Unit 13 The USA
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一、教学目标与要求
通过本单元教学，学生应能熟练地运用表示“提供和拒绝帮助”的常用语；复习句子的成分——主语；了解纽约的发展历史和土著人被压迫的历史。
二、教学重点与难点
1．重点词汇
a handful of, worth, tear down, pass through, take possession of, die out
2．重点句型
1) Today Native Americans express their anger over this business deal.
2) This is because the surface of the earth is not flat but round.
3) Now that they could ride horses, it became easier to hunt the bison.
4) This in return had an effect on the food supply for wolves.
3．语法 复习和归纳句子的成分——主语
1) The first settlers on the plains were farmers．
2) The killing of the bison changed the whole wild life of the plains.
3) Whether he will come or not is unknown．
4) To see is to believe．
5) The learned should be respected.
4. Communications for offering help:
1) Can I help you?
2) What can I do for you?
3) Let me…
4) Would you like…
5) Thanks
6) That's very kind of you．
7) That's very kind of you, but…
三、难点讲解
1．Now that they could ride horses, it became easier to hunt the bison．
now that此处等于since，意为“既然”。例如：
1) Now that you have come you may as well stay．既然你来了，就留下吧。
2) Now that we are alone, we can speak freely．既然我们单独在一起，就无拘束地说说。
2．In 1626 the island of Manhattan was bought from local Indians, Native Americans, for a handful of goods worth about ＄ 24．
worth用作形容词，意为“有……的价值，值……”。
worth通常用于：be worth sth./doing sth.。 例如：
1) This old book is worth ＄ 300．这本旧书值300美元。
2) This novel is worth reading．这本小说值得读。
3) 3．The insects which lived on these plants died out.
A．die out 熄灭，绝种，不复存在。例如：
1) The fire died out．火灭了。
2) These animals have already died out．这类动物已绝种了。
B．die away 消逝，平息、平静下来。例如：
The noise died away．声音慢慢地消逝了。
C．be dying for 渴望……，很想……。例如：
I'm dying for a cup of tea．我很想喝杯茶。
D．be dying to do…很想(做)……，渴望(做)……。例如：
She is dying to see you．她渴望见到你。
E．die from 死于(常因外部、偶然原因而死)。例如：
He died from air pollution．他死于空气污染。
F．die of 死于(表示因内部原因、疾病而死)。例如：
She died of old age (sorrow, cancer).她因年老(忧伤、患癌症)而死。
四、复习与检测
Ⅰ．从A、B、C、D中找出其粗部分与所给单词的加粗部分读音相同的选项。
1．collar A．colour B．poster C．water D．cough
2．diamond A．friend B．science C．piano D．period
3．sign A．disease B．design C．insist D．resist
4．recycle A．recorder B．rebuild C．receive D．remember
5．anxious A．uncle B．aunt C．behind D．danger
Ⅱ．选择填空。
6．----Would you like beer or Coca Cola? ----I don't mind ______.
A．Any B．Either C．None D．Neither
7．I ______ my face when suddenly someone ______ at the door.
A．washed；knocked B．washed；was knocking
C．was washing；was knocking D．was washing；knocked
8．----The wall of your room doesn't look nice. ----I wish I ______ it yellow.
A．don't paint B．wouldn't paint C．hadn't painted D. shouldn't have painted
9．If you've got time for tea, I'll ______ it for you in a minute.
A．make B．boil C．serve D．give
10．---- ______ he come in or wait outside? ---Let him in, please.
A．Shall B．Does C．Will D．Has
11．The dark clouds are gathering as if it ______ rain.
A．were going to B．will C．is going to D．would
12．We are good friends, and nothing can ______ our friendship.
A．keep back B．get rid of C．smooth away D．break up
13．----Have they started yet?
----Yes．They've left by ______ sea, and the ship is at ______ sea now.
A．／； the B．／；／ C．the；／ D．the；the
14．I think Tom, rather, than you, ______ to blame.
A．is B．has C．are D．have
15．______ by jeep, we visited a number of cities in South China.
A．Travelled B．Travelling C．Being travelled D．Having travelled
16．______ we were asleep, we didn't hear the doorbell.
A．When B．While C．As D．After
17．----Have a nice weekend.
A．You too B．Of course C．Yes, I have D．All right
18．Often ______ them not to do so, but they wouldn't listen to me.
A．I warned B．warned I C．I did warn D．did I warn
19．Is there a shop around ______ I can get a pack of cigarettes?
A．that B．which C．where D．what
20．In the middle of the room there is a ______ table, with eight chairs around it.
A．round huge wooden B．huge wooden round
C．round wooden huge D．huge round wooden
21．Don't be so disappointed! ______, you'll have one more chance of trying it.
A．At all B．After all C．In all D．Above all
22．----John walked straight into a wall. ----He ______ where he was going.
A．couldn't have looked B．mustn't have looked
C．couldn't have been looking D．mustn't have been looking
23．----The boy is tall enough ______ his age.
----Yes, I was much ______ when I was his age.
A．for；shorter B．at；taller C．at；shorter D．for；taller
24．A new hospital was to ______ in this district, but the money wasn't collected yet.
A．build B．be built C．have built D．have been built
25．----Bill has done well in the competition.
----______．He always does well in such activities.
A．So has he B．So does he C．So he has D．So he does
Ⅲ．完形填空。
The shoemaker was the happiest man I have ever known．Often as he was busy 26 at a pair of shoes, he sang in a high, clear Italian 27 ．The Italians in our neighbourhood 28 him “la luce alla finestra”----“the light in the window”. Once, as we talked, he 29 to wave to a man who was passing．Then he said to me,
“ 30 a man I'd like to know．He's been 31 here for years．I wish he would stop in 32 , for he has a fine, honest face.”
