Unit 3 Australia
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【学习要点】
　1．重点词汇、短语、句型结构
　1)beyond, thirst, thus
　2)go camping; put out; fix up; die of; be known as…; live by sth.(doing sth.); rather than…;give birth to; feed on; as a result; become experienced at…
　3)catch sb. doing sth.; three times as many as…
　2．课文掌握程度
　1）了解Australia历史、地理概况
　2）复述阅读课文。
　3．重点语法
　1)The V-ing Form as Object Complement
　2)The V-ing Form as Adverbial
　4．交际要求
　Talk about how to go camping.
【重点难点分析】
　１，Yang Pei and Jackie are going camping in the Australian bush with some other friends.杨培和杰基准备同几个朋友到澳大利亚的丛林里去露营。
　　句中的"going camping"属于"go doing"的结构，表示"去干某事"的意思，多指从事与体育、娱乐有关的活动，例如：
　　go boating　去划船　　　go camping去露营
　　go climbing　去登山　　 go cycling　去骑车
　2，live by与live on的用法区别
　live by意为"以……为生"， by后接动名词，表示方式； live on也作"以……为生"解释，但on后接名词，表示主语主要吃什么，即主食是什么或表示主语的收入。如：
　They lived by fishing and hunting. 他们靠渔猎为生。
　The six Indian blind men lived by begging. 这六个印度盲人靠乞讨为生。
　People in the south live on rice. 南方人以大米为主食。
　Plants live on minerals from the earth. 植物靠土壤里的矿物质维持生命。
　I don't know what he lives on. 我不知道他靠什么过活。
　They lived on a small income.他们靠微薄的收入维持生活。
　3，rather than的几种用法
　1) rather than此处是介词短语，意思是"与其"、"不是"，相当于instead of。如：
　I think you, rather than Mary, is to be punished.
　我认为该受惩罚的是你，而不是玛丽。
　Rather than fish, we'll have fried eggs and meat for lunch.
　今天午餐吃煎蛋和肉，而没有鱼。
　The colour seems green rather than blue.
　这颜色看上去是绿的，而不是蓝的。
　I always prefer starting early, rather than leaving everything to the last minute. 任何事情我总是喜欢早点做，不要到最后。
　I'll have a cold drink rather than coffee. 我要喝冷饮，不想喝咖啡。
　2)rather than可以和would连用，如would rather…than…或would…rather than…这时要注意"平?quot;问题，即其前后必须用相同的语法单位。如：
　I'd rather have the red one than(have)the green one.
　我宁愿要红的，不愿要绿的。
　I'd take the slowest train rather than go there by air.
　我宁可乘坐最慢的火车也不愿坐飞机去那儿。
　He would rather walk than drive. 他宁愿步行不愿开车。
　I'd prefer to go in August rather than in July. 我愿八月去，不愿七月去。
　I'd call her hair chestnut rather than brown.
　我宁愿说她的头发是栗色，而不是棕色。
　【注意】I'd rather +动词原形，通常意为"我宁愿……"，相当于"I'd prefer to…"，具有选择意义，即"宁愿做……不愿做"。但是，当后接动词like, enjoy, appreciate时，rather是一个程度副词，象quite和fairly一样无选择意义，所以I'd rather like不是"我宁愿喜欢"，而是"我相当（很）喜欢"。试比较下列句子：
　①"I'd rather like a cup of coffee."
　"Oh, would you? I'd rather have a beer. "
　"我很想来杯咖啡。""噢，是吗？我宁愿喝杯啤酒。"
　②We would rather appreciate your help. 我们非常感谢你的帮助。
　③Which would you rather have, tea or coffee? 你更愿意喝什么，茶还是咖啡？
　④He would rather enjoy seeing a film on Sundays. 他很喜欢在星期天看场电影。
　3）在would rather前后可用不同的主语来表示某人宁愿让另一个人做某事，这时，一般用过去时来表示现在或将来要做的事。如：
　"Shall I open a window? ""I'd rather you didn't."
　"我开一扇窗好吗""你最好别开。"
　Don't come tomorrow. I'd rather you came next weekend.
