fingers, broken sea ice and polar bears I had a tremendous feeling of achievement. I didn’t matter that I was first. It mattered that I had a goal, a plan and therefore I stood at the Pole. 2.Group work: Role-play ---Family together. Now Helen is just at home from the journey .Helen’s Mama ,Helen’s husband and the children are around her .Make a short dialogue among them . 3.Discussion: In a conference , some people just gave a proposal: In the 21th century , let women return to the families. How do you think of it Step five : Homework 1. Finish the exercise in P32 2. Lecture : My idol women 3. Find some famous women in the 20th century in the internet . Period 5 : Language study Goals ; To master subject –verb Agreement Step one : Warming up Daily report -Lecture : My idol women Step two : Word study 1. Play a game : Two students from each group are standing face to face . Some words are shown on the screen . One of them explains them one by one , the other tries to say the word by guessing its meaning. The one who guesses the most in the given time will win .(dishonest ,solo, challenge, generous, value, slope, shelter ,optimistic, inspire, threaten miserable , mean , cheerful) 2. Fill in the blanks of Word Study in P32 Step three : Grammar : Subject –verb Agreement 1. Learn the rules Singular nouns are used with singular verbs . Plural nouns are used with plural verbs Collective nouns can have a singular or plural verb. If the noun refers to the unit as a whole , the verb is singular . If it refers to the individual members of a unit ,the unit is plural. 2. Exercise in P33 Part 1 3. Group competition : Fill in the blanks 1) You, he and I are students . Both coffee and beer are on sale in the shop. The teacher and writer is her friend. No boy and no girl likes it . Not you but I am to answer for it . 2) Either the teacher or the students are to blame . The boy with his dog is here . Tom, together with Mary and Alice, is going to see the Smiths . Neither of these words is correct. 3) A lot of students are waiting outside. More than 30 percents of the surface is covered by water . A new type of machine is on show . There is an apple ,two oranges and some bananas on the plate. 4) She is one of the engineers who are experts in German. Our football team is playing well. The police are after a cheat. Your glasses are on your nose. This pair of compasses is made in Beijing . 5) Clothes keep people warm. Many a way has been tired. Driving cars is easy . Three times five is fifteen . One and a half bananas is left on the table . 6) Every man and every woman is at work. Large quantities of food were wasted . The old are taken good care of here . A flock of sheep are near the tree . 4. What are collective nouns :bands club company minority police party public audience 5. Do exercise in P33 Part 2 Step three : A game :develop a story Provide the students one sentence and ask them develop the story .One student only say one sentence .And in the story ,try to use the new words as follows I –a girl- was walking in a street , suddenly ….. I am playing the piano . I find Mother is shouting because ….. Steep four : Homework 1. Exercise in P97-P99 : Practising 2. Reading: American Women America has been called a democracy since its independence more than 200 years ago. However, at that time , only men were permitted to vote . Only men could own land and practice most professions. Women could not get a higher education or hold public office. The woman’s place was considered to be the home. Working women were not common. They usually had poor jobs and little respect. Through the history of our country, many Americans women have worked to reduce