I didn't tell him that I knew the man．But a week 33 the shoemaker told me, “I was 34 about the man．He stopped in yesterday and we had a fine 35 ．He's a good man.”
I knew then that the honesty and goodness of the gentle 36 had warmed another heart as it had mine．He had 37 through the shyness of a lonely man and let the friendliness 38 .
Our neighbourhood was full of children, and 39 of them came into his shop．He liked them．They were always 40 ．Often he stopped his work to
41 as peacemaker if they seemed about to 42 .
One day, I came away from my house disappointed and 43 because of a poor job some painters had done for me．I went into his shop for 44 ．He let me go on talking angrily 45 the poor work and carelessness of present-day workmen．“They just wanted to collect money for doing 46 .”
He agreed. “There's a lot of that 47 around, but maybe we should not blame them．Maybe their fathers had no 48 in their work．That's hard on a boy．It keeps him from 49 something that is important.”
“ 50 can be done about it?”
“Every man or woman who hasn't inherited(继承) a prideful tradition must start building one．”
26．A．looking B．doing C．working D．studying
27．A．voice B．song C．sound D．tune
28．A．regarded B．named C．made D．called
29．A．began B．turned C．started D．wanted
30．A．There's B．It's C．Who's D．What's
31．A．living B．working C．passing D．walking
32．A．sometime B．any time C．every day D．sometimes
33．A．ago B．later C．before D．earlier
34．A．right B．wrong C．mistaken D．clear
35．A．time B．day C．business D．talk
36．A．man B．neighbour C．shoemaker D．Italian
37．A．broken B．looked C．got D．gone
38．A．grow up B．come out C．get up D．set off
39．A．none B．few C．all D．crowds
40．A．welcome B．noisy C．troublesome D．naughty
41．A．appear B．pretend C．act D．perform
42．A．struggle B．fight C．play D．beat
43．A．angry B．hopeless C．sad D．unhappy
44．A．suggestion B．advice C．proposal D．comfort
45．A．over B．with C．about D．at
46．A．something B．anything C．nothing D．everything
47．A．kind B．sorts C．man D．person
48．A．ideas B．pride C．knowledge D．hope
49．A．doing B．learning C．giving D．making
50．A．How B．Who C．Whom D．What
Ⅳ．阅读理解。
A) 阅读下列短文，从每题四个选项中，选出一个最佳答案。
A
When you make your travel arrangement to Oxford, Ohio, you should make plans to arrive here at least a week before classes begin．So you can get to know the University and the area．The University holds a short guiding program for all new foreign students before your decision for classes, and you will be expected to attend this program.
A valuable service to foreign students travelling to the U.S．is provided by the International Student Service(ISS) in New York, which is well-known for its good work．If you send your travel plan to the ISS, someone will meet you at your port of entry to the U.S., and provide other help．There is no payment for these services．For more information, contact:
International Student Service
356 West 34th Street, Third Floor
New York 10017 USA
When you arrive in Oxford, you should first visit the office of ISS．The director will help you find the place of your stay, answer questions, and help in other ways．This office is at your service throughout your entire stay here．
51．You should make plans to arrive in Oxford, Ohio ______ before classes begin．
A．at least seven days B．two weeks C．ten days D．three weeks
52．If you want more information, you have to ask ______．
A．the Office of University Student Services B．ISS, England
C．International Student Center D．International Student Service
53．International Student Service is in ______.
A．Oxford, Ohio B．New York C．Oxford, England D．the University
54．How much do you have to pay if you are met at the port when you arrive?
A．5 dollars. B．Not much. C．None. D．Almost none．
B
No．1
206 American English Phonetics(语音学)．Fall, 5 hours．Three lectures, two laboratory periods．Prerequisite(先决条件): English 205, or language 210．A study of American English pronunciation, designed for advanced international students．Professor Ayers．
No．2
English Composition．Fall, spring．3 hours．One lecture, two writing laboratories．Prerequisite: English 400 or permission of the director．
A review of English grammar and vocabulary, practice in writing technical English．Intended to help foreign graduate students to write papers．Not open to native speakers．Professor Baker．
55．From No.1 course(课程)description, we know that the class meets ______.
A．two hours a day B．five hours a day
C．three hours a week D．five hours a week
56．In order to take American English Phonetics, it is necessary to ______.
A．take English 206 first
B．know the material from English 205, or language 210
C．have permission of Professor Ayers
D．pass an examination
57．From No.2 course description, we know that Professor Baker will teach ______.
A．English technical writing B．English conversation
C．English literature D．foreign languages
58．The description of No.2 implies(暗指) that the course will ______．
A．include native speakers B．meet six times a week
C．include some grammar and vocabulary as well as composition
D．be offered three times a year
C
Ask three people to look out the same window at a busy street corner and tell you what they see．Chances are that you will receive three different answers．Each perceives(感知)something different about it．
Perceiving goes on in your minds．Of the three people who look out of the window, one may say that he or she sees a police officer giving a motorist a ticket．Another may say that he or she sees a rush hour traffic jam．The third may tell you that he or she sees a woman trying to cross the street with four children．Perception(感知觉)is the mind's explanation of what the senses----in this case our eyes----tell us．
Many psychologists(心理学家)today are working to try to learn just how a person experiences or perceives the world around him．Using a scientific way, these psychologists set up experiments in which they can control all of the factors(因素)．By measuring and describing the results of many experiments, they are trying to find out what makes different people perceive quite different things about the same scene．
59．Perceiving is an action that takes place ______．
A．in our eyes B．only when we think very hard about something
C．only under the direction of a psychologist D．in every person's mind
60．The best title for this passage is ______.
A．How We See B．Learning About Our Minds Through Science
C．What Psychologists Perceive D．How To Become An Experimental Psychologist
B) 补全对话。 根据对话内容，从对话后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选
项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
A：----Please turn off that light, Harry!
