增强书面表达效果的技巧
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对于学英语，同学们感到最头痛就是写书面表达。平时有些同学问到，考试时，写出的书面表达要点齐全，表达也正确，可就是不知道为什么打不上高分。是啊，为什么呢？今天，我们就这个问题，谈谈增强书面表达效果的技巧。
首先来看2003年全国高考英语书面表达的评分标准：
第五档（很好）：“覆盖所有主要内容；应用了较多的语法结构和词汇；语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致；应用简单的语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑；达到了预期的写作目的。”
高考书面表达评分标准在语言的运用上对考生提出了更高的要求。也就是说在考查考生语言准确性的基础上，进一步强调了用词的得体性、表达方式的多样性。如果同学们仅运用基础的词汇和基本的句型，不能体现出较强的语言运用能力，即使要点齐全，表达没有语法错误，也不能给人一种含金量高的审美享受，因此很难在考试的评分中得到较高档次。评分标准给我们传递了另外一个信息，如果有意识地使用较高级词汇或复杂结构，即使有些错误，也不扣分，仍属于最高档次。
因此要使一个平淡的文章变得丰富起来，从而提高书面表达的档次。我认为同学们应着力于以下三种增强书面表达效果的技巧。
一、怎样使用较高级的词汇
词汇反映你知识贮存量的多少，也是衡量英语水平的一个重要标志。从评分标准可知，运用高级的词汇对提高书面表达的分数至关重要。大家先来看下面这些句子：
1. Because the weather was good, our journey was comfortable.
Thanks to the good weather, our journey was comfortable.
2. We all think he is a great man.
think highly of him.
3. Suddenly I thought out a good idea. 　…came upon …
A good idea occurred to me. /A good idea suddenly struck me.
4. The students there needn’t pay for their books.
Books are free for the students there.
5. As a result the plan was a failure.
The plan turned out (to be) a failure.
6. When she heard he had died, she went pale with sorrow.
At the news of his death, she went pale with sorrow.
7. She went to Austria in order to study music.
She went to Austria for/with the purpose of studying music.
8. When he spoke, he felt more and more excited.
The more he spoke, the more excited he felt.
9. In our school, there are twenty–six classrooms.
Our school is made up of twenty–six classrooms.
/Twenty–six classrooms make up our school.
10. You can find my house easily.
You’ll have no trouble/difficulty finding my house.
二、怎样使用较丰富的句式
在整篇文章中，避免只使用一两个句型，要灵活运用各种语法结构，运用得当的句子结构可以给文章增色不少，从而使整篇文章因此而生辉。
1. When he arrives, please give me an e-mail.（使用V-ing形式）
→On his arriving/ arrival, please give me an e-mail.
2. To his surprise, the little girl knows so many things.（使用名词性从句）
→What surprises him is that the little girl knows so many things.
(That the littler girl knows so many things surprises him.
It surprises him that the littler girl knows so many things .)
3. Though I’m weak, I’ll make the effort. (使用倒装句)
→Weak as I am, I’ll make the effort.
4. He did not know what had happened until he had read the news in the newspaper.
(使用强调句型 ①.It was… ②.not until…)
→①It was not until he had read the news in the newspaper that he knew what had happened.
→②Not until he had read the news in the newspaper did he know what had happened.
5. I passed the physics exam because of your help.（使用虚拟语气）
①→I could not have passed the physics exam but for your help.
②→If you had not helped me, I could not have passed the physics exam.
6. She walked out of the lab and many students followed her. (用过去分词)
→Followed by many students, she walked out of the lab.
7. They sang and laughed as they went back to school.( 使用V-ing形式)
→Singing and laughing, they went back to school.
8. I won’t believe what he says. （使用状语从句）
→No matter what he says, I won’t believe.
9. If you study hard, you will make rapid progress. （使用并列句）
→Study hard and you’ll make rapid progress.
10.He had no sooner come back from Beijing than he was sent abroad. (使用倒装句)
→No sooner had he come back from Beijing than he was sent abroad.