　明天别来，我希望你下周末来。
　I'd rather you told me the truth. 我宁愿你给我讲实话。
　I'd rather you went home now. 我愿意让你现在就回家。
　4）谈到过去的动作，用过去完成时。如：
　I'd rather you hadn't done that.我真希望你没做过那件事。
　I'd wish you had answered the question. 我真希望你回答了这个问题。
　I'd rather you hadn't done that. 我希望你没做过那件事。
　4，take place与happen的用法
　固定词组take place意为发生，举行，多指举行活动，发生某事（可指发生好事或不好的事），happen多指发生意外事故，不幸的事。如：
　The wedding will take place next week.婚礼定于下周举行。（take place不能用happen代换）
　The opening of the play will take place tomorrow night. 剧的首演式将于明晚举行（take place不能用happen代换）
　The accident took place only a block from my home.事故发生地离我家只一个街区。（took place可以用happened代换）
　▲动词happen以及词组take place, break out等只能用作不及物动词，不能用被动语态形式。如：
　The conversation took place last night.谈话于昨晚举行。（不能说：The conversation was taken place last night.）
　The car accident happened last week. 交通事故发生在上星期。（不能说：The car accident was happened last week.）
　The war broke out in October. 战争于10月份爆发。（不能说：The war was broken out in October. ）
　【注意】词组take sb.' s place或take the place of sb./sth. 意为代替某人，某物，不可与take place混淆。如：
　My brother is ill, and I've come to take his place.
　我兄弟生病了，所以我来代替他。
　Plastics have taken the place of many old materials.
　塑料已经取代许多旧材料。
　5，They became experienced at finding underground springs.　
　他们对寻找地下泉水有经验。
　experience n，经验（不可数），经历（可数）
　experienced adj，有经验的，与in、at连用。例如：
　Experience is the best teacher。
　This was another example of their lack of experience。
　I′ve no experience of （in） teaching。
　None of the others have lived my experiences。
　He has had move than one experience of prison。
　She was an experienced teacher。
　They were quite experienced in teaching beginners。
　He is very experienced in mending cars。
　
　6，In area it is about the same size as the USA (without Alaska), which has more than thirteen times as many people.　从面积上讲，它大体上相当美国（阿拉斯加除外），而美国的人口却是澳大利亚人口的１３倍还多。
　1）句中area作"面积"解，介词in在这里表示"在……方面"。例如：
　　China is large in size and rich in resources.　中国地大物博。
　　The TV tower is nearly 40 metres in height.　这座电视塔将近４０公尺高。
　2）比较的修饰及倍数的表达法
　形容词或副词比较级前，加上某个状语成分，会使比较意义有所增强。例如：
　①This office is much larger than that one.
　这个办公室比那个大得多。
　②There are a lot more apple trees in our school garden in your school garden.
　我们校园的苹果树比你们校园里的苹果树多得多。
　③This book is three larger than that one.
　这本书比那本书大三倍。
　④They produced 15% more rice last year than they did in 1990.去年他们的水稻产量比1990年的产量增加了百分之十五。
　【注意】以上③④归纳为句型：
　"A is…times +adj./adv.（比较级）+than B."
　另外这一句型还可转化为句型
　"A is…times as+adj./adv. （原级）+as B."例如：
　Bob is twice as heavy as Jack.
　鲍勃的体重是杰克体重的两倍。
　At least,　 the train runs 6 times as fast as the boat.
　火车的速度至少为小船速度的六倍。
　After the experiment, the plant is four times as tall as it was before.
　在实验以后，这种植物为过去高度的四倍。
【语法知识－V-ing】
　　１，The v-ing form as object complement (v-ing形式作宾语补足语)
　　在一些动词如see, hear, notice, watch, keep, find, feel, leave等后面v-ing形式可与一个名词或代词构成复合宾语，还可说名词或代词为宾语，v-ing形式为宾语补足语object complement。例如：
Don't you see a girl running towards us?
有个女孩向我们跑来，你没看见吗？
　　比较：在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等动词后，既可用v-ing form做宾补，也可用bare-infinitive（不带to的动词不定式）做宾语补足语，两者中间有些差别，用v-ing form，表示动作正在发生，即动作发生的过程，还没有结束；用动词不定式表示动作发生了，即动作过程结束了。如：
　　He saw a girl getting on the tractor.　他看见一个女孩子在往拖拉机上爬。
　　２．The v-ing form as adverbial (V-ing形式作状语)
　　 V-ing形式作状语通常表示四种意思：
　　（１）表示原因，相当于一个表示原因的状语从句，多放句首，如：
　　Being so poor in those days, we couldn't afford to send the boy to hospital. (=As we were so poor...) 那时我们那么穷，我们没有力量送孩子上医院。
　　（２）用作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，多放在句子前部。如：
　　Turning around, she saw an ambulance driving up.