B：---- 61
A：----If we turn on too many lights, all the electricity in the house will go off．
B：----Now who told you that?
A：----The electrician.
B：---- 62
A：----I had to call him today.
B：---- 63
A：----When I turned on the washing machine, all the lights went out.
B：----Well, didn't the electrician take care of it?
A：----Yes, but he said it would take a lot more work to do a really good job.
B：---- 64
A：----He said we needed new wiring throughout the house and a lot of other things.
B：----Did he tell you how much it would cost.
A：---- 65
B：----Oh! That's a lot of money．And just when we need to get some work done on the car, too.
A．What was wrong?
B．What did he mean by “a really good job”?
C．Why? What's the matter? I want to read the paper．
D．It's too bright in the house．
E．Yes, about a thousand dollars．
F．The electrician? When was he here?
G．I agreed with what you had said.
Ⅴ．短文改错。
One day, Paul said to Peter, “I'm going to have my birthday party
on the Saturday．Would you please come?” Peter asked his mother, 66．______
but she said yes．Before Peter went to the party on Saturday after- 67．______
noon, his mother said to him, “Now, Peter, don't forget be polite． 68．______
And don't ask for food．Waiting until someone gives it to you.” 69．______
“All right, Mum,” Peter answered and went to Paul's party by his 70．______
bike．There were a lot of children at the party．Paul opened the 71．______
box of presents from his friends．Then one by one, Paul's mother 72．______
gave him some food, but she forgot to give Peter any．Peter waited 73．______
very politely for a few minutes．Then hold his plate in the 74．______
air, he said louder, “Does anyone want a nice clean plate?” 75．______
Key：
Unit 13
1~5 D BCBA 6--10BDCAA 11--15 CDBAB l6--20 CADCD 21--25
BCABC 26~30 CADBA 31~35 CABAD 36~40 CABDA 41--45 CB
ADC 46~50 CABBD 51--55 ADBCD 56--60 BACDB 61~65 CFAB
E 66. 去掉the 67. but-and 68. forget 后加 to 69. waiting-wait 70. by-on 或去掉
his 71. / 72. box-boxes 73. him-them 74. hold-holding 75. louder-loud/loudly
第十三单元●教学参考资料
Lesson 49　
1．New York (纽约)，在本课中指纽约市(New York City)，而不是指纽约州(New York State)。纽约市是美国东海岸的一个主要港口城市，位于纽约州的哈得孙河口(the Hudson River)，是进入美国的门户。它包括五个行政区，其中四个区都是在岛上，河道穿行其间，流经纽约湾，进入大西洋。
位于哈得孙河口的纽约湾(the New York Bay)于1524年首先由意大利航海家兼探险家Giovanni de Verrazano [d{i+'va：ni d+ ver+'za：n+u](1480-1527)发现。后来，在1609年，英国航海家和探险家亨利•哈得孙船长(Captain Henry Hudson)发现了哈得孙河和曼哈顿岛。1624年，两船荷兰殖民者来到这儿定居，建立了第一个殖民地，取名为新阿姆斯特丹(New Amsterdam)。1664年，这块殖民地被约克公爵(Duke of York)率领的英国舰队占领，此后改名为纽约(New York)。
2．In 1626 the island of Manhattan was bought from local Indians, Native Americans, for a handful of goods worth about$24. 曼哈顿岛是于1626年从当地的印地安人(即美洲土著人)手中买来的，只花了价值约为24美元的为数不多的货物。
1)the island of Manhattan(曼哈顿岛)是纽约市的市中心，也是美国的经济中心。闻名世界的华尔街和联合国总部都在这个岛上。该岛长21公里，宽约4公里，现在的地价已是寸土寸金了。但是，在1626年，荷兰总督Peter Minuit只花了24美元从印地安人手中购得，难怪现在美国的土著人谈起这桩买卖就会表示愤慨了。
2) a handful of… 一把，一撮；少数(人或物)。例如：
She put a handful of sweets on the desk and asked me to eat.她抓了一把糖果放在书桌上，请我吃。
The little boy got a handful of rice to feed the chickens. 小男孩拿了一把米来喂小鸡。
Only a handful of people attended the dance.只有少数几个人参加了舞会。
3)…goods worth about$24意为“价值约为24美元的货物”。其中的 worth是形容词，作“价值为”、“值得”解，后跟名词或动词-ing形式，构成后置定语，修饰它前面的名词。例如：
He bought a coat worth over ￥1,000. 他买了一件价值为一千多元的大衣。
New York is a city worth a visit/ visiting. 纽约是一座值得看一看的城市。
worth 也可作表语，构成“be worth sth./ doing sth.”结构。例如：
The coat isn't worth over ￥1,000. 这件大衣值不得一千多元。
New York is worth a visit/ visiting. 纽约是值得看一看的。
关于 be worth sth./doing sth. 的用法，参见 TB1B教学参考资料 L．74 — 6 — 1
3．After the War of Independence ended, New York became the capital of the USA for a short time (1789-90) before Washington, D. C. 独立战争结束以后，在华盛顿成为首都之前，纽约市曾经一度是美国的首都，不过时间很短(1989-90)。
The War of Independence(美国独立战争)是1775 —1781年发生在英属北美13个殖民地争取国家独立的战争。
18 世纪后半期，随着殖民地经济的发展，殖民地人民同英国统治集团的矛盾日益尖锐，终于发展到了军事冲突。1775年4月18日波士顿人民在郊区打响了独立战争的第一枪，其它地区的人民纷纷响应，反英斗争的烽火于是燃遍了整个北美大陆。
战争爆发的第二年在费城召开第二届大陆会议(1776年5月)，组成了“大陆军”，由乔治•华盛顿(George Washington)任总司令。同年7月4日通过了由托马斯•杰斐逊(Thomas Jefferson)等人起草的《独立宣言》(Declaration of Independence)，正式宣告美国脱离英国而独立。原先的北美13个殖民地，这时成了美利坚合众国的13个洲。从此，7月4日被定为美国的独立日。
《独立宣言》的发表只足纸上宣告独立，而战争却一直在继续。经过随后5年的艰苦战斗，美国终于转败为胜，而于1781年9—10月间取得了决定性胜利。同年10月19日英军放下武器投降，战争以美国的胜利而告终。1783年9月英美签订《巴黎和约》，英国正式承认美国脱离英国而独立。美利坚合众国才得以正式成立。