三、怎样使用恰当的连接词
使用恰当连接词，对写出一篇有“英语味”的文章很重要，能使整篇文章上下衔接自然、紧凑，使文章有一定的流畅性，以使文章层次清晰，行文连贯。下面表格中是写作中经常用到的一些连接词。
逻辑角度 合适的过渡性词汇
时间顺序 first, second, then, finally/at last, immediately,suddenly , soon
空间顺序 here, there, on one side…on the other side,in front of, at the back of, next to
对称顺序 for one thing, for the other thing, on one hand,on the other hand
转折顺序 but, however, while, though, otherwise
因果顺序 because, since, as, thanks to, as a result (of)
条件顺序 as long as, so long as, on condition that, if, unless
让步顺序 though, as, even if/though, whether, who(what,when, where)ever
递进顺序 what’s more, besides, to make the matter worse,what’s worse
过渡性插入语 I think, I’m afraid, you know, As we all know
On one side of the road there is a new classroom building. On the other side, where the playground used to be now stands another new building—our library. (NMET99范文)As far as I know, everyone is happy about this new arrangement of things.(NMET01范文)
What’s more, I can go to bed earlier. (NMET01范文)
下面我们来看一篇书面表达：
联合国教科文组织某考察团正在我国某乡村参观考察。假定你是接待人员，请根据下列提示以发言稿的形式简要介绍这个村的情况：
1） 大小：近100户人家，约500口人。
2） 变化：过去很穷，78年后变化很大。人们生活比以前好多了。现已旧貌换新颜。
3） 教育：原来的学校很小，现已经过改建。新建的教学楼有4层，是村里最美的建筑物。村所有学龄儿童在此免费就读。
注意：（1）要点齐全，前后连贯。
（2）词数：100－120之间。
依据要点，草拟提纲，将所需要的语言材料准备好。可以只列出主要的词、词组、短语及句型。暂不考虑动词的时态、语态、单数第三人称等词形变化。
1)100 families and 500 people/
2) used to be very poor/ change a lot/ richer than before/ take on a new look
3) was very small/ have been rebuilt
4)newly-built/have 4 storeys/ most beautiful building
5) school-age children/ enjoy free education
扩展成句，连句成篇。本文为一篇发言稿，其格式与口头通知大体相同。因此，短文应有称呼、开场及结束语。既然介绍的是小村，所使用的人称应为it.应注意时态、语态的正确运用，并适当使用一些连接成分将所列的语句连成完整的语篇。全文应结构紧凑，前后连贯。
Ladies and gentlemen,
Welcome to our village! ①This village is very small. It has nearly 100 families and about 500 people. It used to be very poor.②It has changed a lot since 1978 ③. People here ④are richer than before. Now it is taking on a new look.
In the past, the school here was very small⑤. ⑥Now it has been rebuilt. ⑦The newly built teaching building⑧has 4 storeys and it is the most beautiful building in the village. All the school-age children can study here.⑨They enjoy free education in it.⑩Thank you.
大家看，这篇书面表达要点齐全，表达也没语法错误，但语言平淡，表达方式单一，逻辑性也差，因此很难在考试的评分中得到较高档次。如果使用一些恰当的连接词，并尽量使用较高级的词汇和较复杂的语法结构，这个平淡的文章就会有很大改观，甚至会变得更精彩。
Ladies and gentlemen,
Welcome to our village! ①This village is a small one with/which has nearly 100 families and about 500 people. It used to be very poor. ②However, it has changed a lot since 1978 ③and has been developing very fast. People here ④have/live a much better life than before . Now it is taking on a new look.
In the past, the school here was very small⑤and most children couldn’t afford to go to school.⑥But now it has been rebuilt⑦and the newly built teaching building ⑧which has 4 storeys is the most beautiful one in the village. All the school-age children can study here. ⑨What’s more/Also, they enjoy free education.
⑩May you enjoy your stay here/May you have a pleasant time here! Thank you.
①用介词短语作定语或用含定语从句的主从复合句。②语句间缺少连接成分However。③表现作者对现在乡村的发展的喜悦心情，也起到承上启下作用。④较高级词汇。⑤作者对过去孩子们上不起学表示遗憾和同情。⑥语句间缺少连接成分，添加But。⑦语句间缺少承上启下连接成分and。⑧用含定语从句的主从复合句。⑨此处应添加一个承接上下文的过渡性词语，如“What’s more/Also”，这样，前后就显得更加连贯了。⑩如能适当发挥，在结尾处添加像“May you enjoy your stay here/May you have a pleasant time here!”的表希望、祝愿的语句，会使全文更加完整，使文章读起来更亲切，完全达到与读者进行交流的目的，从而收到更佳的表达效果。
　④较高级词汇。
　①⑧较复杂句式。
②⑥⑦⑨这些连接词的恰当使用无疑能使全文过渡自然，令读者对后续的句子产生心理的期待和准备，增强句子间的逻辑性和紧凑性。
③⑤⑩适当增加句子的感情色彩，增加一些人情味，使文章读起来更亲切，完全达到与读者进行交流的目的。
以上我们可以看出，要使文章连贯、流畅，就要使用较高级词汇、复杂句子结构以及恰当的连接词，才能给人一种美的享受，才能在考试的评分中得到较高的档次。总之，希望同学们通过以上启发，灵活运用，坚持用科学的方法多写多练，就一定能写出高质量的英语作文，在高考中取得成功。
(2)
请你根据下列表格的内容，阐述一下你对减少城市人口的看法。
建议项 具体措施 目 的
1 A． 晚婚B． 一对夫妇一个孩子 减少人口自然增长（人口出生率）
2 严格控制外地人进城务工经商 减轻外地人口对城市的压力
3 A． 在郊区，建造生活、商业、文教、卫生、娱乐休闲生活小区B． 在城市的县里建造卫星城 吸引城市居民到郊区和卫星城工作和生活。
Our modern city is too crowded, and to solve the problem, I have three suggestions. First of all, practise the policy of “ Late Marriage ”and “ One Couple, One child ” so as to reduce the birth rate. Secondly, the city government must have a tight control of people entering cities to engage in trade or do various physical jobs in order to reduce the pressure on the city caused by the increasing population. Finally, more and more people suggest that living blocks with shopping centers, school, hospital as well as cinemas and theatres or even satellite towns should be built in the city suburbs or the countries round the cities. In this way city citizens will be encouraged to move there. If these three suggestions are well carried out, the city population will be greatly reduced.
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