　　她转过身时，看见一辆救护车开了过来。（＝When he turned around, ...）
　　（３）作伴随状语，表示主语正在进行的另一个动作，和谓语动作或状态是同时发生的，一般放在句子后部。如：
　　They sat facing each other. 他们面对面地坐着。
　　They ran out, talking and laughing. 他们说着笑着跑出去。
　　（４）表示结果状语，通常放在句子后面。如：
　　The bus stopped suddenly, this causing the delay. 汽车突然停开，造成耽搁。
【例题解析】
　1，The salesman scolded the girl caught ______ and let her off. （92年高考题）
　A．to have stolen
　B．to be stealing
　C．to steal
　D．stealing
　【答案】D
　【解析】本题考查目标是看学生是否掌握catch sb. doing这一结构，caught在这里是过去分词做后置定语，相当于the girl who was caught stealing。例：
　　The farmer caught a man stealing his apples. 或A man was caught stealing apples. 那个农民发现一个人正在偷他的苹果。
　2，Rather than ___ on a crowded bus, he always prefers ____a bicycle. （94年高考题）
　A．ride, ride
　B．riding, to ride
　C．ride, to ride
　D．to ride, riding
　【答案】C
　【解析】该题考查目标是看学生是否掌握了prefer to do A rather than do B．（宁愿做某事而不愿做…）尽管把主句放在后边，
　3，Professor White has written some short stories, but he is ______ known for his plays.　　　 （98年高考题）
　A．the best
　B．more
　C．better
　D．the most
　【答案】C
　【解析】本题考查分词作形容词时的比较。句中的Professor White既写过short stories，又写过plays，将他两种体裁作品相比较，应用比较级，A项和D项显然不可。known作形容词表示某人或某物知名度或受欢迎程度，前面常有副词修饰。其三级比较形式为well 　known, better known, best known。例如：
　Today he is well known as a model leader.
　今天他是有名的模范领导人。
　He was better known as a poet.作为诗人，他名望更大。
　4，The family history has been _____ from generation to generation.
　A. handed in B. handed on C. handed down D. handed out
　【答案】C
　【解析】此题考查学生对hand词组的掌握。
　hand in "上交"如：
　All the students should hand in English exercise-books after class.
　hand out "分法、施舍"
　hand down "传下来，传给后世"
【语法专项练习－动名词】
Ⅰ.单项选择
1.No one enjoys 　　　　　　　　at.
　A.laughing　　　　 B.to laugh
　C.being laughed　 D.to be laughed
2.You must do something to prevent your house 　　　　　　　.
　A.to be broken in 　 B.from being broken in
　C.to break in　　　　 D.from breaking in
3.They insisted on 　　　　　　　　another chance to try.
　A.given　　　 B.giving　　　 C.being given　　　 D.to be given
4.—Where is my passport? I remember 　　　　　　　　it here.
　—You shouldn't have left it here. Remember 　　　　　　　　it with you all the time.
　A.to put；to take　　B.putting；taking
　C.putting；to take　 D.to put；taking
5.His room needs 　　　　　　　, so he must have it 　　　　　　　.
　A.painting； painted　　B.painted； painting
　C.painting； painting　 D.painted； painted
6.After finishing his homework he went on 　　　　　　　　a letter to his parents.
　A.write　　　 B.writing　　　 C.wrote　　　 D.to write
7.The young trees we planted last week require 　　　　　　　　with great care.
　A.looking after　　　　 B.to look after
　C.to be looked after　 D.taken good care of
8.Only 　　　　　　　　English doesn't mean 　　　　　　　　the language.
　A.to learn；to learn
　B.learning；learning
　C.learning about；learn
　D.learning about；learning
9.She returned home only to find the door open and something 　　　　　　　　　.
　A.missed　　　　 B.to be missing
　C.missing　　　　D.to be missed
10.She decided to devote herself 　　　　　　　the problem of old age.
　A.to study 　　　 B.studying
　C.to studying 　 D.study
11.Remember 　　　　　　　　the newspaper when you have finished it.
　A.putting back 　 B.put back
　C.to put back 　　D.be put back
12.As she is looking forward to 　　　　　　　　　　from me, please remember 　　　　　　　　　　this letter on your way to school.
　A.hear；post　　　　　　 B.hearing；to post
　C.be heard；posting 　 D.be hearing；to posting
13.Grandma said that she had a lot of trouble 　　　　　　　　your handwriting.
　A.to read　　　 B.to see　　　 C.reading　　　 C.in seeing
14.Writing stories and articles 　　　　　　　　what I enjoy most.
　A.is　　　 B.are　　　 C.was　　　 D.were
15.We appreciate 　　　　　　　　us to the ball.