4．By 1820 the population of New York had grown to　 about 125,000, making it the largest city in the USA.到1820年，纽约市的人口增长到12.5万人左右，使它成了当时美国最大的城市。
1)句中的　 by有“before(在……之前)”或“not　 later　 than(不迟于)”的意思，表示“在(某时)前”或“到某时”已发生某事或出现某种情况，谓语动词多用完成时态。句中的“ 1820年”是过去时间，所以谓语动词用过去完成时 had grown。又如。
By 5 p.m. yesterday they had already done half of the work.到昨天下5点钟以前，他们已经完成了工作任务的一半。
By　 the　 end　 of　 last　 term, we　 had　 learned　 about 1,500 English　 words　 and phrases.到上学期末，我们已经学了 1,500个英语单词和短语。
She had finished her composition by the time I came home.在我回到家里以前，她已经完成了作文。
By next Sunday we'11 have made a plan for performance.到下个星期天我们将订出演出计划。
2)句中的 … making it the largest city in the USA 是-ing形式短语，作状语，表示结果。此处 mare作“使成为”解，后跟由名词或形容词构成的复合结构。例如：
Jack had all work but no play， making him a dull boy.杰克只学不玩，这使得他成为一个呆笨的孩子。
The hurricane brought down a great number of houses, making thousands of people homeless. 飓风刮倒了大批房屋，使得成千上万的人无家可归。
Her husband died in the war, making her a widow with four children. 他的丈夫在战争中牺牲了，使她成为带着4个孩子的寡妇。
5．In 1858 an area of poor housing, factories and farm buildings was torn down and Central Park was created, reaching from 59th Street to 110th　 Street and across three avenues.1858年拆除了一大片破旧的房屋、 工厂和农舍，建起了中央公园，这个公园从59街延伸到110街，跨越三条大马路。
1) Central Park(中央公园)是纽约市民常去休憩的公园，位于纽约市曼哈顿区的中心，公园南北长4公里，东西宽0.8公里，总面积为340公顷(1公顷合15市亩)，其中61公顷为水域。园内有花坛、草坪和森林区，还有三个湖，两个池塘，一个动物园，以及各种运动场地和娱乐设施。
2) tear(tore，torn)是动词，作“撕开，扯掉”解。短语动词 tear down作“撕下，拆毁”解。例如：
Don't tear down the notice, please.
The workmen tore down the old house and built a new one in its place. 工人拆毁旧请不要扯掉这个布告。屋，并在原地另盖新屋。
The city will tear down these buildings to make room for the new highway. 市政当局要拆毁这些建筑物，以让出地方修筑新的公路。
3)reach 作“延伸”(extend)解。句中的 reaching from 59th Street …across three avenues 是-ing 形式短语，作定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句(which reached from 59th Street…)，对先行词 Central Park 作补充说明。例如：
Behind our school is a vegetable garden, reaching down to the river.
In the evening we came to a forest, reaching for many kilometres. 傍晚时分，我们来到了一片绵延数公里的森林。在我们学校的后面有一个菜园，一直延伸到江边。
6．In 1892 the age of mass arrivals began, during　 which 15 million　 new people passed through Ellis Island into the USA over a period of 62 years. 1892 年开始了一个国外移民大量涌入的年代，在随后的62年中，有1,500万新来的人通过埃利斯岛进入美国。
1) during which 15 million new people…62 years 是非限制性定语从句，during which = during the age of mass arrivals.这个定语从句修饰先行词 the age，从句与先行词之间被谓语动词 began 隔开，这种从句叫分隔式定语从句。例如：
The days will come soon when people have enough to eat and to wear.人们丰衣足食的日子是会很快到来的。
In one night, the city of Tangshan was destroyed, in which about 240,000 people died from the earthquake. 一夜之间，唐山市被毁了，市内约有24万人死于地震。
2) 短语动词 pass through 作“穿过”、“通过”、“路过”解，其中的 through可以 是介词，也可以是副词。例如：
He passed through the doorway and entered the room. 他穿过门口进入室内。
We're just passing through on our way to New York. 我们是去纽约的，只不过是路过这里。
They had to pass through the forest to get to the river. 他们必须穿过森林才能到达江边。
3) Ellis Island(埃利斯岛)是上纽约湾中的一个岛屿，位于曼哈顿岛西南1.5公里。在1892—1943年之间，这儿曾设移民检查站，所有移民都需在这几滞留，经过各项检查，取得合法准入资格后，方可进入美国。在移民的高峰期，每年有100万人到此申请移民。许多人经历千辛万苦来到了这个美国的门户，但由于不能通过检查而被迫离此而去。因此，埃利斯岛有“眼泪岛”(Island of Tears)之称。1965年成为自由女神纪念区的一部分，1976年开放供旅游者参观。
7．People who wanted to enter the USA had to go through a number of mental and physical tests and about 2 million people were turned away. 想要进入美国的人都必须经过多次的心理测验和体格检查，大约有200万人不准入境。
1)句中的短语动词 go through 作“经历(困难、痛苦等)”解(to suffer or experience something bad)。例如：
His grandpa went through many dangers during the war. 在战争期间，他的祖父经历了许多危险。
She has gone through a lot since her husband was killed. 丈夫牺牲后，她经历了许许多多的困难。
They would go through fire and water to serve the people.为人民服务，他们情愿赴汤蹈火。
go through 还有许多其它的意思，最常见的是作‘审阅”、“检查”、“翻找”解。例如：
Please go through these papers carefully.请你仔细审阅这些文章。
Mother went through the drawer looking for the sweater.母亲翻抽屉找那件毛线衫。
2) turn away作“拒不接纳”，“不准进入”解(to refuse to admit)。例如：
Because the hall was full, many people were turned away.因为大厅里已经满座，许多人被打发走了。
Crowds of people were turned away for lack of room.由于缺少场地，许多人被拒之门外。
8．A 55-storey building went up in 1913, and in 1931 the Empire State Building was completed, then the tallest building in the world.