the restrictions that society placed on them . They have increased . Colleges and universities were established for women . Later women were admitted to schools originally established only for men . In the early part of century ,American women were finally allowed to vote . During and since World War II American women have become a considerable part of the American work force. Today, many women in American hold important positions or are pursuing careers that they could not pursue in the past .but many women are often paid less than men for the same work they do . The top positions in nearly all fields are still overwhelming held by men .In many ways ,a women’s life is still dominated by her father or her husband .Recently women worked to get an amendment the US Constitution guaranteeing their rights . The equal rights amendment ,as it was called ,was support of two-thirds of the stats which is necessary for a constitutional amendment . Nevertheless , the role and the rights of American women is an important concern in the US today.. Exercise 1. How were American women restricted by the society ? 2. What are some of the things which women are dissatisfied with? 3. Are women’s rights guaranteed in the US Constitution ? 4. Why is it said that opportunities for women have increased ? 5. What is necessary if Americans women want to get an amendment to the Constitution ? Period 6 Integrating Skills Goals : 1. To learn how to introduce a famous person 2. To learn how to write a fan letter Step one : Warming up 1. Daily report 2. Check the homework 3. See a film fragmentary from The Colour Purple 4.Discussion: How do you think of black women . How do you think of a successful black woman Step two : Pre-reading As we know there are many famous women in all fields . They have got many prizes and achievement fame and fortune .Fans , flowers and applause are all around them. What we have seen is their success and their fame .But do you know about how they can be successful . Now , we will see a woman acted in The Colour Purple about her real life experience . Step three : Reading 1 Read the text and find out how Oprah Winfrey can achieve success. A successful TV personality a woman who has inspired millions work for television •talk about /great moments/ difficulties •help / come to terms with •program about literature / popular •win many prizes go to university Host a talk show AM Chicago → The Oprah Winfrey Show for over 20 years. A bright girl 6—14 hard •won a college scholarship •part-time job on a radio program black born in a poor family skip second grades hard work discipline self-improvement success 3. Discussion 1) What do you think is needed in order to be a successful woman? 2) From this text , how will you write a famous person ? Beginning: Briefly introduce why she is famous Process: Introduce her life experience ,give some examples which show her qualities. Ending :What can we learn from this person ? 3. Oral practice .: Introduce Yang Lan 杨澜，1968年生于北京。1986年至1990年就读于北京外国语大学。 1990年，杨澜成为中国中央电视台《正大综艺》女主持人 1990年至1994年初，主持《正大综艺》节目，创造了收视之冠的佳绩。 1994年获得中国首届主持人“金话筒奖”。 1996年初，杨澜被美国媒体广泛报道。 在《纽约时报》头版报道后，《新闻周刊》又大幅报道。 1996年，杨澜还被选入英国《大英百科全书世界名人录》。同年，她与上海东方电视台联合制作的《杨澜视线》节目成功发行全国52个省市电视台，收视率在各地文艺节目中均获得不俗成绩。 1997年4月，她应联合国副秘书长之邀，作为东亚唯一代表，出席了联合国世界媒体圆桌会议，11月又应邀出席联合国“97世界电视论坛”。 1997年1月，杨澜散文集《凭海临风》出版，销量超过50万册。 1997年7月，加盟凤凰卫视中文台，并于1998年1月推出访谈节目《杨澜工作室》，自己既是制片也担任主持人，采访了多名著名时事人物，节目大受评论欢迎和赞赏。 1998年4月，开播的《百年吒咤风云录》，杨澜担任主持，引领观众走入过去时光， 重温100年来影响历史进程人和事。 杨澜说：“电视是我一生的追求，不在乎这一、二年的辉煌，我认为我将来的事业还有20年”。杨澜已从单纯的主持人走向一名具有真正国际性的电视制片人。 1999年10月离开凤凰卫视中文台。担任阳光文化影视公司董事局主席。 