unit 7 Cultural relics word study |
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Unit 7 Word study 【常用单词积累】 complete, base, protect, include, flow, ruin, beauty, portrait, represent, repair, at least, give in, give up, include, breath, limit, damage, ancient 【常用句子分析】 1. You can select five things that represent Chinese culture,… 2. Where there is a river, there is a city. 3. ... ,but it is true that many of the world's greatest cities have been built on the banks of a river. 4. More than three hundred years ago, the Russian Gar Peter the Great came here and built a new capital—St Petersburg. 5. The Russian Gars ended their rule in this city during the Russian Revolution of 1917 ,but the palaces where they had lived were kept as museums. 6. Painters and workers had to be very careful when they were trying to bring the city back to life. 7. With the help of old paintings and photographs, the people of St Petersburg were able to bring back the beauty of their culture and history. 8. ... and the old palaces have been made as wonderful as in the past. 9. Strong, proud and united, the people of St Petersburg are the modern heroes of Russia. 10. We hope that it will make Beijing even more beautiful. 11. No, the pollution does not come from cars or factories, but from human beings. 12. I think one way to solve the problem is to put glass walls in front of the paintings. 13. Second, the number of visitors should be limited. 【单元口语交际】 1.What shall we put in? 2.Why not…? 3.Why don't you…? 【重点难点解析】 现在完成时的被动语态 【阅读分析点拨】 完形填空题解题指导 【常用单词积累】 1.complete (1)用作动词,意思是“完成,结束,使完满”,通常用作及物动词。 e.g.He completed his homework on time. 他按时完成了作业。 The plan is now completed. 计划已完成。 (2)用作形容词,意思是“十分的,完全的,完满的”。 e.g.He is a complete stranger to me. 他是我素不相识的人。(我根本不认识他。) We have got complete success in that experiment. 我们在那个试验中获得了完全的成功。 2.base (1)用作动词,意思是“把……基于”、“以……作根据”。 e.g.Scientific theories must be based on facts. 科学理论一定要以事实为根据。 I base my hopes upon the news we had yesterday. 我的希望是以我们昨天得到的消息为根据的。 (2)用作名词,意思是“基础,底,地基”,“基地,根据地”,通常用作可数名词。 这个花瓶常倒,因为底部太小。 The Red Army made Jinggangshan the base for the revolution. 红军把井冈山作为革命根据地。 3.protect 用作动词,意思是“保卫,保护”,与defend同义,通常用作及物动词。 e.g.It is our duty to protect our homeland. 保卫祖国是我们的职责。 The government should protect the children from losing school. 政府应该保护儿童不失学。 4.include (1)用作动词,意思是“包括,包含”,通常用作及物动词。 e.g.The price includes house and furniture. 这个价格包括房子和里面的家具。 (2)including 用作介词,意思是“包括,包含在内”。 e.g.Some of us have been to the Great Wall,including Wei Fang. 我们中有些人到过长城,包括魏芳在内。 (3)included 用作过去分词,常用在名词或代词后面。 e.g.Everyone laughed,me included. 大家都笑了,包括我在内。 5.flow (1)用作及物动词,意思是“淹没,溢过”。 e.g.The flood flowed the whole city. 洪水淹没整个城市。 (2)用作不及物动词,意思是“流动,流过”。 e.g.Time flows away. 光阴流逝。 The river flows into the sea. 这条河流入大海。 The river flows through the center of the city. 这条河流经市中心。 6.ruin (1)用作动词,意思是“毁坏,使毁灭”,常用作及物动词。 e.g.The earthquake in 1976 mined the whole city of Tangshan. 一九七六年地震毁坏了整个唐山。 (2)用作不可数名词,意思是“毁灭,崩溃”。 e.g.The accident brought him to ruin all his life. 