1) then the tallest building in the world. 可以看作是下列非限制性定语从句的省略：…,(which was) then the tallest building in the world,其中的 which 代替主句中的主语 the Empire State Building,这个定语从句对这个1913年一座55层高的大楼拔地而起。 1931年帝国大厦竣工，这在当时是世界上最高的大厦。主语作补充说明。
类似的句子如下：
He bought the car in 1980, then a modern type in China. 他于1980年买了这部汽车，当时在中国这还是一种新型的车子。
2 ) the　 Empire　 State　 Building (帝国大厦)是纽约曼哈顿的一座摩天大楼，共102层，楼高381米(不包括电视塔)，建于1930—1931年。长期以来它是世界上最高的大厦，直到1973年才让位于世界贸易中心(the　 World　 Trade　 Center)。该中心为双塔式大厦，始建于1971年，共有110层，楼高411米。这是世界上最大的商业综合大楼，约有5万人在大楼里工作。目前世界上最高的建筑物是美国芝加哥的西尔斯塔(the　 Sears　 Tower)，建于1974年，楼高443米，地下4层，地上110层。
　
Lesson 50
1．It is thought that they arrived more than 30,000 years ago by crossing a land bridge from Asia to America.他们被认为是在3万多年以前从亚洲跨越一座陆桥来到美洲的。
1)本句是由形式主语 it引导的句子，真正的主语是后面的　 that-clause。句中的　 It　 is thought that…大体相当于：People think that ….因此，本句可以改写成：
People think that they arrived more than 30,000 years ago by crossing a land bridge from Asia to America.
或者改写成：
They are thought to arrive more than 30,000 years ago by crossing a land bridge from Asia to America.又如：
It is thought that the first settlers on the plains of America were Native Americans. 美洲平原上的第一批定居者被认为是美洲土著人。
本句也可以改写成以下两句：
People think that the first settlers on the plains of America were Native Americans.
The first settlers on the plains of America are though to be Native Americans.
2) a land bridge from Asia to America 亚洲和美洲之间的陆桥。据研究表明，在若干万年以前，北美与亚洲两个大陆是相连的，连接处是在北美的阿拉斯加和亚洲的东北端之间的白令海峡(Bering Strait)，这个相连部位原本是亚洲和美洲之间的陆桥。后来由于地壳的变化，这个部位下沉而成为今日的白令海峡。
2．Now that they could ride horses, it became easier to hunt the bison, a type of cattle which used to exist in huge numbers on the plains of America. 既然土著人会骑马了，猎取野牛也就容易了。这种野牛以前是成群结队地生活在美洲平原上的。
1) 这是一个复合句。主句是由形式主语 it引导的句子：it became easier to hunt the bison，随后跟着的 a type of cattle是 bison的同位语，并由定语从句 which used to … the plains of America 所修饰。 Now that they could ride horses 是表示原因的状语从句。
2) now that是一个连词词组，作“既然”(since)解，连接一个表示原因的状语从句。在口语中这个that常可省略，而只用now连接从句。而now在从句中已失去了“现在”的时间概念(从句中不一定要用现在时态)。不过，严格地说，now that多少含有“到这时”，“到达……的阶段或状态”的意思。本句中的 now that they could ride horses 就含有“既然到了他们可以骑马的时候”的意思。例如：
Now (that) you are well again, you can work with them. 既然你已经康复了，你就可以跟他们一起工作。
Now (that) we are alone, we can speak freely. 既然没有别人了，我们就可以无拘束地谈谈了。
Now that you have finished your work, you may go. 既然你的工作完成了，你就可以走了。
Now that he was really gone, I felt very sorry. 到他真的离开了的时候，我倒感到很抱歉了。
3) in huge numbers 作“大量地”解(huge = very large/big)。也可以说“in big/large/great numbers”。注意，这个词组中的 number 要用复数(numbers)。例如：
One afternoon I saw ants coming out in huge numbers. 有天下午我看到大批大批的蚂蚁出来了。
That day we killed and wounded the enemy in great numbers. 那天我们杀伤了大量的敌人。
Food supplies are coming in large numbers. 食品供应源源而来。
3．The bison grows to a shoulder-height of 1.5 metres and can weigh 1,100 kilograms. 野牛可以长到肩高1.5米，重达1,100公斤。
Bison were killed for their meat, while their fur provided warm clothing during cold winters.他们杀野牛，吃野牛肉，用野牛毛皮制成冬季御寒的衣服。
注意 bison 这个名词单复数同形。当它作主语时，要注意主谓语的一致。在第一个句子中“The bison”是单数(被看成是一个整体)，谓语动词用 grows；第二个句子的主语 Bison是复数(被看成是多数的个体)，谓语动词用“were killed”，而且代词用 their。
4．From 1830 onwards in the USA and from about 1870 in Canada, settlers began to move westwards and to take possession of the plains as their own. 美国自1830年起，加拿大从1870年左右起，殖民者开始向西迁移，并把平原据为已有。
1)from…(time) on/ onwards 从……(时候)起。如 from　 now　 on/onwards(从现在起)，from then on/onwards(从那时起)，from that night on/onwards(从那夜起)，from 1980 onwards(从1980年起)。例如：
From now on you're my students. 从现在起，你们就是我的学生了。
From that time onwards they began to pass through the forest. 从那时起他们就开始穿越森林。
From 1990　 onwards the city began to take on a new look. 从1990年起，这个城市开始出现了新面貌。
后缀 -wards 常构成副词，表示“向”，如：eastwards(向东)， southwards(向南)，westwards(向西)， northwards(向北)， backwards(向后)， upwards(向上)， forwards (向前)，afterwards(以后)等。
2) take possession of夺取，占有。例如：
At midnight they crossed the river and took possession of the village. 他们半夜渡江，占领了那个村庄。
The old couple took possession of the house about 30 years ago. 那对老年夫妻大约在30年前就买了那所房子。
The policeman came and took possession of the thief's bag. 警察来了，把小偷的包夺了过来。