Step Four : Writing Famous people get many fan letter . They enjoy it and often send their fans an answer . Write a short letter to a famous person you admire . If you want to ask an autography or ask a question , you should make sure to know quite lot about him or her before you start writing .Read the sample and go on to read tips on writing and try to find out how to write a fan letter . Write a letter to Yang Lan Step five : Self-assessment Unit 17 Class Name No: In this unit, you’ve learned about great women. How comfortable do you feel like practicing each of the skills below? 1=Not comfortable 2=Need more practice 3=Comfortable 4=Very comfortable Skills Comfort level Talk about the reason why we admire great women 1 2 3 4 General assessment Learn how to describe the people 1 2 3 4 Study some rules of Subject-Verb Agreement 1 2 3 4 Use new words and expressions 1 2 3 4 Learn to write a fan letter 1 2 3 4 Reflection I learn____________________________________________ I would like to know more about ______________________ I am still no sure about _______________________________ Group assessment 姓 名 小组发言次数 全班发言次数 提出问题个数 解决问题个数 查找资料个数 与人合作次数 总体评价 补充材料 International Women's Day ------ March 8 International Women's Day is an occasion marked by women's groups around the world. This date is also commemorated at the United Nations and is designated in many countries as a national holiday. When women on all continents, often divided by national boundaries and by ethnic, linguistic, cultural, economic and political differences, come together to celebrate their Day, they can look back to a tradition that represents at least nine decades of struggle for equality, justice, peace and development. International Women's Day is the story of ordinary women as makers of history; it is rooted in the centuries-old struggle of women to participate in society on an equal footing with men. In ancient Greece, Lysistrata initiated a sexual strike against men in order to end war; during the French Revolution, Parisian women calling for "liberty, equality, fraternity" marched on Versailles to demand women's suffrage. The idea of an International Women's Day first arose at the turn of the century, which in the industrialized world was a period of expansion and turbulence, booming population growth and radical ideologies. In the years before 1910, from the turn of the 20th century, women in industrially developing countries were entering paid work in some numbers. Their jobs were sex segregated, mainly in textiles, manufacturing and domestic services where conditions were wretched and wages worse than depressed. Trade unions were developing and industrial disputes broke out, including among sections of non-unionised women workers. In Europe, the flames of revolution were being kindled. Many of the changes taking place in women's lives pushed against the political restrictions surrounding them. Throughout Europe, Britain, America and, to a lesser extent, Australia, women from all social strata began to campaign for the right to vote. In the United States in 1903, women trade unionists and liberal professional women who were also campaigning for women's voting rights set up the Women's Trade Union League to help organise women in paid work around their political and economic welfare. These were dismal and bitter years for many women with terrible working conditions and home lives riven by poverty and often violence. In 1908, on the last Sunday in February, socialist women in the United States initiated the first Women's Day when large demonstrations took place calling for the vote and the political and economic rights of women. The following year, 2,000 people attended a Women's Day rally in Manhattan. In 1910 Women's Day was taken up by