这个事故毁灭了他一生。 (3)用作复数形式,意思是“废墟,遗迹”。 e.g.The visitors were struck by the ruins of Rome. 参观者被古罗马的遗迹迷住了。 7.beauty (1)用作可数名词,意思是“美丽、美的东西”。 e.g.The young girl standing in the wind is really a beauty. 站在风中的那个女孩真是一个美人儿。 (2)用作不可数名词,意思是“美,美丽”。 e.g.The younger of the two nobel men was struck by her beauty. 两个贵族中年轻的那一个被她的美貌迷住了。 8.portrait 用作名词,意思是“肖像,画像”,通常用作可数名词。 e.g.This is a portrait of me. 这是我的肖像。 辨析:portrait,picture,painting,drawing ①portrait“肖像”,“画像”,尤其指面部的相片,也可指生动的人物描写或刻画。 ②picture 指广义的“图画,照片”。 ③painting 指着色的“画”。 ④drawing 指“钢笔或铅笔线条画,素描”。 9.represent 用作动词,意思是“代替,代理,象征,描述”。通常用作及物动词。 e.g.He represented China in the conference. 他代表中国参加这个会议。 The dove represents peace. 鸽子象征和平。 The picture represents the battle of Waterloo. 这幅画描绘的是滑铁卢战役。 10.repair (1)用作动词,意思是“修理,修补,修缮”。 e.g.The man repaired the watch for me. 那个人为我修理手表。 Yesterday he repaired his house by himself. 昨天他亲自修缮房子。 (2)用作名词,意思是“修理,修补,修缮”,通常用作不可数名词。 e.g.The ship is under repair. 轮船在修理中。 (3)用作复数形式,意思是“修理工作,修理工程”。 e.g.The shop is closed during the repairs. 商店内部整修,暂停营业。 11.at least at least 的意思是“至少,起码”,与 at most 意义相反。 e.g.He is at least twenty. 他至少二十岁。(他二十多岁了。) He is at most twenty. 他至多二十岁。(他不到二十岁。) 注意:at least,at most 也可表示为 at the least,at the most,定冠词 the 可以省去。 12.give up、give in 辨析:give up、give in 相同点:两词组在意思上都可表示“放弃,让步”,都可用作不及物动词。 e.g.He gave in (up) at last 不同点:give up 意思是“放弃”,可用作及物动词,后面接名词或动词的—ing 形式。 give in 意思是“屈服,投降”,只用作不及物动词,不能带宾语。 e.g.He gave up smoking. 他戒了烟。 He gave up this journey. 他放弃了这次旅行。 14.breath (1)用作名词,意思是“呼吸,气息”。 e.g.He ran upstairs out of breath. 他上气不接下气跑上楼来了。 When he saw the 1ion,he held his breath. 当他看到狮子时,他不出声。 (2)由 breath 构成的常见短语。 catch one's breath 屏息,喘息 hold one's breath 不出声,屏息 short of breath 呼吸短促 lose one's breath 喘不过气来 out of breath 上气不接下气 15.1imit (1)用作名词,意思是“界限,限度”。 e.g.There is a limit to what I can do for you. 我能为你所做的事是有限的。 (2)用作动词,意思是“限制、限定”。 e.g.Your family is not very rich,so you ought to limit spending. 你家并不富有,因此你应限制开销。 16.damage (1)用作名词,意思是“损害、损毁”。 e.g.What he did caused damage to the public. 他做的一切对大众带来损害。 (2)用作动词,意思是“损坏、毁坏”。 e.g.The big earthquake damaged the whole city. 大地震毁坏了整个城市。 17.ancient (1)用作形容词,意思是“古老的、古代的”。 (2)用作名词,意思是“古人、古代的人”。 【常用句子分析】 1.You can select five things that represent Chinese culture,... 你能选择能代表中国文化的五件事情。 句中 that represent Chinese culture 中的 that 引导的是一个定语从句,修饰 five things,从句中的谓语动词用复数形式,在定语从句中,关系代词 that,which,who 作主语,从句中谓语的数必须和先行词保持一致。 e.g.This is the boy who does well in maths. 这就是那个数学学得好的男孩。 He is the only one of the pupils in our class who has passed the exam. 他是我班惟一考试过关的学生。 (先行词是 the only one,而且是单数形式,从句谓语用单数) He is one of the pupils in our class who have passed the exam. 他是我们班上考试过关的学生中的一个。 (先行词是 the pupils,而且是复数形式,从句谓语用复数) 2.Where there is a river,there is a city. 哪里有河流,哪里就有城市。 (1)where 是连接副词,引导地点状语从句,意思是“在……地方”,“到……地方”,“……的地方”。 e.g.Go back where you sat. 回到你原来坐的地方去。 I found my books where I had left them. 我的书是在我原来放的地方找到的。 Where there is a sound,there must be sound waves. 哪里有声音,哪里就有声波。 (2)where 既可作连接副词,引导状语从句,也可作关系副词,引导定语从句。 