5．In this way Native Americans were forced onto poor land that the settlers did not want. 就这样，美洲土著人被赶到殖民者所不要的贫瘠的土地上去了。
介词 onto 是介词on和介词to的合并，作“到……上面”解，既可以合写(onto)，也可以分写(on to)。例如：
He jumped onto the horse and left hurriedly. 他跳上马，仓忙地走了。
They climbed on to the top of the mountain and put a flag there. 他们爬上山顶，插上一面旗子。
6．It was also thought that by removing their main supply of food, the Native Americans would be forced to give in. 当时还有人认为，断掉了主要的食物来源，土著人就会被迫屈服。
1) remove vt.除去，排除，消除(get rid of)。例如：
Remove his name from the name list. 把他的名字从名单中勾掉。
We tried to remove his doubts and let him tell the truth. 我们设法消除他的疑虑，让他说出事情的真相。
If you can remove their fears, the villagers will not run away. 如果你能打消村民的恐怖情绪，他们就不会逃走。
2) give in 投降，让步，同意。例如：
They refused to give in and fought to the end. 他们拒绝投降，战斗到底。
Mother kept inviting Mrs Smith to stay for lunch, and finally she gave in. 母亲再三地邀请史密斯太太留下来吃午饭，她终于同意了。
Mary usually has to give in to her big brother. 玛丽通常得听从她大哥的话。
7．Between 1850 and 1910 the bison population is thought to have fallen from 60 million to just a few hundred. 人们认为，在1850年到1910年之间，野牛的头数从6,000万头下降到只有几百头了。
1) 本句是一个简单句，谓语动词用了被动语态。句子的意思相当于下列主动句：
People think that between 1850 and 1910 the bison population fell from 60 million to just a few hundred.
2) to have fallen 是不定式的完成式，表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，也就是说 to have fallen 发生在is thought之前。后者是现在时，则前者是过去时。这可从上面的主动句中看出。又如：
I am glad to have met him. (=I met him and I feel glad.) 我遇见了他非常高兴。
He pretended to have read the book.(=He pretended that he had read the book.)他假装读过这本书。
She seems to have finished her work.(=It seems that she finished her work.)她好像已经完成了她的工作。
8．Thus one simple fact, a change in the number of bison, had an effect on the whole wildlife chain of the plains. 因此，一个简单的事实—野牛数目的变化对平原的整个野生生物链都产生了影响。
have an effect on 对……有影响，对……起作用。 effect后跟介词 on或 upon，effect 前也可以有形容词作定语。例如：
These agreements have an effect on both the buyer and the seller. 这些协议对买卖双方都起作用。
The arrival of the European settlers had a great effect on the life of Native Americans. 欧洲殖民者的到来对美洲土著人的生活有很大的影响。
The cold in spring usually has a bad effect on the growth of plants. 春寒通常对植物的生长不利。
The medicine had no side effects on your body. 这种药对你的身体没有副作用。
Unit 13　 The USA●教学建议
Lesson 49
Step 1　 Revision
Find out how much the students know about the USA. Ask some rapid questions around the class. What is the capital of the USA? (Washington, D. C.) Who is the President of the USA? Name three past Presidents of the USA. In which city is the tallest building? (Chicago.) How many States are there in the USA? (50; 48 contiguous States, plus Alaska and Hawaii.) Which American President brought an end to slavery and was shot in a theatre? (Abraham Lincoln.) What was “the gold rush”? (The time when thousands of people went to California to look for gold.) Where are the two Disneylands ? (Los Angeles and Florida.) What is the name of the centre of the film industry in Los Angeles? (Hollywood.) What prize is given to film actors and directors? (An Oscar.)
Step 2　 Presentation and discussion
SB Page 1, Part 1. Find out how much the Ss know about New York. Write the title of the text on the Bb and ask the Ss to tell you what they know. Put any useful notes and key words that arise out of this discussion on the Bb. Teach the new words skyscraper, avenue, etc. Get Ss to talk about the picture and describe what they can see.
Step 3　 Reading for general understanding
Read the task aloud. Allow the Ss enough time to read the text and tick the subjects which are mentioned in the text. Check the answers with the class. (Population; history; government; sports; transport; parks; buildings.)
Step 4　 Reading
Wb Lesson 49, Ex. 1. Go through the exercise and make sure the Ss know what to do. Let them read the whole passage carefully and answer the questions, working in pairs or small groups. Check the answers with the whole class. This is a good time to deal with any language problems. See if the Ss can guess the meaning of handful.
Step 5　 Discussion
Get Ss to work through these questions in pairs or small groups, then check the answers at the end.