　A.them to invite　 B.to invite
　C.their inviting　 D.being invited
16.Would you mind 　　　　　　　　quiet for a moment? I'm trying 　　　　　　　　a form.
　A.keeping；filling out
　B.to keep；to fill out
　C.keeping；to fill out
　D.to keep；filling out
17.He was afraid 　　　　　　　　for being late.
　A.of seeing　　 B.of being seen
　C.to be seen　 D.to have seen
18.I'd like to suggest 　　　　　　　　the meeting till next week.
　A.to put off 　 B.putting off
　C.put off 　　　 D.to be put off
19.I don't see how I could possibly manage 　　　　　　　　the work without 　　　　　　　.
　A.finish；helping
　B.to finish；being helped
　C.finishing；helping
　D.finishing；being helped
20.Anything worth 　　　　　　　　is worthy of 　　　　　　　　well.
　A.doing；being done
　B.doing；doing
　C.to be done；to be done
　D.to be done；being done
21.We advised them to take a rest, but they insisted　　　　　 　the work.
　A.finish　　　 　 B.to finish　　
　C.in finishing 　 D.on finishing
22.I delayed 　　　　　　　　your letter because I had been away for a week.
　A.answer　　　 B.answering　　　 C.writing　　　 D.to post
23.The thief drove as fast as he could to escape 　　　　　　　by the police.
　A.to be caught　　B.he caught
　C.being caught 　 D.catching
24.I searched for my wallet and it wasn't there. At first, I thought I 　　　　　　　it at home. Then I remembered 　　　　　　　　it out to pay for the taxi.
　A.must have left；to take
　B.may leave；taking
　C.might leave； to take
　D.could have left；taking
25.　　　　　　 　the news of his father's death, he burst into tears.
　A.After hearing 　 B.On hearing
　C.While hearing　　D.Having heared
26.　　　　　　 　his mother, the baby could not help 　　　　　　　.
　A.To see；to laugh　 B.Seeing； to laugh
　C.Seeing；laughing　 D.To see；laughing
27.It's no use 　　　　　　　　so much money on clothes.
　A.spend　　　 B.spent　　 C.spending　　 D.being　 spent
28.The sentence needs　　　　　　　　　
　A.improve　　　 　 B.a improvement
　C.improving 　　　　D.improved
29.If he succeeded 　　　　　　　　a job, his children wouldn't be suffering from hunger 　now.
　A.to find　　 　 B.to look for
　C.in finding　　 D.in looking for
30.I still remember 　　　　　　　　to my home town when I was young.
　A.taking　　　 B.taken　　　 C.being taken　　　 D.to take　
Ⅱ.填入动名词的适当形式
　1.Can you imagine yourself 　　　　　　　　in a lonely island? (stay)
　2.I can't understand your 　　　　　　　　at that poor child.(laugh)
　3.She didn't mind 　　　　　　　　overtime.(work)
　4.To make a living, he tried 　　　　　　　, 　　　　　　　, and various other things, but he had failed in all .(write; paint)
　5.We are looking forward to Mary's　　　　　　 . (come)
　6.She was praised for 　　　　　　　　the life of the child.(save)
　7.She ought to be praised instead of 　　　　　　　. (criticize).
　8.Is there any possibility of our 　　　　　　　　the championship?(win)
　9.He came to the party without 　　　　　　. (invite)　
Ⅲ.将下列句子译成英语
　1.我最喜欢的运动是游泳.
　2.今天去没有用, 他不会在家.
　3.你写完作文了吗?
　4.请原谅我来晚了.
　5.他不声不响地走了进来.
　6.他走进来了, 没有被看见.
【参考答案】
Ⅰ.1.C　 2.B　 3.C　 4.C　 5.A　 6.D　 7.A　 8.D　 9.C　 10.C
　 11.C　12.B　13.C　14.A　15.C　16.C　17.B　18.B　19.B　20.A
　 21.D　22.B　23.C　24.D　25.B　26.C　27.C　28.C　29.C　30.C　
Ⅱ.1.staying　　　　　　 2.laughing　 3.working
　 4.writing; painting　 5.coming　　 6.having saved
　 7.being criticized　　8.winning 　 9.being invited　
Ⅲ.1.My favourite sport is swimming.
　 2.It's no use going there today. He won't be in；(can't be in).
　 3.Have you finished writing your composition?
　 4.Excuse me for being；(coming)；late.
　 5.He entered the room without making any noise.
　 6.He entered the room without being seen.

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