socialists and feminists throughout the country. Later that year delegates went to the second International Conference of Socialist Women in Copenhagen with the intention of proposing that Women's Day become an international event. The notion of international solidarity between the exploited workers of the world had long been established as a socialist principle, though largely an unrealised one. The idea of women organising politically as women was much more controversial within the socialist movement. At that time, however, the German Socialist Party had a strong influence on the international socialist movement and that party had many advocates for the rights of women, , including leaders such as Clara Zetkin. Inspired by the actions of US women workers and their socialist sisters, Clara Zetkin ;had already framed a proposal to put to the conference of socialist women that women throughout the world should focus on a particular day each year to press for their demands. The conference of over 100 women from 17 countries, representing unions, socialist parties, working women's clubs, and including the first three women elected to the Finnish parliament, greeted Zetkin's suggestion with unanimous approval and International Women's Day was the result. That conference also reasserted the importance of women's right to vote, dissociated itself from voting systems based on property rights and called for universal suffrage - the right to vote for all adult women and men The voice of dissent on this decision came from the English group led by Mrs. Despard of the Women's Freedom League, a group actively engaged in the suffragette movement. Conference also called for maternity benefits which, despite an intervention by Alexandra Kollontai on behalf of unmarried mothers, were to be for married women only. It also decided to oppose night work as being detrimental to the health of most working women, though Swedish and Danish working women who were present asserted that night work was essential to their livelihood. 联合国妇女地位委员(United Nations Commission on the Status of Women) 联合国自1945年诞生之日起就将提高妇女地位、促进男女平等视为自己神圣的职责。《联合国宪章》序言明确写了：“重申基本人权，人格尊严与价值，以及男女与大小各国平等权利之信念。”1946年，联合国经济及社会理事会设立了一个由15个成员国组成的妇女地位委员会，专门研究有关妇女权利的紧迫问题，审议妇女在政治、经济、社会、教育等方面权利与地位的状况，提出建议并制定促进提高妇女地位的措施。1975年以来，联合国又创办了“提高妇女地位国际研究训练所”、“妇女发展基金会”、“消除对妇女歧视委员会”，这些机构的建立，表明了国际社会对男女平等问题的关注。在长达半个世纪的岁月里，联合国在促使妇女的事业成为全人类的事业方面做出了卓越贡献。正是在联合国的倡导、推动及不懈的努力之下，才有当代迅猛发展的国际妇女运动。 世界妇女大会 世界妇女大会 (World Conference on Women) 是专门讨论妇女问题的政府间的世界性大会，世界妇女大会期间同时举办“非政府组织妇女论坛”简称“论坛”，它是世界妇女大会的辅助性会议，先于大会一周召开并与大会有一二天交叉。它涉及面广，参加人数众多，是民间组织讨论妇女问题的主要场所，人数往往超过大会本身。召开非政府组织妇女论坛是联合国类似会议的习惯作法，论坛的形式为规模不等的讨论会和专题讨论会。论坛没有正式议程，不透过决议和宣言，建议可透过出席会议的代表转交给大会。 历次世界妇女大会 第一次世界妇女大会：１９７５年６月１９日－７月２日在墨西哥首都墨西哥城为记念该年为“国际妇女年”，召开了联合国成立以来第一次专门讨论妇女问题的政府间的世界大会，名为“联合国国际妇女年世界会议”。来自１３３个国家和地区的代表团，联合国各专门人大常委会副委员长李素文率中国代表团参加了这次大会。会议一个重要成就是透过了《关于妇女的平等地位和她们对发展与和平的贡献的宣言》（简称《墨西哥宣言》）和《实现妇女年目标而制定的世界行动计划》（简称《世界行动计划》）。《墨西哥宣言》特别对男女平等下了定义，即：男女平等是指男女的人的尊严和价值的平等以及男女权利、机会和责任的平等。 第二次世界妇女大会：１９８０年７月１４日－３１日在丹麦首都哥本哈根召开，名为“联合国妇女十年中期会议”。来自１４５个国家及联合国系统有关组织和专门机构的代表２０００多人与会。当时的中国政协副主席、全国妇联主席康克清率中国代表团出席大会。大会拟定并透过了《联合国妇女十年后半期行动纲领》，特别强调就业、保健和教育是发展的重要组成部分，以期早日实现平等、发展与和平的目标。大会还举行了《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》的签字仪式，康克清代表中国在公约上签了字。 第三次世界妇女大会：１９８５年７月１３日－２６日在肯尼亚首都内罗毕召开，名为“审查和评价联合国妇女十年成就世界会议”，１５７个国家和地区的代表，５６个联合国系统专门机构和各有关组织以及享有联合国经社理事会咨询地位的非政府组织的观察员等６０００多人与会。当时的中共中央政治局候补委员、国务委员陈慕华率中国代表团出席了大会。大会最后透过了《到２０００年提高妇女地位内罗毕前瞻性战略》，简称《内罗毕战略》。同年１２月，第４０届联大核准了《内罗毕战略》。 第四次世界妇女大会：１９９５年９月４日－１５日在中国北京召开。会议主题为：以行动谋求平等、发展与和平；次主题为：健康、教育和就业。１８９个国家的政府代表团，机构和有关组织的１０００多名代表出席了会议。代表中的７０％是妇女。当时的中国全国联合国系统各组织和专门机构，政府间组织及非政府组织的代表１５０００多人出席了会议。以全国人大常委会副委员长、全国妇联主席陈慕华为团长的中国政府代表团出席了会议。