Step 6　 Reading aloud
Speech Cassette Lesson 49. Play the tape of the passage for the Ss to listen and follow. Play the tape of part of the passage once more; this time the Ss listen and repeat. Suitable sections might be the paragraph “In 1892 ...” to practise sentence stress and intonation in longer sentences, also the paragraph “The building of skyscrapers in New York began ...” to practise numbers.
Step 7　 Workbook
Wb Lesson 49, Exx. 2-3.
Get the Ss to read through the sentences in Ex. 2 and discuss in pairs. Then check the answers with the whole class.
Ex. 3 can be done as part of consolidation in the next step if time permits.
Step 8　 Consolidation
Ask Ss what they have learnt about New York in this lesson, especially anything that was new for them. Get them to tell each other in pairs first, and then get pairs to tell the rest of the class.
　
Lesson 50
Step 1　 Revision
1　 Check the homework exercises.
2　 Do the following exercise.
What is important about these dates or figures?
1524　　　　　　　　　 $24　　　　　　 125,000
1858　　　　　　　　　 1892　　　　　 15,000,000　
2,000,000　　　　　 1900　　　　　 1931
73　　　　　　　　　　　 50,000　　　　 24　 hours
Step 2　 Presentation
Find out how much the Ss know about the central plains of America. Write the title of the text on the Bb and ask Ss to tell you anything they know. Put any useful notes and key words that arise out of this discussion on the Bb. Teach the new word bison, using the picture in the book. Then SB Page 3, Part 1. Get Ss to talk about the picture and describe what they can see.
Step 3　 Reading for general understanding
Read aloud the two questions. Then tell the Ss to read the passage quickly and write down the answers to the questions. Allow the Ss enough time to read the text, write down the answers and compare them in pairs. (1 The settlers killed them, forced them to leave their hunting grounds, broke agreements which they had made, forced them onto poor land, and killed most of the bison on which Native Americans had relied for food. 2 The killing of large numbers of bison changed the whole wildlife chain on the plains.)
Step 4　 Reading
Wb Lesson 50, Ex. 1. Go through the exercise and make sure the Ss know what to do. Let them read the whole passage carefully and answer the questions, working in pairs or small groups. Check the answers with the whole class. This is a good time to deal with any language problems. See if the Ss can guess the meaning of westwards, afterwards, widespread, rot, etc.
Step 5　 Comprehension
SB Page 4, Part 2.Get Ss to work through this exercise in pairs, then check the answers with the whole class.
Step 6　 Reading aloud
Speech Cassette Lesson 50. Play the tape of the passage for the Ss to listen and follow. Play the tape of part of the passage once more; this time the Ss listen and repeat. A suitable section might be the paragraph “The killing of the bison …” to practise intonation and the sentence stress of longer sentences.
Step 7　 Reference
SB Page 4, Part 4. Get Ss to do this exercise individually or in pairs, then check the answers with the class.
Step 8　 Workbook
Wb Lesson 50, Exx. 2-3.
Before doing Ex. 2, Ss should read the last paragraph of the reading passage again. Ask them to find out the first sentence (Millions of bison were killed by settlers). Then pair-work. Check the answers with the whole class by calling out individual Ss to do the exercise. Ex. 3 can be done orally in groups or pairs. Check the answers in class. Get the Ss to write it down in their exercise books.
Step 9　 Consolidation
SB Page 4, Part 3. This can, if preferred, be done as homework, when Ss read the text again. The final diagram should look like this：

Ask Ss what they have learnt about bison and the plains of America in this lesson, especially anything that was new for them.
　
Lesson 51　
Step 1　 Revision
1　 Check the homework exercises.
2　 Ask Ss what they remember from the text in the previous lesson about bison and the plains of America. Get them to tell each other in pairs first, and then get pairs to tell the rest of the class. Ask Ss if there are any parts of China where people live in the same life-style as the Native Americans of long ago. Get students to tell the class what they know about these people.
Step 2　 Grammar study
The arrangement of the grammar study and practice sections is different in SB3B from the other books (SB 1 A----SB3A). Teachers should note the following points.
1　 Previously, grammar points were presented and practised item by item. Now that all the grammar points have been taught, they are presented in categories for the purpose of revision, e.g. the Subject.
2　 In the Grammar study section in the third lesson of every unit, all the examples of the grammatical category are presented together. Some of the examples may seem elementary for students, but they are presented once again for the purpose of completeness.
3　 In the Grammar practice section, the more difficult items are practised in the normal way. Some of the exercises involve translation, as this is a skill required at this stage.
4　 The Workbook contains more exercises for practising the structures.
5　 The Checkpoint in the fourth lesson of each unit contains only the grammatical heading, but no examples. Teachers should therefore return to the Grammar study section in the third lesson of the unit when they come to revise the grammatical category of the unit.
SB Page 5, Part 1. Go through the Grammar study section with the class, getting students to translate the sentences. Do not spend time revising the simpler structures, as students should know these. Draw attention to any difficult points suggested below. If students have difficulty, do not spend too much time explaining. Instead, prepare a short revision exercise and produce it in class when you revise the grammatical category in the next lesson.
Step 3　 Practice
SB Page 5, Part 2. Explain that Ss have to translate the Chinese section of each sentence into English. Get them to do this orally in pairs and then check the answers with the class at the end.
Step 4　 Workbook
Wb Lesson 51, Exx. 2 - 3.
For Ex. 2, let the Ss work in pairs. Note that either the -ing form or infinitive can be used in Sentences 1, 3, 8 and 9. Check the answers with the whole class. Put down the English part on Bb.Allow the Ss a few minutes to go over the sentences in Ex. 3 and try to correct the mistakes independently. Then discuss with the whole class. Correct the sentences and make necessary explanation.