e.g.It is very difficult to live where there is no water. 在没有水的地方生活是十分困难的。(地点状语从句) No one likes to live in a place where there is no water. 没有一个人喜欢住在无水的地方。(定语从句) 3....,but it is true that many of the world's greatest cities have been built on the banks of a river. 世界上很多大城市建在河岸上,这是真的。 (1)that many of the world's greatest cities have been built on the banks of a river是一个主语从句。 在英语中 that 引导的主语从句放在句首,句子常常显得头重脚轻。因此,常用 it作形式主语,放在句首代替主语从句,而把真正的主语从句放在句尾。 e.g.It is quite certain that I have never seen him before. 无疑地以前我从来没有见过他。 It is obvious that the driver couldn't control his car. 很明显,这个驾驶员控制不住他的车。 主语从句用 it 作形式主语的情况很多,有些已经形成一种固定的说法和译法。常见的有: It is a fact that... 事实是…… It is a good thing that... ……是好事情 It is good news that... ……是好消息 It is clear that... 很清楚…… It is necessary that... 有必要…… It is important that... 重要的是…… It is well—known that... 众所周知…… It is said that... 据说…… It seems that... 似乎是…… It happened that... 碰巧…… It have been proved that... 业已证明…… (2)on 可以表示“在……河畔”的意思。 e.g.Wuhan lies on the Changjiang River. 武汉位于长江之畔。 4.More than three hundred years ago,the Russian Gar Peter the Great came here and built a new capital—St Petersburg. 三百多年前,俄国沙皇彼得大帝来到这里建立一所新都——圣•彼得堡。 (1)more than 意思是“超过”,相当于 over。 e.g.There are more than sixty students in our class. 我班有六十多名学生。 (2)more than 还可表示“不仅是”的含义,相当于 not only。 e.g.Hibernation is more than sleep. 冬眠不仅仅是睡觉。 (3)ago 意思是“……的以前”,通常表示过去时间。 e.g.This story happened long long ago. 这个故事发生在很久以前。 5.The Russian Gars ended their rule in this city during the Russian Revolution of 1917,but the palaces where they had lived were kept as museums. 俄国沙皇在一九一七年俄国大革命中结束了它在这座城市的统治,但是他们曾经住过的宫殿作为博物馆被保存下来。 (1)where they had lived 是 where 引导的一个定语从句,修饰 the palaces,从句中的谓语动词 had lived 发生在主句的谓语动词 were kept 之前,因此从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时。 e.g.This is the student who I taught ten years ago. 这是我十年前教过的学生。 (2)be kept as...意思是“作为……被保存下来”。as 是介词,意思是“作为”。 e.g.The temple is kept as a museum. 这座寺庙作为博物馆被保存下来。 Lincoln is considered as one of the greatest presidents in the United States. 在美国,林肯被看做是最伟大的总统之一。 辨析:end,finish ①end 终止,完结,与 begin 相反。 ②finish 完成,结束,与 complete 同义。 e.g.The film ended at last. 电影终于结束。 He finished his homework yesterday. 他昨天完成了作业。 6.Painters and workers had to be very careful when they were trying to bring the city back to life. 当画家和工人们尽力恢复这座城市的生机时,他们不得不十分细心。 (1)bring...back to life“使……恢复生机”。 e.g.The trees and flowers bring the city back to life. 树木和鲜花使这座城市恢复了生机。 (2)在英语中,动词 try,love,like,prefer,hate 等,通常后面跟动词-ing 的形式,常常表示习惯性或经常性的动作,而跟动词不定式,则常常表示一次具体动作。 e.g.He likes dancing,but he doesn't like to dance today. 他喜欢跳舞,但他今天不喜欢去跳舞。 7.With the help of old paintings and photographs,the people of St Petersburg were able to bring back the beauty of their culture and history. 在古老的油画和照片的帮助下,圣•彼得堡的人民能让他们的文化和历史回到原貌。 (1)with the help of 意思是“在……的帮助下”。 e.g.With the help of the government,the girl can continue her education. 在政府的帮助下,这个女孩能继续她的教育。 With the help of the teacher,he made great progress in physics. 在老师的帮助下,他的物理取得了很大的进步。 (2)bring back 意思是“带回来、拿回来、使恢复”,通常用作及物动词。 e.g.Remember to bring back the book next time. 记住下次把书带回来。 This medicine can bring him back to health. 这药能让他恢复健康。 辨析:can,be able to 这两个词都表示“能、会”的意思,它们的用法有所不同。 ①can 只有现在时和过去时,而 be able to 有各种时态。 e.g.He will be able to help you. 他将会帮助你的。 ②表示特定的某一过去能力通常用 was(were)able to,含有“经过努力做到”的意思。 e.g.Marx mastered English so well that he was able to write his works“The Civil War in France”in English. 马克思如此精通英语,以致他能用英文写他的著作——《法兰西内战》。 8....and the old palaces have been made as wonderful as in the past……而且这些宫殿已经建得和过去一样富丽堂皇。 (1)as...as表示“同……一样”,表示双方在程度、性质、特征等某些方面相等,用“as+形容词或副词原级+as”的结构;表示不相等时,用“not as(so)+形容词或副词原级+as”的结构;表示一方是另一方的若干倍时,用“倍数+as+形容词或副词原级+as”结构。 e.g.He is as tall as you. 他和你一样高。 This building looks not as(so)high as that one. 这座楼房看起来没有那座高。 Asia is four times as large as Europe. 亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。 (2)as wonderful as in the past 作 the old palaces 的补足语。 e.g.He was elected monitor of our class. 他被推选为我班班长。 monitor of our class 作主语 He 的补足语。 9.Strong,proud and united,the people of St Petersburg are the modern heroes of Russia. 强壮、自豪而团结的圣•彼得堡人民是俄国现代英雄。句中 strong,proud and united是形容词,在句中作状语,表示伴随情况。 (1)在英语中,形容词或形容词短语,在句中可用作状语。 e.g.Full of anger again,Crusoe returned home. 克鲁索又满心怒气地回家了。(伴随状语) Thirsty and eager to get a rest,he went into the tea-house and sat down at a little table by the window. 由于有些口渴,又想休息一下,他就走进茶馆,在靠窗子的一张小桌旁坐下。(原因状语) (2)形容词短语用作状语,可以放在句末,也可放在句首。 e.g.Crusoe watched,full of fear. 克鲁索看着,满心恐惧。 The manager went to us,full of apologies. 经理朝我们走来,口口声声地说着抱歉的话。 10.We hope that it will make Beijing even more beautiful. 我们相信这项修缮工程将使北京更加美丽。 (1)在形容词或副词的比较级前加 even 可用来表示程度。 e.g.He works even harder than before. 他比以前更刻苦地学习。 The boy is even cleverer than his sister. 那个男孩比他妹妹更聪明。 (2)hope 意思是“希望”,后面不能直接跟名词作宾语,但可跟 for+名词,表示可实现的“希望”,后面也可跟 that 引导的从句。 e.g.I hope for success. 我希望成功。 I hope that you will be better soon. 我希望你能很快好起来。 11.No,the pollution does not come from cars or factories,but from human beings. 不,污染不是来自汽车或工厂,而是来自人类。 (1)not...but...,意思是“不是……,而是……”,并列连词,连接两个相同成分。 e.g.He doesn't like English but Chinese. 他不喜欢英语,而喜欢汉语。 Not you but he is going to go abroad. 不是你而是他将出国。 (2)human being human being 是一个可数名词,意思是“人、人类”。 12.I think one way to solve the problem is to put glass walls in front of the paintings. 我认为解决这个问题的一个办法是把玻璃放在画的前面。 (1)句中 to solve the problem 这个动词不定式短语作 way 的定语,动词不定式作定语,通常放在所修饰的词后面。 e.g.I have few words to say on this questions. 关于这个问题我有几句话要说。 (2)句中 to put glass walls in front of the paintings 这个动词不定式短语在句中作表语。 e.g.His wish is to become a scientist. 他的愿望是成为一名科学家。 13.Second,the number of visitors should be limited. 其次,参观的人数也应限制。 the number of 表示“……的数目”的意思,后面常接可数名词,作主语时谓语动词用单数。 e.g.The number of our school is 3080. 我校的人数是3080。 The number of countries in Asia is over 40. 亚洲的国家是四十多个。 【单元口语交际】 1.What shall we put in? 我们能放进什么呢? shall 用在疑问句中,用来征求对方的意见或请求,用于第一,第三人称。 e.g.What shall we do next? 下一步我们该怎么办? Shall he go there instead of you? 由他代替你去那里,行吗? 2.Why not...? 为什么不……? Why not...?