大会制定并透过进一步加速执行《内罗毕战略》的《北京宣言》和《行动纲领》，指出了提高全球妇女地位的主要障碍，制定了今后的战略目标和具体行动。 历次非政府组织论坛情况 １９８０年在丹麦哥本哈根召开的第二次世界妇女大会期间，有１００多个国家和地区的８０００多名代表参加论坛，进行了５０多场讨论会、协商会。 １９８５年在内罗毕召开的第三次世界妇女大会期间，论坛围绕大会“平等、发展与和平”的主题和“健康、教育和就业”的次主题，展开了广泛的讨论与交流，就妇女的法律和经济地位、营养、农村发展、城市化、难民、家庭暴力、人口和计划生育、参与决策、裁军与和平等问题，共举办了１０００多场讨论会，同时还举办了手工品展览会、文艺演出、组织与会者参观农村发展项目等活动。 １９９５年在北京召开的第四次世界妇女大会期间，来自世界各地非政府组织的３１５４９人参加了非政府组织妇女９５论坛（其中境外与会者２６５４９人，我国与会者５０００人）。论坛围绕“平等、发展、和平”这一主题，讨论了全球妇女关注的问题及涉及妇女的各类问题。共进行了３９００场讨论、协商会，举办了５０００多场图片、书籍、展览、表演等活动，同时还举办了工艺品展销、妇女实用技术、电影论坛等项目活动。 亚太妇女领导人网络 亚太妇女领导人网络(Women Leaders Network，以下简称WLN)是第四次世界妇女大会后形成的与APEC相关的组织。它无领导机构和常设机构，不是一般意义上的组织，它的存在更多地表现在每年一次的由亚太地区官、学、商妇女参加的亚太妇女领导人会议，简称WLN会议。 WLN会议一般由当年APEC会议东道主主办。自1996年起，WLN会议每年举行一次，先后在菲律宾、加拿大、马来西亚、新西兰和文莱举行。会议议题一般与政府会议主题密切相连。妇女领导人会议主要是为亚太地区妇女提供进行交流的论坛，重点为各国中、小企业的女企业家开展经贸合作提供机会，并向APEC提出意见和建议。 自1998年以来，WLN会议积极推动APEC制定《将妇女融入APEC框架文件》(以下简称《框架文件》)。1998年底，APEC成立了社会性别融入特别工作小组(以下简称特别工作小组)，WLN的骨干成员与各自政府合作派专家参与了上述文件的制定。1999年，《框架文件》完成，该文件作为推动妇女参与APEC活动的指导纲要和战略，强调三个相互联系的内容：1 运用性别分析方法；2收集并使用性别分列统计数据；3增加妇女对APEC所有论坛的参与。之后，APEC成立了高官会社会性别融入特设咨询小组，在APEC中继续承担有关妇女问题的联络和协调机构，并推动框架文件的落实。 All-China Women's Federation中华全国妇女联合会 Founded on April 3, 1949, the All-China Women's Federation (ACWF) is a mass group united by women from various ethnicities and circles for the further liberation of women. It is the largest NGO for improving women's status in China, and its basic function is to stand for women, protect women's rights and interests, and promote equality between men and women. The ACWF practices an organizational system of local women's federations and group members. The local women's federations at various levels are set up according to the state administrative divisions. Women workers' committees of trade unions in factories, mines and enterprises, and those at upper levels are all group members of the ACWF. At present there are about 60,000 federations at or above the township and neighborhood level, 980,000 women's representatives' committees and women's committees at the grassroots-level, and about 5,800 local group members at various levels. The highest power organ of the ACWF is the National Women's Congress held every five years. The Standing Committee is the leading organ when the Executive Committee is not in session. Under it there is the Secretariat, made up of the First Member and several Members who are elected by the Standing Committee and in charge of the daily work. The ACWF has the Human Resources Department, Women Development Department, Rights and Interests Department, Publicity Department, Children Department and International Liaison Department. The Color Purple is a1982 novel by Alice Walker and the1983 Pulitzer Prize for fiction. The book is written in letter form, the central character being Celie, a young woman who is sexually abused by her father (who, she later discovers, is her stepfather) and is forced to marry a widower with several children, who is physically abusive towards her. When her husband's mistress, singer "Sug" Avery, comes on the scene, life changes for Celie and she learns how to stand up for herself. The women go away together and start a successful business. Celie is reunited with the sister she believed dead. This book is often argued to address many issues which are important to understanding African American life during the early-mid 20th Century. Its main theme is the position of the black woman in society, as the lowest of the low, put upon both because of her gender and her colour. The book was made into a1985 film by Steven Spielberg, starring Danny Glover, Whoopi Goldberg, Margaret Avery, and Oprah Winfrey. Music by Quincy Jones . |
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