　
Lesson 52　
Step 4　 Speaking
The procedure for practising the Everyday Expressions for Communication is different in SB3B. There are no full length dialogues as there were in SB 1 A----SB3A. Instead, the expressions are listed in shortened form in the fourth lesson of every unit. The first task is to revise all the expressions for the function, e.g. Offers and responses. The second task is to practise some of these expressions in the situations which are suggested. Ss may use their books or not, depending on the abilities of the Ss. A suggested procedure is this：
1　 Read through the situation.
2　 Invite two good students to demonstrate a brief conversational exchange.
3　 Get Ss to practise in pairs with books open.
4　 Get Ss to close their books and practise with a different partner.
5　 If the function is not further practised in the writing task of the unit, Ss can write a short conversation for homework.
SB Page 6, Part 2. Check the forms： go through the expressions for offers and responses and check that Ss know how to form complete sentences. Write up some cues on the Bb： make some tea for you / carry your bag / phone the airport. Ask Ss to complete the expressions given in the tables. Point out the difference in degrees of formality between the following expressions：
Can/Could I help you? This is a set expression used by a shop assistant in a shop. Shall I help you? This is a more personal offer of help than Can I help you?.
What can I do for you? This is used by a boss/ bank manager/doctor/professional adviser.
Let me ... (for you). This is informal and familiar and is used between people who know each other already.
Situation： Point out that A and B are the roles for two people in the same situation. Follow the standard procedure.
Step 5　 Workbook
Wb Lesson 52, Exx. 1 - 2.
Ex. 1 helps revise some words and expressions. To do the exercise well, Ss have to understand the meaning of each sentence. Get them to translate the sentences into Chinese when necessary. Check the answers with the whole class.
Ex. 2 should be done in pairs first. Ss are encouraged to give different responses.
Step 6　 Checkpoint
Go through the Grammar study section in the previous lesson. Revise the Subject, especially if any Ss have difficulties, and deal with any language points that you or the Ss wish to raise.
Step 7　 Test
Give the Ss the following test to practise the Subject.
Complete these sentences in your own way.
1　 …have been stolen from a shop in Shanghai.
2　 …(-ing) and …… (-ing) are two of my favourite pleasures.
3　 That some people … surprises me.
4　 What … is travelling around the world.
5　 How they managed to … is not yet known.
6　 Whether they will …or not remains to be seen.
7　 “…” is a well-known saying.
8　 To … is an easy matter these days.
9　 Neither …*. nor…can make a person happy.
The test may include the following dictation. To make the dictation easier, the Ss may be given the passage with blanks. Let the Ss fill in the blanks with the italicized words after they hear them. New York is built *on a group of islands on the east coast of the USA. *These islands were discovered in 1524. *The island of Manhattan was bought * from local Indians. for about $24. *New York became the largest city in the USA *in the early 19th century. *Later on *masses of new citizens came *from all parts of the world through Ellis Island. *Since the year 1900, *many skyscrapers have been built in New York. *Among them were the twin towers ----*the World Trade Centre and the Empire State Building.*
Step 8　 Writing
NOTE ON THE WRITING APPROACH IN SB3B.
The purpose of the following notes is to explain the writing approach in SB3B and to suggest different things that a teacher can choose to do.
1　 There is a variety of tasks in SB3B ---- writing personal letters, business letters, stories, compositions, notices, giving advice, guided writing.
2　 SB3B contains different tasks designed to develop the writing skills of the Ss. Some, but not all of them, are suitable practice for the exam.
3　 Because of the shortage of space in the SB, many types of task commonly found in the exam have been placed in the Workbook. Teachers must decide how much exam practice the Ss need.
4　 There is no need for Ss to do every writing task in SB3B. The teacher is advised to choose those writing tasks that best meet the needs of the class. For example, one class might need to practise letters. Another class might need to practise stories. All classes will probably need to practise compositions. Teachers should review all the writing tasks in SB3B in advance and make a programme for the semester.
5　 Sample compositions are provided for all tasks.
6　 Ss need guidance on the process of writing (ideas ---- planning ---- drafting ---- amending---- re-drafting). The tapescript of the listening task in Lesson 60 (Unit 15) gives advice to Ss on how to do this. If teachers wish, they can give this tapescript to Ss at the beginning of the semester as a handout, instead of doing it as a listening comprehension task in Unit 15.SB Page 6, Part 3. The aim of this writing task is to compare two countries and also to practise the language of comparisons. Prepare for the writing task in the following way.
1　 To give Ss an idea of what kind of composition to write, read aloud the sample composition below while Ss follow in their books.
2　 Let the Ss practise orally in groups of four, linking the information. Encourage the Ss to add information from what they have learnt in this unit or information they already know.
3　 Get them to write a plan of their composition.
4　 Finally get them to write individual compositions or a group composition in class. Alternatively, the task may be set for homework.
SAMPLE COMPOSITION
The USA and the PRC are both large countries. Some things about the two countries are similar, while other things are different.
The two countries are about the same size, but the PRC is a little larger with an area of 9.6 million km2. However, the population of PRC is many times larger. It has a population of over 1.2 billion bat the USA has only about 245 million. This means that there is much more space in the USA for its population.
One big difference is the time. Although the PRC is very large, the whole country uses Beijing time. On the other hand, there are five different time zones in the USA. This means that when you travel from one part of the USA to another, you will have to change your watch.
Many different languages are spoken in China, for example Chinese, Mongolian, Korean, etc. In the USA many different languages are also spoken, but the main ones are English and Spanish. Both countries have many different minority groups. For example, in the PRC there are the Miao, the Huis and the Uighurs. The USA has a large black population, and there are also many people from Central America. There is a small Chinese population in the USA too.
Two of the most important cities in the USA are on the East Coast. They are New York, the largest city in the USA, and Washington, the capital. In the PRC there are many cities with large populations. Among the best-known are Beijing, the capital, Tianjin, Chongqing and Shanghai, the largest city in the PRC.

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