通常用来询问对方“为什么不做什么”,通常后面接动词原形,表示说话人希望对方做什么。 e.g.Why not join us? 为什么不和我们在一起呢? (表示说话人希望对方和我们在一起) Why not go to see the film? 为什么不去看电影呢? (表示说话人希望对方去看电影) 3.Why don't you...? 你为什么不……? Why don't you...? 与 why not...? 用法大体一样,也是表示说话人希望对方做什么。 e.g.Why don't you go abroad? 你为什么不出国呢? (表示说话人希望对方出国) 【重点难点解析】 现在完成时的被动语态 现在完成时被动语态构成:have(has)+been+过去分词。 在英语中,主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,只有及物动词才能有被动语态。现在完成时由 have(has)+过去分词构成(主动式),而被动式由 have(has)+been+过去分词构成。 e.g.The teacher has praised me.(主动语态) →I have been praised.(被动语态) The teacher has praised him.(主动语态) →He has been praised. The teacher has praised you.(主动语态) →You have been praised.(被动语态) 【阅读分析点拨】 完形填空题解题指导 完形填空不仅能比较准确地测试学生的各项知识水平,而且能提高学生运用英语的综合能力。除了学生具有一定的阅读能力和逻辑推理能力外,还必须掌握相当数量的词汇、短语以及适当的语法知识,同时要求学生也要有一定的语言实际运用能力。 完形填空不只在语法知识上考查学生,而且侧重于考查学生对语境和语意的正确理解和运用。 因此,学生在做完形填空这种题时,应掌握以下技巧。 1.弄懂文章的第一句。 一篇完形填空题往往是在第一句不设“空”的,是一个完整的句子。一般来说,论述文的第一句往往是文章的中心句。记叙文往往在第一句中交待了人物,时间,地点等要素。了解这些对弄懂全文尤其重要,因此,读第一句,一定要认真、仔细。 2.通读全文。 一定要先把整篇文章通读一篇,跳过所有的“空”,把文章的意思串连起来,因为完形填空不是就某一个句子进行考查,而是一篇短文,所以通读对做完形填空是一个重要环节。 3.不能忽视过渡词。 有部分连词、副词、代词,由于他们在文中起过渡作用,尽管都是些微不足道的“小词”,但由于具有衔接功能,并能清楚地标明句与句之间的语义关系,所以阅读时要格外注意。 4.弄清文章的基本线索。 文章总是遵循一定线索发展的,常见的有依据时间顺序为线索,也有依地点变迁为线索的。阅读中,弄清文章的基本线索有助于对文章的理解。 5.仔细检查。 做完此题后,一定要把全文再读一遍,就可以弥补疏漏,同时也要验证一下所填的答案正确与否,全文是否贯通流畅。 下面以一份完形填空题为例,来说明解题技巧。 Mrs.White had a 1 cat,and it was the cat's first 2 .One morning it was outside when it began to 3 heavily.Mrs White looked everywhere and shouted its name,but she did not 4 it,so she telephoned the policeman and said:“I 5 a small black cat.Has anyone found one?” “No,madam,”said the policeman at the other end,“but cats are really very strong animals.They sometimes live for days in the snow,and when it melts or somebody finds them,they are quite a 6 .” Mrs.White felt happier when she heard this,“And”,she said,“our cat is very clever.she almost 7 ” The policeman was getting tired,“well,then,”he said,“why don't gou put your telephone 8 ? Perhaps she is trying to telephone you now.” 1.A.old B.young C.big D.white 2.A.spring B.summer C.autumn D.winter 3.A.snow B.snowed C.rain D.rained 4.A.lose B.catch C.find D.look for 5.A.am losing B.lose C.have lost D.will lose 6.A.a11 right B.good C.better D.ill 7.A.says B.tells C.laughs D.talks 8.A.up B.down C.on D.in 尽管这篇文章难度不大,但学生如果不注意答题要求和技巧,则会遇到很多困难。空(1)除 A 在语法上说不通外,B,C,D 中究竟该选择小猫,大猫,还是白猫呢? 谁也说不清。空(2)中四个选项春夏秋冬似乎都行。空(3)中到底该填下雨还是下雪呢,令人莫衷一是。只有首先通读全文,并了解文章大意后,上述问题才能很容易解决。下大雪与冬天是有逻辑关系的。过第一个冬天的猫不可能是大猫,下文读到黑猫也不可能变成白猫。把上述问题弄清楚以后,文中的问题基本解决。故事发展的线索就比较清楚了。作为学生或应试人,下一步就应该注意的是上下文的连贯性以及起到起承转合作用的过渡词。其中还包括部分指示代词,应弄清他们在文中指代何人何物。空(4)是个动词填空题,but 使句子出现了一个较长的转折,形成了looked...but did not find...的结构。空(5)是时态填空题,应瞻前顾后,其随后一句的时态也许能对学生或应试人有所启发。空(6)中的 A 与 D 语法上都是对的,初一看,D 的可能性更大。从雪地中溶化出来的猫想必是一付病入膏肓的样子。然而这段文章的关键单词 but 与后面 strong 正好揭示了警察的幽默。照此推理,空(6)的答案自然是 A 了。空(7),(8)是近义词选择,只要了解文章大意,仅用语法知识便可以顺利解题。 综合上述,做完形填空时,必须做到:通读全文,弄清线索,瞻前顾后,仔细择词。 注:例文参考答案: 1.B 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.C 6.A 7.D 8.B |
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